Deck 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

Jagannath's best friend Roger really does not like his new girlfriend Malati. One way that Jagannath might change his friend's attitude is to:

A) talk to Roger about how great Malati is whenever the opportunity arises
B) have the three of them do several things together that Roger really enjoys
C) point out all of the things that Roger and Malati have in common
D) tell Roger that he needs to learn to like Malati for them to remain friends

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A U.S. presidential candidate's acceptance speech at the party convention greatly influences the way in which many voters see the candidate. Who was most likely to have a more favourable opinion of Senator Obama after his speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention?

A) Zora, who had been an Obama supporter since he announced running for President
B) Yancey, who is a fervent Democrat but doesn't know much about Obama
C) Xenia, who became a strong Obama supporter after rival Hillary Clinton dropped out of the race
D) Will, who was a supporter of rival John McCain but intensely disliked his negative campaign

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Kate comes from a very small town where everyone is white and there is a great deal of prejudice against people of colour. When Kate first meets her university roommate, she is very upset to discover that she is black. Kate quickly discovers that her roommate is smart, funny, and empathetic. Kate starts to like her roommate quite a lot but feels anxious and tense whenever they are together. Kate is experiencing:

A) a conflict between implicit and explicit attitudes
B) the effect of exposure on socialization
C) the process of extinguishing a conditioned attitude
D) unresolved cognitive dissonance

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Ruomei has never liked biology, but she has a crush on her lab partner and always enjoys going to class because she sees him there. Ruomei's friends are surprised to hear that Ruomei now likes biology and is planning to take another class in the subject. Ruomei's new liking for biology is a(n) ____________ attitude.

A) complex
B) implicit
C) socialized
D) conditioned

Question 5

When Saqui breaks up with her boyfriend she cannot decide whether to date her best friend Bradan or a fascinating new man, because they have different attractive qualities. After deciding on the new guy, Saqui finds that she no longer likes Bradan. Even though he wants to continue their long friendship, she keeps finding more things to dislike about him. Saqui is experiencing:

A) cognitive dissonance
B) attributional bias
C) postdecisional dissonance
D) emergence of an implicit attitude

Question 6

Kyle was raised in a vegan family. Before he goes to university, his mother tells him that it will probably be impossible for him to maintain a healthy vegan diet in a university dorm and that eating a healthy diet is more important in that situation than eating a vegan diet. Kyle's mom is trying to protect him from experiencing the unpleasant effects of:

A) conflicting implicit and explicit attitudes
B) overcoming socialization
C) extinguishing a conditioned attitude
D) unresolved cognitive dissonance

Question 7

A smaller percentage of Canadians vote in elections than do citizens of other democracies. Work on attitudes and behaviour in psychology would suggest that the best way to increase voting in this country might be to:

A) make it easier for people to vote, with policies such as early voting
B) give people accurate and easily accessible information about the candidates
C) have parents talk with their kids each election about the importance of voting
D) hold regular school elections from elementary through high school

Question 8

Researchers in a psychology experiment asked people who were standing in line waiting to bet on a horse race about which horse they planned to bet on and why. Another researcher asked those people the same questions after they had placed the bet. Given your knowledge of social psychology, you could predict that after placing the bet people would be ____________ about their chosen horse because of ____________.

A) more positive; postdecisional dissonance
B) less positive; attributional bias
C) more positive; buyer's remorse
D) less positive; sunk cost fallacy

Question 9

Since coming to university, Roger has eaten many kinds of foods that he had never even heard of before. He has found that he dislikes oysters but enjoys sushi. What difference could you predict between his attitudes to oysters and sushi?

A) He came to dislike oysters faster than he came to like sushi.
B) He dislikes oysters more than he likes sushi.
C) He had a bias against oysters but not sushi before trying both foods.
D) He will be more likely to come to enjoy oysters than to stop enjoying sushi.

Question 10

If you had been consulted when Abu Ghraib was being developed, what advice could you have given about minimizing the probability of mistreatment of prisoners?

A) Establish a clear chain of command and clear responsibilities.
B) Test potential guards and use only those who are psychologically stable.
C) Encourage values by emphasizing group solidarity as Americans.
D) Make sure that the guards are paid well enough not to resent their work.

