Deck 4: From Cells to Organ Systems

Question 1

In regions of the human body that must precisely control what enters or exits tissues, which one of the following is(are) present to ensure adjacent cells are packed close together?

A) basement membrane
B) adhesion junctions
C) collagen
D) tight junctions
E) gap junctions

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What general type of tissue is characterized by few cells, separated by a nonliving extracellular matrix?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) muscle tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) organ tissue

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The tissue lining the mouth, organs of the digestive system, and inner surfaces of the lungs is classified as

A) connective.
B) epithelial.
C) nervous.
D) muscle.
E) connective and nervous.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a common function are referred to as a(n)

A) organ system.
B) tissue.
C) organ.
D) community.
E) organism.

Question 5

Which one of the following wraps around, supports, and holds organs in proper position within the body?

A) loose areolar tissue
B) tendons
C) ligaments
D) cytoskeleton
E) reticular tissue

Question 6

In which one of the following locations would one expect to find cartilage?

A) between the skin and the underlying muscle
B) between the vertebrae
C) in a tendon
D) in the wall of a blood vessel
E) in adipose tissue

Question 7

What kind of cells make up the basement membrane?

A) cuboidal epithelial cells
B) squamous epithelial cells
C) columnar epithelial cells
D) connective tissue cells
E) no cells, the basement membrane is an acellular structure, composed of protein

Question 8

All of the following are types of connective tissue EXCEPT which one?

A) bone
B) cartilage
C) blood
D) muscle
E) adipose

Question 9

Which one of the following functions is associated with one type of connective tissue?

A) contraction
B) a membrane potential
C) absorption of digestive products
D) transport
E) secretion

Question 10

A student in a histology class was asked to describe the structure of a stratified squamous epithelium. Which one of the following is the best description?

A) tissue composed of protein fibers in a ground substance and a few cells
B) tissue composed of one layer of flat cells located on a basement membrane
C) tissue composed of contracting protein fibers enclosed by plasma membranes
D) tissue composed of several layers of tall cells resting on a basement membrane
E) tissue composed of several layers of flat cells resting on a basement membrane

Question 11

Which one of the following is characteristic of an exocrine gland but NOT of an endocrine gland?

A) produces hormones
B) can generate and transmit nerve impulses
C) releases its products into a duct
D) releases gland products into the blood
E) is composed entirely of connective tissue

Question 12

Which one of the following types of tissues surrounds hollow organs that change shape or size regularly?

A) loose connective tissue
B) dense connective tissue
C) elastic connective tissue
D) reticular connective tissue

Question 13

Which one of the following is found directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue?

A) fibrous connective tissue
B) basement membrane
C) collagen and elastic fibers
D) bi or multipolar extensions
E) muscle tissue

Question 14

Which one of the following types of junctions in an epithelium allows the tissue to stretch and bend, as in the epithelium of the skin?

A) tight junction
B) adhesion junction
C) glandular junction
D) stratified junction
E) gap junction

Question 15

Which type of tissue is characteristic of ligaments and tendons?

A) loose connective tissue
B) dense connective tissue
C) elastic connective tissue
D) reticular connective tissue
E) muscle tissue

Question 16

A connective tissue differs from an epithelial tissue in that connective tissue

A) is composed of cells supported by a basement membrane.
B) can produce and secrete products into the bloodstream.
C) is composed of cells that can be described as squamous or cuboidal.
D) is composed primarily of a nonliving extracellular material, which is located between the cells.
E) is composed of cells interconnected by gap junctions or adhesion junctions.

Question 17

Goblet cells are critical to the movement of food in the body because they

A) secrete mucus in the digestive tract.
B) produce basement membrane for epithelial tissues.
C) synthesize cholesterol.
D) form gap junctions.
E) produce sodium-potassium pumps.

Question 18

All of the following are functions of cartilage EXCEPT which one?

A) mineral (calcium, phosphorus) storage
B) maintaining shape of body parts, such as nose and ears
C) protection and cushioning of joints
D) reduction of friction at joints
E) prebone models in the fetus that develop into bones

Question 19

A student is describing the tissue that makes up the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. It appears that these walls are composed of flattened cells arranged in a single layer to facilitate gas exchange. Which one of the following terms best describes this tissue?

