Deck 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Two mental health providers are choosing treatment approaches for two different patients. Patient A has schizophrenia and is being seen by Dr. Brahma, a psychiatrist. Patient B has a mild eating disorder and is being seen by Dr. Johnson, a clinical psychologist. Patient A will likely receive ________ treatment and Patient B will likely receive _________ treatment, each being one of the major treatment approaches available to mental health professionals.

A) applied behaviour analysis; cognitive therapy
B) cognitive therapy; biological treatment
C) biological treatment; applied behaviour analysis
D) biological treatment; psychotherapy

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Motivational interviewing relies on just one or two interviews using a client-centred approach. Research suggests that the success of this treatment is the result of the:

A) ability of hypnosis to act quickly on repressed memories
B) focus on unwanted behaviour only, and not its causes
C) focus on the cause of unwanted behaviour only, and not the behaviour itself
D) warmth and empathy of the therapist toward the client

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Jason has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Jason's treatment will probably involve one or both of the two major classes of treatment, which are:

A) psychoanalysis and client-centred therapy
B) biological treatment and psychotherapy
C) psychotherapy and behavioural therapy
D) client-centred therapy and biological treatment

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Renaldo is a 20-year-old male who has shown some odd behaviours in the past but has always seemed mostly normal to other people. However, lately he has been hearing voices, seeing things that he knows cannot be real, and expressing paranoia about others' intentions. His family has noticed a dramatic change in Renaldo and fears he is going crazy. Based on current evidence regarding the best treatment(s) overall for people with psychological disorders, you would expect that Renaldo ____________ because ____________.

A) would receive at least two forms of biological treatment; biological treatments are synergistic and produce prolonged and profound effects when administered together
B) would be put in inpatient care; distance from a dysfunctional family system will often reduce dysfunctional behaviours
C) would receive both a biological and a psychotherapeutic treatment; drugs can have a quick impact while psychotherapy can effect long-lasting behavioural changes
D) would receive two forms of psychotherapy; each can deal with a specific problematic aspect of functioning-e.g., one can deal with emotions while another can deal with delusional thinking

Question 5

Humanistic approaches to treatment are focused on:

A) creating ambiguous situations in which clients can project their deepest motives
B) changing specific problematic behaviours
C) highlighting a client's problematic thinking patterns
D) creating a warm and supportive environment in which clients can express themselves honestly

Question 6

Reflexive listening is used primarily in ____________ therapy.

A) client-centred
B) cognitive-behavioural
C) psychodynamic
D) group

Question 7

Motivational interviewing relies on just one or two interviews using a client-centred approach. This treatment has been shown to be effective in treating:

A) schizophrenia
B) chronic depression
C) drug and alcohol abuse
D) personality disorders

Question 8

A general conclusion that can be reached from much recent research on treating mental disorders is that:

A) psychotropic medications are the treatment of choice for most disorders because they all involve dysfunctional brain systems
B) medications should be given at the beginning of treatment, while psychotherapy can be used to teach patients long-term change in behaviours and thought patterns
C) the interventions that eventually prove useful are quite small in number, especially for disorders like depression
D) the use of psychotropic medications is likely to become much less popular in the years ahead

Question 9

The two basic approaches to treating mental illness are:

A) psychological and biological
B) psychopharmacology and behaviour therapy
C) Freudian therapy and client-centred therapy
D) behaviour modification and cognitive therapy

Question 10

One factor important for success in therapy is the relationship between the therapist and the client because a good relationship can help increase the:

A) chance of the therapist and the client becoming friends
B) expectations of the client that he or she will receive help
C) transition to not receiving therapy if the therapy is not effective
D) length of time that the person will stay in therapy

Question 11

Rajneesh decided that in order for him to lead a healthy and productive life, he needed to separate emotionally from his parents, and give up their dreams of his becoming a doctor. Rajneesh resented his parents because of their lack of understanding of his unique interests and abilities. When he was young they always said, "We want you to be as successful as your brother, the doctor," even though Rajneesh never showed an interest in medicine and instead preferred the arts. Rajneesh was trying to work out his issues between himself and his parents. Problems like Rajneesh's, which deal with relationship dynamics and early childhood experiences, might be best helped by treatment with:

A) applied behaviour analysis
B) rational emotive therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) exposure therapy

Question 12

What characterizes client-centred therapy?

A) the use of dream interpretations to uncover unconscious conflicts
B) the use of direct suggestions for how the patient could behave more effectively
C) getting the patient to take the perspective of others so he or she can become more empathetic
D) getting the patient to focus on his or her subjective experience

Question 13

The recent use of psychodynamic therapy has changed in which of the following ways?

A) More emphasis is now placed on uncovering childhood traumas.
B) It now involves a strong behaviour modification component.
C) The length of the treatment is significantly shorter.
D) People are treated primarily in groups rather than one on one.

Question 14

The goal of Freud's psychodynamic approach to therapy was to:

A) have patients acknowledge their abuse history
B) have clients acknowledge the mismatch between their ideal and actual selves
C) uncover the unconscious feelings and motives that were creating problems for the patient
D) retrain maladaptive behaviours through techniques like classical conditioning

Question 15

Freud arranged the physical setup of his therapy room so that his patient could not see him. In his view this:

A) allowed him to focus on his own feelings
B) increased the sense of mystery experienced by his patient
C) caused the patient to feel more vulnerable and hence express his/her sickness more
D) reduced inhibitions the patient might feel about revealing unconscious thoughts and wishes

Question 16

Psychodynamic therapy has become increasingly controversial because it:

A) does not appear to work with minor adjustment problems
B) is more time consuming and expensive than many other effective therapies
C) is based on the "talk therapy" model, which research has shown to have little effect on psychological functioning
D) over-utilizes medication rather than the patient/therapist relationship

Question 17

Which of the following patients would benefit most from psychoanalysis?

