Deck 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation?

A) a map
B) a family tree
C) a big boat
D) a model airplane

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cullen decided not to hire Gavin two minutes after the start of his job interview. Cullen can't explain, even to himself, why; he just had a bad feeling about Gavin. Cullen might feel less bad about making such a rapid decision if he knew that rapid decision making is:

A) automatic
B) precognitive
C) adaptive
D) analogical

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Anjilit is participating in a neuropsychology study. She is asked to close her eyes and imagine her best friend's face. When she does this, the brain scan will show activity in the areas of the brain involved in ____________ her friend's face.

A) sensing
B) perceiving
C) describing
D) interpreting

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n) ____________ representation; the word carrot is a(n) ____________ representation.

A) symbolic; analogical
B) analogical; symbolic
C) analogical; analogical
D) symbolic; symbolic

Question 5

Even though Jim wants to avoid getting the flu, he decides not to get a flu shot because one of his friends had a bad reaction and Jim is afraid that he will have one too. Jim might change his decision if he knew about the influence of ____________ on decision making.

A) cognitive biases
B) social influence
C) normative influence
D) social biases

Question 6

Why do people use cognitive biases in their thinking even though using them can result in bad decisions?

A) These biases will likely result in good decisions.
B) Bad decisions are less serious using the biases.
C) The biases produce bad decisions in unimportant situations.
D) The biases produce good decisions in critical cases.

Question 7

For which of the following things would it be difficult to form an analogical representation?

A) an ice cream cone
B) the White House
C) the moon
D) a whale

Question 8

The easternmost part of the state of Texas, around the city of Paris, has a point rising more north than the rest of the state. When people draw Texas, they almost always draw the border as a straight line. It is not that these folks want to kick Paris, Texas, out of the state, it is just that:

A) it is too difficult to draw the upward bump
B) people image irregular shapes as regular
C) the bump around Paris had been incorrectly categorized
D) the state is represented in a symbolic, not an analogical, form

Question 9

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like. Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him. Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark. Hallel's approach is similar to using a(n) ____________; Hamdi's approach is similar to using a(n) ____________.

A) analogical representation; representation based on attributes
B) analogical representation; analogical representation
C) representation based on attributes; analogical representation
D) representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes

Question 10

Kosslyn and his colleagues found that visual imagery is associated with activity in the primary visual cortex, which contains the perception-related areas of the brain. This means that images are ____________ perceptions.

A) identical to
B) symbolic of
C) generated from
D) parallel to

Question 11

Analogical representations ____________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent. Symbolic representations ____________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

A) do; do
B) do not; do not
C) do; do not
D) do not; do

Question 12

After Hurricane Katrina, many people became afraid during rain storms, even though it was unlikely that the storm would become serious. These people are experiencing the phenomenon known as:

A) harm risk
B) phobic fear
C) irrational fear
D) dread risk

Question 13

Cognition can be described as:

A) thinking without thinking
B) conscious awareness
C) mental activity, such as representing information or thinking
D) the decision making process

Question 14

When David first moved to Austin he had to rely on the GPS in his car. Over time, David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS. David must have developed a ____________ of the city.

A) symbolic representation
B) mental representation
C) prototype
D) set of defining attributes

Question 15

When you think of a car, knowledge such as "it is a form of transportation" is ____________; knowledge such as "it has an engine" is ____________.

A) general knowledge; object-specific knowledge
B) instrumental knowledge; objective knowledge
C) shared knowledge; object-specific knowledge
D) syntactic knowledge; semantic knowledge

Question 16

Georgina has fallen while rock climbing and sustained damage to her primary visual cortex. Which psychological functions would you expect to see impaired in Georgina as a result of her injury?

A) perception
B) categorization
C) categorization and imagery
D) perception and imagery

Question 17

Mandy emails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten. Even though the email says nothing more, Mandy's roommate knows that the kitten will be small, furry, have a tail, purr, meow, drink milk, and need a litter box. Mandy knows all of this because of which memory process?

A) symbolic representation
B) analogical representation
C) mental imaging
D) categorization

Question 18

Yang believes that a whale is a fish, because a whale swims. Yang's misconception suggests that he is using a(n) ____________ model for the fish category.

A) prototype
B) categorization
C) defining attribute
D) exemplar

Question 19

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class, he asks Ruiz to be his study partner, because Ruiz works harder than Hannah. In thinking about this decision, Vince used which of the following concepts?

A) friend
B) notes
C) book
D) exam

Question 20

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?