A) simple cuboidal
B) stratified squamous
C) simple squamous
D) simple columnar
E) stratified cuboidal

Question 20

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding endocrine glands?

A) As the body matures, endocrine glands develop from specialized exocrine glands.
B) Endocrine glands empty their products into a duct.
C) Examples of endocrine glands include sweat glands and salivary glands.
D) Endocrine glands are connective tissues that are specialized to produce and secrete a product.
E) Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones.

Question 21

Which one of the following are structures in the body that are composed of two or more different tissue types joined together to perform a specific function?

A) tissues
B) organs
C) organ systems
D) junctions
E) body cavities

Question 22

Which one of the following tissues can respond to the environment by generating electrical signals?

A) dermis
B) nervous
C) muscle
D) epithelial
E) connective

Question 23

Which one of the following is a tissue membrane positioned in thin cavities between bones in movable joints?

A) synovial membrane
B) basement membrane
C) cutaneous membrane
D) mucous membrane
E) serous membrane

Question 24

Although the cells of a multicellular organism are specialized for certain functions, those cells must also be integrated and organized in order to work together to benefit the organism.

Question 25

The wrist is located ________ to the elbow.

A) superior
B) distal
C) proximal
D) anterior
E) inferior

Question 26

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding skin?

A) Beneath the dermis is the basement membrane, which separates the dermis from the hypodermis.
B) Keratin is a protein in the cells of the epidermis that provides strength and waterproofing.
C) Melanocytes and keratinocytes are two skin cell types that are prevalent in the dermis.
D) The sebaceous glands and the sweat glands are two types of endocrine glands located in the dermis.
E) Melanocytes produce calcium, which strengthens the skin.

Question 27

Calcium levels in the body are maintained by hormones. If the blood calcium level rises above a set point, calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and sets into motion responses to lower the blood calcium back to the set point. If the blood calcium level falls below a set point, the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone that sets into motion responses to raise the blood calcium. These homeostatic responses are examples of

A) positive feedback.
B) effectors.
C) sensors.
D) negative feedback.

Question 28

Which one of the following is found in the dermis?

A) cardiac muscle
B) keratinocytes
C) sweat gland
D) melanocytes
E) skeletal muscle

Question 29

Vasoconstriction is a term that refers to the contraction of muscle in the walls of the blood vessels, thus causing the diameter of the blood vessel to decrease. Which one of the following types of muscle would be involved in this contraction?

A) skeletal
B) smooth
C) cardiac
D) both cardiac and smooth
E) both skeletal and smooth

Question 30

The type of muscle responsible for involuntary contractions of the stomach is ________ muscle.

A) smooth
B) cardiac
C) intercalated
D) striated
E) skeletal

Question 31

Control systems most likely involved in maintaining homeostasis are termed positive feedback.

Question 32

Each of these organ systems is involved in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature EXCEPT which one?

A) nervous system
B) integumentary system
C) circulatory system
D) muscular system
E) skeletal system

Question 33

In a negative feedback system, which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A) A sensor detects a stimulus, which in turn amplifies the original disturbance.
B) Deviations from a desired condition are automatically detected and counteracted.
C) Homeostasis cannot be re-established until the effector is turned off.
D) The effector activates the sensor.
E) A sensor is not needed because the body anticipates the coming change.

Question 34

A fluid-filled blister develops when excessive rubbing of the skin causes the ________ and ________ to separate from each other.

A) tight junctions; gap junctions
B) epidermis; dermis
C) dermis; hypodermis
D) melanocytes; keratinocytes
E) epidermis; hypodermis

Question 35

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding glial cells?

A) They are located in the matrix of cartilage.
B) They transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the internal organs.
C) They stimulate the contraction of cardiac muscle.
D) They support and protect neurons.
E) They produce blood plasma.

Question 36

Positive feedback control occurs

A) during maintenance of proper body temperature.
B) when insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels.
C) during the process of childbirth (labor).
D) to counter the effects of negative feedback.
E) in other animals but not in humans.

Question 37

Which one of the following membranes lines the airways and digestive tract?

A) serous
B) cutaneous
C) membranous
D) synovial
E) mucous

Question 38

Which type of tissue is able to contract?