Question 11

Naomi was raised as a vegetarian. When she gets to university she decides that she will eat meat so that she will be more like everyone else. Even though she really wants to stop being a vegetarian, Naomi finds that she can't bring herself to eat meat. Naomi's situation demonstrates the effect of ____________ on attitudes.

A) classical conditioning
B) implicit attitudes
C) socialization practices
D) unconscious influence

Question 12

When Van goes to university he resolves to be a good student even though being on the varsity football team will absorb a lot of his time. When he thinks about what has happened at the end of his day, he usually winds up thinking about football. He has to make an effort to shift his thoughts to what happened in his classes. You could predict that Van will find it much easier to fulfill his football obligations than his academic obligations because of:

A) attitude accessibility
B) cognitive dissonance
C) implicit attitudes
D) explicit attitudes

Question 13

Among the factors contributing to the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib was that the guards:

A) had not received sufficient psychological screening
B) were being taunted and derogated by the prisoners
C) were under pressure to get critical intelligence from the prisoners
D) saw the prisoners as an outgroup rather than a related ingroup

Question 14

Even though Jacqueline attended a very expensive boarding school, she passionately believes that money and social class are irrelevant to how interesting or valuable a person is. At the first party in her university dorm Jacqueline, without even realizing it, only spends time with the women who are very well dressed. Jacqueline's belief in social equality is a(n) ____________ and her choice of people with whom to talk reflects a(n) ____________.

A) implicit attitude; explicit attitude
B) explicit attitude; implicit attitude
C) a more accessible attitude; a less accessible attitude
D) a less accessible attitude; a more accessible attitude

Question 15

The discussion of the United States' policies needed to handle illegal immigration has been controversial. The claim has been made that many people who say they have no objection to immigration from Mexico so long as it is legal are really showing a bias against Mexican Americans. The best way to test this claim would be to have people who hold the belief that they object to illegal immigration but are not prejudiced against Mexican Americans:

A) take a lie detector test
B) take a long attitude questionnaire
C) take the Implicit Association Test
D) take the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 16

The Stanford prison study demonstrates that people:

A) are innately violent unless constrained by society
B) behave in accord with their roles in a situation
C) will obey orders even when they violate their principles
D) placed in all-male groups will create dominance hierarchies

Question 17

Catalina has gotten an entirely new haircut that she can't wait to show her boyfriend. A social psychologist might advise her that her boyfriend may:

A) not like the haircut because it is new
B) not like the haircut because she did not ask his opinion first
C) like the haircut just because she is so happy with it
D) like the haircut because having her look different is exciting

Question 18

Tyronne really disliked the latest hit song when he first heard it. He would grimace every time it was played on the radio. After hearing the song many times, he is surprised to realize that he has come to like it. Tyronne is experiencing:

A) resolution of cognitive dissonance
B) the mere exposure effect
C) an implicit attitude
D) peripheral persuasion

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a question that would be investigated in social psychology?

A) Why do romantic relationships often fail?
B) Why do fraternities continue hazing despite serious consequences?
C) Why is it so difficult to lose weight or stop smoking?
D) Why does advertising get us to buy things we do not need?

Question 20

Which of the following does NOT increase the stability of an attitude?

A) the personal relevance of the attitude
B) the ease of accessibility of the attitude
C) the values expressed by the attitude
D) the specificity of the attitude

Question 21

If someone wants to create an attitude that will last a long time, she should use the ____________ method of persuasion. If someone wants to create an attitude that will last only a short time, he should use the ____________ method of persuasion.

A) peripheral; central
B) central; peripheral
C) emotional; rational
D) rational; emotional

Question 22

Babies begin to prefer to look at a picture of a face rather than a blank outline of a head when they are:

A) 1 month old
B) 1 hour old
C) 1 week old
D) 1 day old

Question 23

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the two methods of persuasion are:

A) central and peripheral
B) emotional and rational
C) implicit and explicit
D) dissonant and consonant

Question 24

In the medical field, interns and residents are required to work such long shifts that they are perpetually exhausted and do not function optimally. Dissonance theory would suggest that a possible motivation for this policy is to:

A) prepare them to work under highly stressful conditions
B) test their dedication to becoming doctors
C) increase the value they place upon being doctors
D) identify those who are too prone to making mistakes under pressure

Question 25

Song and Prakash are both taking a very difficult and quite boring class in symbolic logic. Song is taking the class because she thought it would be interesting; Prakash is taking the class because it is required for his major. Mia asks them both what the class is like. Based upon cognitive dissonance theory, you could predict that Song would say it is ____________ and Prakash would say it is ____________.