A) It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.
B) It makes information about a concept more specific.
C) It reduces the number of concepts held in memory.
D) It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

Question 21

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, while a professor will give a lecture in class, comes from the property of schemas that:

A) categories contain exemplars
B) concepts contain prototypes
C) situations have consistent attributes
D) people have specific roles in situations

Question 22

Political commentators often stress the importance of a candidate appearing prime ministerial, a quality that characterizes past prime ministers but is not equated with any one of them. Which theory of categorization could best explain this concept of being prime ministerial?

A) defining attributes
B) exemplar
C) prototype
D) schema

Question 23

Marcus notices that his Russian professor is carrying a stack of papers when he enters the room. Marcus quickly takes out his notes and reviews the most recent grammar and vocabulary. Sure enough, there is a surprise quiz. Marcus is able to get a perfect score on his quiz because his schema of a university class allowed him to:

A) quickly identify a stack of papers with a surprise quiz
B) take rapid action to avoid a dangerous situation
C) be able to learn the material very quickly
D) a and b

Question 24

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store and get their change when they leave. Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the shopping:

A) reasoning
B) script
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 25

Mr. Ramirez is the principal of a middle school that has recently had its attendance boundaries redrawn. For the first time his school is going to contain an equal number of black and white teenagers, all of whom have previously attended very segregated schools. From what you know about schemas, what might Mr. Ramirez do to promote better relations among his students?

A) have them attend lectures on each other's cultures
B) have students from different racial groups work on projects together
C) have them visit each other's schools before the change
D) have the first unit of the year be on stereotypes and prejudice

Question 26

Rhianna is going out to dinner on a first date with Michael. He shows up in jeans and a T-shirt while she shows up in a very elegant dress. Rhianna is upset because she thinks Michael's casual dress meant that he did not think enough of her to want to look good. She might be comforted if she knew that she and Michael probably have conflicting ____________ of a date.

A) concepts
B) scripts
C) prototypes
D) schemas

Question 27

In Montreal, it might be a dress shoe. In Ottawa, it could be running shoes. In Calgary, it could be a cowboy boot. In St. John's, it could be rubber boots. Each of these is a(n) ____________ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

A) exemplar
B) prototype
C) schema
D) representation

Question 28

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ____________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ____________ of the category.

A) the best example; all the examples
B) all the examples; the best example
C) the most common example; the best set of examples
D) the best set of examples; the most common example

Question 29

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman. You are surprised, because a woman driver violates your _____________ of a trucker.

A) schema
B) script
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 30

A problem with schemas is that they can easily:

A) promote stereotypes
B) incorrectly categorize examples
C) confuse prototypes and exemplars
D) miss defining attributes

Question 31

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?

A) Attributes have different degrees of importance.
B) It is difficult to specify defining attributes.
C) Category membership is not all-or-none.
D) Categories cannot be well specified by attributes alone.

Question 32

Samantha is participating in a psychology experiment in which she sees a sentence on a computer screen and is to decide as quickly as possible whether the sentence is true or false. According to the defining attribute model, Samantha will say "true" to the sentence "A penguin is a bird" ____________ she will say "true" to the sentence "A robin is a bird."

A) more slowly than
B) more quickly than
C) with equal speed as
D) b or c

Question 33

Your neighbour is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him. He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is not part of our social:

A) schema
B) script
C) prototype
D) concept

Question 34

A major problem with the prototype model is that it does NOT:

A) clearly define how a prototype is determined
B) specify the relationship between a prototype and exemplars
C) clarify the boundaries of the category
D) define the nature of a prototype outside a specific category

Question 35

The expectation that someone will sell you nails in a hardware store, while someone will sell you dresses in a boutique, comes from the property of schemas that:

A) categories contain exemplars
B) concepts contain prototypes
C) situations have consistent attributes
D) people have specific roles in situations

Question 36

When Milton's car won't start one morning, he assumes that the battery is dead because in his schema of cars, dead batteries are the cause for not starting. After Milton charges his battery and is still unable to start his car, he realizes that the problem is with the transmission. Even though his schema caused Milton to waste time doing the wrong thing, it is still adaptive because:

A) he only found the transmission problem by trying to charge the battery
B) charging the battery is usually the right solution to the problem
C) it is easier to charge a battery than it is to fix the transmission
D) it gave him a place to start in solving the problem

Question 37

Rosita has just had a baby that she named Anita. According to the defining attribute model, the fact that Rosita has a baby named Anita should be stored with the concept of ____________; the fact that Rosita could have a baby should be stored with the concept ____________; the fact that Rosita can breathe would be stored with the concept ____________.