A) epithelial
B) loose connective
C) dense connective
D) muscle
E) nervous

Question 39

The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the

A) stomach.
B) diaphragm.
C) liver.
D) heart.
E) lungs.

Question 40

Skin functions to

A) absorb sunlight to facilitate the synthesis of vitamin A.
B) initiate muscle contractions.
C) provide protection from dehydration.
D) synthesize components for bone tissue.
E) produce vitamin C.

Question 41

A stratified epithelium is often composed of multiple layers of cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells, and usually located in body regions to provide protection.

Question 42

Weight loss typically leads to a reduction in both the number and size of adipocytes.

Question 43

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
gap junctions between adjacent cells

Question 44

Sweat is released by exocrine glands on the skin surface as a means to lower body temperature.

Question 45

Cartilage functions well as a cushioning structure because it is composed primarily of collagen fibers in a ground substance with a lot of water.

Question 46

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
involuntary

Question 47

A connective tissue made up primarily of fat and elastic tissue would confer strength to the structure in which it is located.

Question 48

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
can rhythmically contract without simulation from nerves

Question 49

Match each of the following diagrams in the figure below to the type of tissue it represents.

connective

Question 50

Match each of the following diagrams in the figure below to the type of tissue it represents.

nervous

Question 51

Tanning increases the number and density of melanocytes in the epidermis.

Question 52

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
ability to contract

Question 53

Match each of the following diagrams in the figure below to the type of tissue it represents.

muscle

Question 54

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
connects to tendons

Question 55

Match each of the following diagrams in the figure below to the type of tissue it represents.

designed for secretion and absorption

Question 56

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
composed of tightly packed cells called muscle fibers

Question 57

Since skin is made up of several types of tissues and has a number of different functions, it is best classified as an organ.

Question 58

A torn tendon sidelines athletes for long periods of time because the tissues possess less vascular tissue than bone.

Question 59

Desmosomes allow materials to pass directly from one cell to another.

Question 60

Match each of the following items with its description.

A) smooth
B) both cardiac and smooth
C) cardiac
D) skeletal
E) all forms of muscle
located in walls of hollow organs and tubes

Question 61

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) inferior
B) anterior
C) distal
D) posterior
E) proximal
F) sagittal
a plane that divides the body into left and right sections

Question 62

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
mechanically and chemically breaks down food into smaller units

Question 63

The type of tissue that makes up the sweat glands, salivary glands, and endocrine glands is ________.

Question 64

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
protects the body from injury and dehydration; receives sensory information from the environment

Question 65

Using the figure above, identify the type of cell junction used in each of the following.
These junctions allow for movement and flexibility, such as is needed for tissues like the epithelium of the skin that must stretch and bend.

Question 66

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
promotes gas exchange between the body and the environment

Question 67

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) inferior
B) anterior
C) distal
D) posterior
E) proximal
F) sagittal
near to a point of reference

Question 68

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
produces sex cells

Question 69

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
moves gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes through body

Question 70

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
responds to stimuli by producing electrical and chemical signals

Question 71

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) inferior
B) anterior
C) distal
D) posterior
E) proximal
F) sagittal
located below another structure

Question 72

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
responds to stimuli by producing and releasing hormones

Question 73

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) inferior
B) anterior
C) distal
D) posterior
E) proximal
F) sagittal
farther away from a point of reference

Question 74

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
protects and supports softer body parts; produces blood cells

Question 75

Specialized epithelial tissues that produce and secrete their products into a hollow organ or duct are known as ________ glands.

Question 76

Using the figure above, identify the type of cell junction used in each of the following.
These junctions are found between cells lining the digestive tract and prevent the passage of any substances between adjoining cells.

Question 77

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) inferior
B) anterior
C) distal
D) posterior
E) proximal
F) sagittal
at or near the back

Question 78

Match each organ system with its description.

A) circulatory
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) nervous
E) integumentary
F) reproductive
G) respiratory
H) skeletal
I) endocrine
functions to remove metabolic waste products; maintains body water composition

Question 79

Using the figure above, identify the type of cell junction used in each of the following.
These junctions join cardiac cells, allowing transfer of ions and water between cells.

Question 80

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) inferior
B) anterior
C) distal
D) posterior
E) proximal
F) sagittal
at or near the front