A) terrible; terrible
B) terrible; pretty interesting
C) pretty interesting; pretty interesting
D) pretty interesting; terrible

Question 26

The United States has been involved in a series of wars, from Korea through Iraq, in which a large majority of the people concluded that the war had been a mistake, while the leaders who sent the country to war became ever more convinced of its necessity. Regardless of the actual merits of the war, what psychological concept could explain, in part, the tenacity of the leaders?

A) groupthink in decision making
B) postdecisional dissonance
C) frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 27

Sources of information who are ____________ tend to be the most persuasive.

A) like the target audience
B) rational and emotional
C) attractive and credible
D) strongly partisan

Question 28

When there is an attitude-behaviour conflict, why might dissonance be resolved through changing the attitude rather than the behaviour?

A) The behaviour is already completed.
B) The behaviour is more desirable than the attitude.
C) An attitude that can be violated is not very specific.
D) An attitude that can be violated is not very accessible.

Question 29

Human beings have evolved as social animals that live in groups, in part because:

A) members of the same group do not constitute a danger to each other
B) mating within a group increases the probability of a healthy offspring
C) groups provide safety from competing groups and predators
D) members of the same groups provide less competition for mates

Question 30

Larry came to university absolutely believing that it was wrong to ever drink alcohol. After a while, he starts to drink very moderately at parties even though doing so makes him anxious. What would dissonance theory suggest that Larry will do and why?

A) decide drinking is wrong but he needs to drink in university
B) start drinking more because of his anxiety
C) stop drinking again to resolve his anxiety
D) decide moderate drinking is not really a problem

Question 31

Guilia is a grade 2 teacher. In her class this year, she has a young boy from another country. When she tries to make contact with him, he always looks away. What would be the most reasonable thing for Guilia to conclude from this?

A) The boy is frightened or uncomfortable with her.
B) The boy has something that he is ashamed of or trying to hide.
C) The boy may have different norms for eye contact.
D) The boy may use different forms of body language.

Question 32

Imagine that you are recruiting people to volunteer to do part-time tutoring of elementary school kids. Dissonance theory would suggest that a successful strategy would be to pay them:

A) only a token amount of money for volunteering
B) fairly little to begin with but increase wages over time
C) a large bonus if things are going well after 3 months
D) a large training salary, but a fairly low tutoring salary

Question 33

The central route to persuasion is one in which:

A) the appeal is to the central neurological paths
B) the most basic and direct arguments are used
C) rational cognitive arguments are used
D) the argument is directed only at the central point

Question 34

People are often advised not to make hasty decisions about other people. The research on thin slices of behaviour would suggest that this advice is:

A) good because opinions change with more information
B) good because information can be evaluated better with more time
C) bad because further analysis usually produces less accurate judgments
D) bad because accurate judgments can be made using little information

Question 35

If a political candidate wants to create a positive image that will convince people to contribute throughout a long campaign, she should use campaign materials that:

A) feature endorsements from prominent people
B) involve short emotional attacks on her opponent
C) use catchy slogans and attention grabbing graphics
D) present well-argued descriptions of her positions

Question 36

Just before an election, a political candidate wants to create a positive image that will persuade voters who are still undecided to vote for him. He should:

A) give a lengthy address on TV making logical arguments for his positions
B) run ads with endorsements from a wide array of celebrities
C) debate his opponent on the night before the election
D) take ads in the paper showing his detailed positions on the issues

Question 37

"I love independent cats because they are interesting, even though people find them aloof." In this argument, the conclusion is ____________, the premise is ____________, the qualifier is ____________, and the counter-argument is____________.

A) I love cats; cats are interesting; independent cats; people find cats aloof
B) cats are interesting; I love cats; interesting cats; people find cats aloof
C) people find cats aloof; cats are independent; interesting cats; I love cats
D) people find cats aloof; I love cats; independent cats; cats are interesting

Question 38

Dr. Johannson is going to give a speech arguing for stricter emissions standards for cars. For his speech to be the most persuasive to an environmental group, he should use ____________ arguments. For his speech to be the most persuasive to a group of automobile manufacturers he should use ____________ arguments.