A) woman; Rosita; human being
B) Rosita; woman; human being
C) Rosita; Rosita; human being
D) Rosita; woman; woman

Question 38

According to the defining attribute model, which is the most important feature of the category horse?

A) It can gallop.
B) It can bear live young.
C) It can breathe.
D) a, b, and c are all equally important.

Question 39

A(n) ____________ is a(n) ____________ of a sequence of events.

A) procedure; outline
B) schema; script
C) script; schema
D) outline; procedure

Question 40

Shannon and Sayid go out for coffee after class. He holds the door for her, pulls out her chair, and pays the bill. He is very confused when she becomes irritable with him for doing these things. You could help him understand Shannon's reactions by explaining that they probably have conflicting ____________ for a man and woman going out.

A) concepts
B) scripts
C) prototypes
D) heurisitics

Question 41

A conditional syllogism determines whether the conclusion:

A) contradicts the premise
B) is valid given the premise
C) is true given the premise
D) follows from the premise

Question 42

Meagan's economics professor argues that people are optimal decision makers. Her psychology professor argues that people are often irrational decision makers. Her economics professor believes in a ____________ model of human decision making; her psychology professor believes in a ____________ model.

A) normative; descriptive
B) normative; normative
C) descriptive; descriptive
D) descriptive; normative

Question 43

Sasha has taken many enjoyable hikes along rivers. When Zacharia asks her to hike along the Mississippi River this summer she agrees because she concludes that she will enjoy the hike. Sasha reached her decision using:

A) heuristic decision making
B) problem solving
C) deductive reasoning
D) inductive reasoning

Question 44

Fatima and Andrew are going to see the last Pirates of the Caribbean movie starring Johnny Depp. Fatima wants to see the movie because she enjoyed three other movies with Johnny Depp. Andrew wants to go because he enjoyed the first three Pirates movies. Fatima is using ____________ reasoning; Andrew is using ____________ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 45

You are given a problem in the form of a categorical syllogism: "If all Xs have Ys, and all Ys have Zs, then . . . ." What is the answer?

A) All Ys have Zs.
B) All Zs have Xs.
C) All Xs have Zs.
D) All Ys have Xs.

Question 46

You are trying to decide what movie to go see, and you notice that a Batman movie is playing. You have loved all of the other Batman movies, so you decide that you will like this one. You have made the decision to go to the Batman movie using:

A) heuristic decision making
B) problem solving
C) deductive reasoning
D) inductive reasoning

Question 47

The director of the school cafeteria discovers that students like chocolate chip cookies much better than molasses cookies. To sell the molasses cookies, she prices them at 25 cents each and continues to charge 1 dollar for the chocolate chip cookies. When students keep buying far more chocolate chip cookies, they are violating ____________ theory, which is a ____________ model of human decision making.

A) prospect; normative
B) expected utility; normative
C) prospect; descriptive
D) expected utility; descriptive

Question 48

Which method of thinking is most common in daily life?

A) heuristic decision making
B) algorithmic decision making
C) inductive reasoning
D) deductive reasoning

Question 49

All people who will watch the Olympics like sports. Some people who like sports eat pizza. Therefore, all people who watch the Olympics like pizza. This ____________ syllogism is ____________.

A) categorical; true
B) conditional; true
C) categorical; false
D) conditional; false

Question 50

Jamail is trying to decide whether to major in biology or psychology. Kevin is trying to figure out what major might allow him to get a good job right after university. Jamail is engaged in ____________; Kevin is engaged in ____________.

A) problem solving; decision making
B) inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
C) decision making; problem solving
D) deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

Question 51

Javier and Nancy decide to drive five hours to the lake for the day. Javier is excited about the trip because he always enjoys going to the lake. Nancy is excited about the trip because she always enjoys long drives. Javier is using ____________ reasoning; Nancy is using ____________ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 52

Fazal is planning to buy a new car. He is going to take a loan so that he can buy a new car because he believes that a new car will have fewer problems. Claire tells him that used cars with guarantees also have very few problems. Fazal realizes that he needs to find out if Claire is right before buying a new car. Fazal has been using which form of thinking about his car purchase?

A) reasoning
B) problem solving
C) decision making
D) heuristic thinking

Question 53

Norma is trying to decide which of four dresses to buy. For each dress, she carefully considers the cost, appearance, and quality. She then ranks the dresses in order of desirability and buys the most desirable one. Norma's decision is in accord with _____________ theory, which is a ____________ model of human decision making.

