Deck 13: The Endocrine System

Question 1

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

A) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
B) cortisol from the adrenal cortex
C) insulin from the pancreas
D) thyroxine from the thyroid
E) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

A) kidneys.
B) breasts.
C) hypothalamus.
D) uterus.
E) breasts and uterus.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system?

A) kidney
B) salivary gland
C) adrenal gland
D) thyroid gland
E) stomach

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

A) hypothalamus
B) pancreas
C) adrenal medulla
D) posterior pituitary
E) anterior pituitary

Question 5

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

A) stimulation of protein synthesis.
B) reduced uptake of blood glucose.
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) an increase in the mass and length of bones.
E) overstimulation of cell division.

Question 6

Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they

A) cause a change to occur in the target cell.
B) bind to an intracellular receptor.
C) are water insoluble.
D) cannot be stored.
E) bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

Question 7

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

A) stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids.
B) promoting the conversion of amino acids into proteins in muscle tissues.
C) increasing the glucose-dependent inflammatory response.
D) promoting fat utilization.
E) inhibiting glucose utilization in muscle cells.

Question 8

FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.

A) TSH
B) GnRH
C) ACTH
D) LH
E) PRL

Question 9

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
B) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system.
C) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor.
D) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
E) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact.

Question 10

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

A) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones.
B) promoting the entry of glucose into cells.
C) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
D) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland.
E) promoting the breakdown of fat.

Question 11

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) ACTH
B) LH
C) PRL
D) TSH
E) ADH

Question 12

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

A) they interact only with target cells at a synapse.
B) they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells.
C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.
D) they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell.
E) the blood has access to all body tissues.

Question 13

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

A) ADH.
B) prolactin.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) glucagon.
E) insulin.

Question 14

Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?

A) It stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females.
B) It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males.
C) It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females.
D) It functions to complement the activity of TSH.
E) It triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones.

Question 15

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) a drop in blood glucose levels.
C) acromegaly.
D) dwarfism.
E) gigantism.

Question 16

The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because

A) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
B) all other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland.
C) it contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands.
D) all blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated.
E) releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary.

Question 17

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

A) Production of natural cortisol may decrease.
B) Production of estrogen by the ovaries may decrease.
C) Levels of thyroid hormone may be elevated.
D) Levels of aldosterone may be elevated.
E) Levels of parathyroid hormone may be decreased.

Question 18

The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions

A) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones.
B) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP.
C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations.
D) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor.
E) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream.

Question 19

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

A) prolactin
B) LH
C) aldosterone
D) FSH
E) growth hormone

Question 20

The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. cellular response to the hormone
2) activation of a gene
3) formation of a hormone-receptor complex
4) diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane
5) production of a protein

A) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
B) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2
D) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Question 21

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

A) estrogen and progesterone.
B) oxytocin.
C) growth hormone.
D) ADH.
E) prostaglandins.

Question 22

The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 23

The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.

Question 24

Nonsteroid hormones cause the production of ATP from cAMP.

Question 25

Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

Question 26

Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?

A) estrogen, progesterone
B) epinephrine, norepinephrine
C) glucagon, insulin
D) oxytocin, prolactin
E) thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃)

Question 27

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

A) neural disorders
B) kidney failure
C) blindness
D) cardiovascular disorders
E) increased susceptibility to cancer

Question 28

Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A) ACTH from the anterior pituitary
B) AMTH form the anterior pituitary
C) releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
D) sympathetic nerves
E) parasympathetic nerves

Question 29

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) iodine
D) zinc
E) iron

Question 30

Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?

A) prostaglandins
B) nerve growth factor
C) tumor angiogenesis growth factor
D) histamine
E) epidermal growth factor

Question 31

The thymus produces two peptides that function to

A) regulate iodine levels in the thyroid.
B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes.
C) regulate thyroxine release.
D) increase blood calcium levels.
E) promote the breakdown of bone.

Question 32

Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of

A) ACTH.
B) TSH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 33

Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?

A) decrease in blood pressure
B) decrease in blood calcium level
C) decrease in kidney function
D) increase of blood sugar level
E) increased production of fats and proteins

Question 34

Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.

Question 35

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

A) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine.
B) because ADH levels rise controllably.
C) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland.
D) as glucagon levels elevate.
E) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.

Question 36

Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and glucagon.

Question 37

Every hormone in the human body needs to interact with an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane before it can cause a response.

Question 38

In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.

Question 39

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

A) They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
B) They are released during a female's reproductive years.
C) They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.
D) They regulate the menstrual cycle.
E) They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Question 40

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

A) thyroid and ovaries
B) adrenal cortex and thyroid
C) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex
D) thyroid and parathyroid
E) parathyroid and anterior pituitary

Question 41

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
thyrotropin

Question 42

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
ACTH

Question 43

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
ADH

Question 44

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder in which a person's thyroid is stimulated to produce too much thyroxine.

Question 45

The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.

Question 46

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
adrenal gland

Question 47

The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.

Question 48

Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.

Question 49

Nitric oxide helps regulate blood flow in many tissues and is involved in the development and control of penile erection.

Question 50

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
gastrin

Question 51

Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 52

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
thyroid gland

Question 53

Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the liver, stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Question 54

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.

Question 55

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
GnRH

Question 56

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
growth hormone

Question 57

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
LH

Question 58

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis
B) breasts
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary
E) stomach
F) thyroid
G) kidney
H) muscles and bones
prolactin

Question 59

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

Question 60

During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.

Question 61

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin
B) LH
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
E) ACTH
F) aldosterone
stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

Question 62

Hormones important in internal homeostatic control mechanisms are generally part of a(n) ________ feedback loop.

Question 63

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
ovaries

Question 64

Steroid hormones depend on receptors inside the cell because these hormones are ________ soluble.

Question 65

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
peak glucose levels in plasma

Question 66

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
pancreas stops secretion of insulin

Question 67

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
pancreas

Question 68

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
testes

Question 69

Thymosin and thymopoietin are secreted by the ________.

Question 70

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
pituitary

Question 71

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin
B) LH
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
E) ACTH
F) aldosterone
lowers blood calcium levels

Question 72

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin
B) LH
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
E) ACTH
F) aldosterone
causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast-feeding

Question 73

Nonsteroid hormones require a(n) ________ on the cell surface to communicate with cells.

Question 74

Nonsteroid hormones are ________ acting than steroid hormones because they activate molecules that are already present in the target cell in an inactive form.

Question 75

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin
B) LH
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
E) ACTH
F) aldosterone
stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body

Question 76

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.
glucagon secretion is inhibited

Question 77

________ cells have axons that can transmit nerve impulses in addition to being able to secrete hormones like endocrine cells.

Question 78

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).
thymus

Question 79

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin
B) LH
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
E) ACTH
F) aldosterone
promotes sodium uptake and potassium excretion

Question 80

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin
B) LH
C) oxytocin
D) calcitonin
E) ACTH
F) aldosterone
causes release of the egg from the ovary