A) one-sided; balanced
B) balanced; one-sided
C) emotional; rational
D) rational; emotional

Question 39

Human beings have evolved as social animals that live in groups. As a consequence, we have also evolved mechanisms to:

A) detect danger from within one's own group
B) distinguish members of one's own group
C) integrate into other groups when needed
D) a and b

Question 40

Creativity is undermined when extrinsic motivation replaces intrinsic motivation. Which concept in social psychology could provide the best account for this finding?

A) postdecisional dissonance
B) cognitive dissonance
C) attributional bias
D) social loafing

Question 41

The reason that stereotypes are adaptive is that they:

A) suggest behavioural strategies
B) connect critical concepts
C) evade cognitive limitations
D) prioritize important information

Question 42

A lawyer defending a man in a rape trial tries to get women on the jury while the prosecutor tries to get men. The motive in both cases is that women jurors tend to make much harsher judgments of the woman who was raped than do male jurors. The most likely explanation for this gender difference is the:

A) just world hypothesis
B) fundamental attribution error
C) self-serving bias
D) actor/observer effect

Question 43

The actor/observer effect is most likely to occur in the case of a negative event. This is due to the:

A) correspondence bias
B) self-serving bias
C) just-world bias
D) personal bias

Question 44

Daiyu is an international student from China who is dating an American student, Zach. Which of them is likely to have a more accurate take on the other person's behaviour and why?

A) Zach; he will take personal and situational factors into account
B) Daiyu; she will take personal and situational factors into account
C) Zach; he will be able to analyze the personal factors better
D) Daiyu; she will be able to analyze the situational factors better

Question 45

Inga is running for the president of the student body of her university. The night before the election she and her opponent have a debate in front of thousands of people. In reviewing the tape of the debate, Inga is most likely to attribute her own errors to ____________ and to attribute her opponent's errors to ____________.

A) poor debating skills; insufficient desire for the office
B) lack of preparation; biased questions from the panel
C) confusing questions from the panel; his lack of preparation
D) insufficient desire for the office; poor debating skills

Question 46

The main reason that people make just world attributions is that they:

A) increase their self-esteem
B) make them feel safer
C) let them avoid their own errors
D) ease their conscience

Question 47

The main advantage of a stereotype is that it ____________; the main disadvantage is that it ____________.

A) is a mental shortcut; blocks necessary processing
B) identifies critical information; is a mental heuristic
C) is basically accurate; is not very detailed
D) allows for rapid processing; can lead to errors

Question 48

When Dirk fails his calculus exam, he is likely to explain the result as being due to:

A) not having gone to class or studied enough
B) his decision to go out the night before the exam
C) his lack of basic ability in mathematics
D) the exam having been too difficult to be fair

Question 49

Sinead really likes Perry when they first meet at a party. When he tells her that he is on the varsity basketball team, she decides that he must not have many intellectual or academic interests. Sinead's views are based on:

A) personal prejudices
B) group stereotypes
C) attributional biases
D) cognitive deductions

Question 50

Weiner's theory argues that in addition to being either personal or situational, attitudes can vary on which dimensions?

A) stable/unstable and controllable/uncontrollable
B) positive/negative
C) controllable/uncontrollable
D) positive/negative and stable/unstable

Question 51

Professor Marcus believes that student athletes are lazy and academically incompetent. Every time she has an athlete in one of her classes who is a poor student she takes note of and remembers it. Every time she has an athlete in her class who is an excellent student she ignores it. This is a mechanism by which Professor Marcus _____ her stereotype of student athletes.

A) justifies
B) maintains
C) makes good use of
D) makes adjustments to

Question 52

When someone employs a stereotype, he is judging a person in terms of their:

A) fundamental qualities
B) background
C) group membership
D) personal affiliations

Question 53

Which explanation would you be LEAST likely to give for your own behaviour?

A) My clothes don't fit right because I have gained weight.
B) I got a speeding ticket because the officer did not like my bumper stickers.
C) My boyfriend did not call after our fight because he is too stubborn.
D) I did not get the job because I am a woman.