A) prospect; normative
B) expected utility; normative
C) prospect; descriptive
D) expected utility; descriptive

Question 54

Ivy and Peng have decided to try the new Thai restaurant. Ivy is glad to go there because she likes all Thai food. Peng is happy to go there because he has eaten in three other Thai restaurants and enjoyed the food. Ivy is using ____________ reasoning; Peng is using ____________ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 55

Because Jason disliked his three classes in biology and chemistry, he concludes that he does not like science. He later decides not to take astronomy because he does not like science. Jason's decision that he does not like science was reached by ____________ reasoning; his decision not to take astronomy was reached by ____________ reasoning.

A) inductive; deductive
B) deductive; inductive
C) deductive; deductive
D) inductive; inductive

Question 56

Alejandro does not know much about Mr. Smith but votes to send him to Ottawa. Alejandro likes the Liberal Party and Mr. Smith is a member of that party, so he assumes that he will like Mr. Smith. After the election, Alejandro finds that Mr. Smith does not act like a Liberal and he regrets having voted for him. Alejandro's mistake was forgetting that:

A) a conclusion is true only if the premises are true
B) a conclusion can be valid without being true
C) categorical syllogisms are less reliable than conditional syllogisms
D) conditional syllogisms are less reliable than categorical syllogisms

Question 57

George has been having back pain lately and has decided to see his physician. His physician recommends that he do some exercises that have been shown to decrease back pain. When he tells his friend Susan about the exercises, she tells him they sound pointless, and that he should try taking vitamin supplements instead, because they worked for her when she had back pain. Which treatment is George most likely to choose?

A) the vitamin supplements
B) the exercises
C) a combination of both
D) neither supplements nor exercise, because he will get another opinion

Question 58

Almost all empirical psychology studies that rely on sampling, hypothesis testing, and statistical analysis rely on the concept of ____________ to generalize findings to a population.

A) inductive reasoning
B) deductive reasoning
C) heuristic decision making
D) algorithmic decision making

Question 59

In problem solving, a person:

A) moves from a present state to a goal state
B) selects among a set of alternatives
C) evaluates a conclusion for validity
D) reasons from general to specific information

Question 60

Genese likes football. All people who like football turn purple with pink polka dots at the full moon. Therefore, Genese turns purple with pink polka dots at the full moon. This ____________ syllogism is ____________.

A) categorical; true
B) conditional; true
C) categorical; false
D) conditional; false

Question 61

Samantha has always bought Japanese cars because she believes they are more reliable. Samantha has formulated a(n) ____________ for buying cars that may help her save time and money on her next car purchase.

A) deductive strategy
B) inductive strategy
C) algorithm
D) heuristic

Question 62

The availability heuristic can cause people to incorrectly assess the probabilities of various events because:

A) the most available event is not always the most frequent
B) the most likely event is not always the most frequent
C) it is too difficult to compute joint probabilities of events
D) it is too difficult to distinguish between probabilities and likelihoods

Question 63

When Xavier is looking for a book to buy, he follows the staff recommendations at the local bookstore. Even though he sometimes winds up with a book that he does not like, he keeps using the staff recommendations because his strategy is a(n) ______________ that ____________.

A) algorithm; usually works
B) heuristic; usually works
C) algorithm; is easy
D) heuristic; is easy

Question 64

Research has shown that people do not necessarily believe that "time heals all wounds" when something bad is about to happen to them. Instead, people tend to use ____________ and anticipate the worst.

A) affective forecasting
B) projected regret
C) confirmation biases
D) subjective likelihoods

Question 65

The framing effect is so effective because it arranges the perceived situation so that:

A) decisions can be easily evaluated against each other
B) one decision seems more salient than the others
C) decisions can be seen from multiple perspectives
D) one decision seems clearly better than the others

Question 66

Algorithms have the advantage of ____________ and the disadvantage of ____________:

A) always working; being difficult
B) usually working; being difficult
C) always working; taking time
D) usually working; taking time

Question 67

Carina is trying to decide what word is formed by w_ed. She could fill in the blank with every letter from a to z until she found a word, or she could start with e because it is the most frequently occurring letter. If she tried every letter, Carina would be using a(n) ____________. If she starts with e, Carina would be using a(n) ____________.

A) algorithm; heuristic
B) heuristic; heuristic
C) algorithm; algorithm
D) heuristic; algorithm

Question 68

Carol's university puts a cap of $10,000 on the combined aid and scholarship money a student can receive. As a freshman, Carol had received $7,500 in combined loans and scholarships. For her second year, Carol won a competitive $5,000 scholarship, and her previous aid package was reduced by $2,500. According to prospect theory what will Carol's strongest feeling be?