Question 54

Diego is telling his roommate about his lab partner in chemistry. Because his lab partner is a straight A pre-med student, Diego believes that he is quiet and spends most of his time studying rather than having fun. Since Diego is drawing conclusions from a stereotype, his roommate should ____________ Diego's description because stereotypes ____________.

A) ignore; are inaccurate
B) accept; are generally true
C) ignore; come from prejudices
D) be cautious about; may or may not be accurate

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a reason that stereotypes tend to be maintained?

A) People pay more attention to stereotype-consistent information.
B) People remember stereotype-consistent information better.
C) People have more stereotype-consistent experiences.
D) People make stereotype-consistent attributions.

Question 56

In a recent study, participants were shown 30-second clips of two candidates for a past election with which they were not familiar. Each participant was asked to determine which candidate had won that election. How accurate do you think the participants were at predicting the winner of the election and why?

A) very accurate; a few minutes is all that is needed for a good judgment
B) not accurate; 30 seconds would not provide as much information as voters had
C) very accurate; all that matters is attractiveness, which can be quickly assessed
D) not accurate; the clip would need to be framed in the context of the election

Question 57

Gamiel has taken Aliyah out to dinner for the first time. She is very surprised when he does not leave a tip for the waiter. If Aliyah decides that Gamiel did not leave a tip because he is stingy, she is making a ____________ attribution; if Aliyah decides that Gamiel did not leave a tip because the service was terrible, she is making a ____________ attribution.

A) situational; personal
B) personal; situational
C) stable; variable
D) variable; stable

Question 58

In making attributions about the behaviour of people around them, people from Western cultures tend to emphasize ____________ factors and people from Eastern cultures tend to emphasize ____________ factors.

A) personal; personal and situational
B) personal and situational; personal
C) situational; personal and situational
D) personal and situational; situational

Question 59

Mandy believes that all engineers are unimaginative. Working on the literary magazine she meets Josiah, who is a fascinating writer and an engineering major. Mandy is likely to handle this contradiction by deciding that:

A) Josiah is the exception to the rule about engineers
B) engineers can be interesting and creative
C) Josiah does not really want to be an engineer
D) creativity is different in engineers

Question 60

In making causal attributions, people from Eastern cultures differ from those in Western cultures in that they:

A) use more information in making attributions and are less individualistic in their attribution
B) are less individualistic in their attribution
C) are more likely to consider situational factors
D) use more information in making attributions and are more likely to consider situational factors

Question 61

When public schools were desegregated, people thought that simply having black and white kids attend school together would reduce stereotypes and prejudice. Given the literature on groups and prejudice, why did this approach not work?

A) The groups were too different for the kids to find common ground.
B) Contact alone could not overcome ingrained hostility.
C) It might have worked for race but could not work for class.
D) Disparities between the groups deepened existing hostilities.

Question 62

Lucia has just declared a major in engineering. You could predict that she will now see other engineering students as ____________ and see liberal arts students as ____________.

A) unique individuals; very similar to each other
B) very similar to each other; unique individuals
C) unique individuals; unique individuals
D) very similar to each other; very similar to each other

Question 63

Mr. Ahkbar is the principal of a military school that has only had male students. For the first time this fall, girls are being admitted. The boys are very hostile to this decision and Mr. Ahkbar is worried that there will be trouble. What would you advise Mr. Ahkbar to do in order to decrease hostility and better integrate the female students into the school?

A) make sure that all classes have a gender balance
B) have an open discussion of the situation
C) have mixed gender groups work together on projects
D) start with single gender classes and gradually mix the genders

Question 64

Yolanda is interviewing for a job as an engineer. She is doing very well until the interviewer asks her if she believes that a woman can really devote the time to being an engineer. After that, she stumbles over answers and becomes distracted. Yolanda is showing the effects of:

A) self-serving bias
B) attributional bias
C) prejudiced attitudes
D) stereotype threat

Question 65

When white participants in a psychology study were shown pictures of black faces, the ____________ was immediately activated. With more time, the ____________ were activated.