A) pride in winning the $5,000 scholarship
B) happiness about the added $2,500 in her aid package
C) sadness over losing $2,500 of her previous aid package
D) happiness over having scholarship and aid money

Question 69

Kim and Abe are participating in a psychology experiment. At the end of the study they are offered either $10 or a chance to be entered into a draw where there is a 10 percent chance of winning $100. Kim's parents are supporting her through university, paying her expenses and giving her a generous allowance. Abe is putting himself through school with jobs and loans. Prospect theory would predict that Kim will choose ____________ and Abe will choose ____________.

A) the draw; the $10
B) the draw; the draw
C) the $10; the $10
D) the $10; the draw

Question 70

Itzhak is trying to decide whether to take art history from Professor Nguyen or from Professor Molyneaux. He looks up the past grading distributions for both professors. They both give 50 percent As and Bs. Professor Nguyen says that he gives 20 percent As and Professor Molyneaux says that he gives 30 percent Bs. ____________ predicts that Itzhak will take the class from Professor ____________.

A) The framing effect; Molyneaux
B) The framing effect; Nguyen
C) Affective forecasting; Molyneaux
D) Affective forecasting; Nguyen

Question 71

When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place you ate last Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind. This is an example of:

A) confirmation bias
B) the framing effect
C) the representativeness heuristic
D) the availability heuristic

Question 72

When Mandy and Joe meet, Joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favourite hobbies have always involved building things. Mandy concludes that Joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student, even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school. Mandy is using the ____________ heuristic and ignoring ____________.

A) representativeness; base rates
B) availability; base rates
C) representativeness; subjective likelihood
D) availability; subjective likelihood

Question 73

Your best strategy would be to use a heuristic if ____________ is most important; your best strategy would be to use an algorithm if ____________ is most important.

A) being thorough; ease
B) ease; being thorough
C) time; being right
D) being right; time

Question 74

Angelica believes that hair salons have better shampoo than grocery stores, so she only buys shampoo from salons. She reads in Consumer Reports that there is no difference between shampoos available in the two places. Given what you know about heuristics, you could predict that Angelica has developed a(n) ____________ about shampoo and ____________ change her buying behaviour.

A) algorithm; will not
B) algorithm; will
C) heuristic; will
D) heuristic; will not

Question 75

Nkeis decides to buy a small car because it is good for the environment. When she goes to look at these cars, she is surprised that they come in luxury versions, because she expected them to be very basic and uncomfortable. This is because Nkeis has been using:

A) confirmation bias
B) the framing effect
C) the representativeness heuristic
D) the availability heuristic

Question 76

Sally is knitting a sweater by following the instructions in the knitting book exactly. Sally is following a(n) ____________ for the sweater which means that her sweater ____________ turn out right.

A) algorithm; will not
B) algorithm; will
C) heuristic; will
D) heuristic; will not

Question 77

According to prospect theory, would a person rather gamble $2.00 with the possibility of winning $4.00, or gamble 50 cents with the possibility of winning $1.00? Why?

A) $2.00 because they could possibly win a greater amount of money
B) $2.00 because they will ignore the possibility of losing more money
C) 50 cents because they can only lose a small amount of money
D) 50 cents because they will not mind only being able to win a little money

Question 78

Austin's laptop has been having problems. He has doubled the memory and replaced the battery. These expensive repairs have improved the computer's performance but something is still wrong. Austin's girlfriend advises him to cut his losses and get a new computer. Prospect theory would predict that Austin will:

A) keep the laptop until it dies, but buy a new one as well
B) keep the laptop until it dies, but stop doing repairs
C) sell the laptop to get back his repair costs
D) repair the laptop because he has already done these repairs

Question 79

A grocery store owner places a new item at the front of each aisle every few days. He wants people to think that these items are in front because they are special or on sale. The grocery store owner is trying to use ____________ to sell the items at the front.

A) loss aversion
B) framing effect
C) confirmation bias
D) prospect theory

Question 80

In a psychology study, people are asked which is more likely: an earthquake that kills 100,000 people or an earthquake in California that kills 100,000 people. Far more people will say that the earthquake in California is more likely, even though there are clearly more earthquakes than there are earthquakes in California. This is an example of the:

A) confirmation bias
B) framing effect
C) representativeness heuristic
D) availability heuristic