A) frontal lobes; amygdala
B) amygdala; frontal lobes
C) prefrontal cortex; hippocampus
D) hippocampus; prefrontal cortex

Question 66

Given what you know about the role of gender in creating ingroup/outgroup biases, you could predict that the largest number of close friendship groups would be found in:

A) all-male dormitories
B) all-female dormitories
C) dormitories that are coed by room
D) dormitories that are coed by floor

Question 67

At what age do infants start to recognize only faces of their own racial group?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 12 months

Question 68

Intelligence analysts whose job is to predict the behaviour of people and groups in other countries need to overcome:

A) ingroup/outgroup bias
B) outgroup homeogeneity
C) ingroup favouritism
D) outgroup threat

Question 69

In order to create hostility and prejudice between two groups of boys for his study, Sherif had to:

A) have the groups compete with each other
B) tell each group negative things about the other group
C) start a fight between members of the two groups
D) clearly favour one group over the other

Question 70

Miriam believes that she is not an attractive woman. As a result, she wears drab clothes and no makeup. Whenever a man shows interest in her, she thinks that he is just being kind. Miriam's behaviour is an example of a(n):

A) attributional bias
B) self-serving bias
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) personal stereotype

Question 71

Annabel is working on a very difficult paper for her psychology class. Where would social facilitation theory suggest she ought to work on it to make the best progress?

A) in the library at a table with other people studying
B) alone in her room or in a private library carrel
C) in her room with her two roommates
D) in the library with other people working on the same paper

Question 72

Kwamie is interviewing for a job as a software engineer. He has been warned that the person doing the interview does not like Canadians of African descent and may be hard on him because of his race. Though Kwamie is determined not to let this warning affect him, he finds that he is stumbling in the interview. Research suggests that Kwamie may be performing poorly because he is:

A) too worried about the outcome
B) trying to suppress his fear and anger
C) afraid that he won't be able to do the job and too worried about the outcome
D) too worried about the outcome and trying to suppress his fear and anger

Question 73

When the United States military was integrated, many people expected that it would be a disaster. In fact, integration of the military was hugely successful. In terms of social psychology, a major reason for this success was most likely that black and white soldiers:

A) co-operated on important common goals
B) had to live and work together full time
C) were removed from their original environments
D) were penalized for not working together smoothly

Question 74

Ted has been assigned to work on a linguistics project with a mature student in her 40s. Ted is worried that she won't be as sharp and motivated as a younger student. He recognizes that this is a prejudice and works to suppress it. It can be expected that Ted's work on the project would be:

A) poor because his worry about the returning student is distracting him
B) good because he wants to compensate for the returning student's possible failings
C) poor because it takes effort to suppress the stereotype
D) good because his worry will challenge the returning student to work harder

Question 75

In a jigsaw classroom, students:

A) form new ingroups to break barriers between existing outgroups
B) compete with ingroup members and co-operate with outgroup members
C) study the customs of the members of their outgroups
D) must co-operate with both ingroup and outgroup members

Question 76

Brain scan research suggests that stereotypes are activated ____________, producing immediate negative responses; cognitive judgments more ____________, leading to less discriminatory responses.

A) slowly; slowly
B) slowly; quickly
C) quickly; quickly
D) quickly; slowly

Question 77

Xia is participating in a psychology experiment in which she has been exposed to math stereotype threat while her brain activity is monitored. You could predict that the scan would show:

A) reduced activity in the areas associated with math performance
B) increased activity in regions involved in social and emotional processing and decreased activity in the areas associated with general intelligence
C) decreased activity in the areas associated with general intelligence
D) reduced activity in the areas associated with math performance and increased activity in regions involved in social and emotional processing

Question 78

Trey is recording grades in the large introductory psychology class for which he is a teaching assistant. Where would social facilitation theory suggest he ought to work on it to make the best progress?

A) in the library at a table with other people studying
B) alone in his room or alone in his office
C) in his office with other TAs who are also recording grades
D) at a coffee shop with many other people talking

Question 79

If people are randomly assigned to groups A and B, you could predict that the members of each group will:

A) favour members of their own group because of ingroup bias
B) not favour members of their own group because of random assignment
C) not be hostile to members of the other group because of random assignment
D) neither favour members of their own group nor the other group

Question 80

White participants in a psychology study were asked to decide, as rapidly as possible, whether an object that they had been briefly shown was a gun or a tool. Before seeing the picture they were briefly shown a picture of either a black or a white face. When the subjects saw a black face, they:

A) identified the gun more quickly
B) identified the tool more slowly
C) incorrectly identified tools as guns and identified the tool more slowly
D) identified the gun more quickly and incorrectly identified tools as guns