A) a person recently diagnosed with schizophrenia who is in an acute psychotic episode
B) a low-functioning person with depression in need of immediate behavioural change
C) a person with anti-social personality disorder
D) a young person who cannot separate emotionally from his parents and who is experiencing an identity crisis

Question 18

One of the limits of biological therapies in treating mental disorders is that:

A) such treatment may require long-term intervention
B) almost all psychotropic drugs are habit forming
C) they are more expensive than other forms of therapy
D) they cannot be used with children

Question 19

The extensive use of ____________ is largely responsible for the dramatic reduction in the number of individuals institutionalized for mental disorders in the latter half of the last century.

A) cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) behaviour modification
C) medications
D) social skills training

Question 20

Imagine that you have gone to the university's counselling centre and encounter a therapist who doesn't pass judgment on your behaviour, encourages you to talk about your subjective experiences, and frequently attempts to paraphrase, or say back to you, what you have just told them. This therapist is probably using:

A) behavioural modification
B) a variant of the psychodynamic approach
C) cognitive-behavioural therapy
D) client-centred therapy

Question 21

In contrast to insight therapies, behavioural therapy:

A) sees maladaptive behaviour as the problem to be treated
B) attempts to uncover the underlying conflict that gives rise to the maladaptive behaviour
C) trains patients to express their emotions
D) focuses on the whole person

Question 22

Studies of people with schizophrenia who live with their families after therapy indicate:

A) the family has little influence on the course of the illness
B) the amount of negative emotion expressed toward the individual by family members predicts relapse rates
C) that the more time spent with the family, the better the prognosis
D) that relapse rates are higher when families are wealthier

Question 23

A cognitive therapist would probably find it easiest to work with which of the following clients?

A) Jan, a woman who believes she is being followed by people from another planet
B) Jordan, a woman who falsely believes that she is the Prime Minister of Canada
C) Jouma, an extremely self-centred woman who believes that other people are worthless and useless, and that her needs are the only needs that are important
D) Jamala, a woman who believes she is worthless, and who experiences extreme anxiety because she is not loveable

Question 24

Hayley has a snake phobia. She has always avoided situations in which she may encounter a snake, and even will avoid viewing pictures of them. If Hayley's therapist approaches her problem from a behavioural perspective, he may use:

A) thought prevention
B) exposure therapy
C) reaction-prevention therapy
D) rational-emotive behaviour therapy

Question 25

Dallas believes that he will never be successful enough or likeable enough. His friends always tell him that he is too hard on himself, but he persists in the belief that he will never live up to his own high standards. Dallas would benefit most from ____________ or ____________ because his beliefs about himself are both negative and unrealistic.

A) applied behaviour analysis; psychoanalysis
B) psychoanalysis; cognitive restructuring
C) cognitive restructuring; client-centred therapy
D) client-centred therapy; psychoanalysis

Question 26

____________ was a strong advocate of the cognitive restructuring approach to therapy, which has been shown to be very effective in treating ____________.

A) Carl Rogers; mild adjustment problems
B) Erik Erikson; mild adjustment problems
C) Aaron Beck; depression
D) Abraham Maslow; depression

Question 27

Hamza is a very gentle person who values others' opinions and wants to help people live up to their potential. He is never critical or argumentative with others. He believes all people have many positive qualities, and seeks to make others feel valuable and special. If Hamza decided to go into the mental health field, the ____________ approach to therapy would best match his personality.

A) psychodynamic
B) rational-emotive
C) moral
D) humanistic

Question 28

Assiyah, a therapy client, believes she is an unattractive person. Her therapist told her: "Go to a social gathering and ask out five different men." Assiyah did this and all of the men agreed to go on a date with her. Her belief that she was unattractive then changed. Her therapist is using ____________ with Assiyah.

A) rational analytic therapy
B) cognitive-behavioural therapy
C) emotion recognition therapy
D) insight therapy

Question 29

In Ellis's rational-emotive therapy:

A) the focus is on how the situation elicits maladaptive behaviours
B) a therapist explains and demonstrates thinking patterns that are adaptive
C) a link between dysfunctional emotions and unstructured thought is developed by the client
D) maladaptive behaviours are extinguished via classical conditioning

Question 30

In behaviour therapy an important aspect of treatment is ____________, and this is called ____________.

A) eliciting the undesirable behaviour so it can be punished; behaviour modification
B) getting the patient to model the correct behaviour; classical conditioning
C) eliciting the behaviours that need reinforcement in the patient; behaviour modification
D) getting the patient to recognize the motives behind the maladaptive behaviour; projective behavioural assessment

Question 31

Cognitive-behavioural therapy works best with:

A) personality disorders
B) schizophrenia
C) anxiety and mood disorders
D) autism

Question 32

Brendon believes that he is a worthless individual, that other people do not like him, and that he will never have satisfying interpersonal relationships. To counteract this belief, Brendon's therapist says to him, "Brendon, I like and appreciate you. I enjoy interacting with you. What do you think of that?" Brendon says, "Well, if you like me, I guess it makes me think I am not such a bad person after all." In discussing these issues with his therapist, Brendon starts to think differently about himself. The therapist is using ____________ with Brendon.

A) behavioural rationalization
B) rational creativity
C) cognitive restructuring
D) emotive analysis

Question 33

Group therapy increased in use after World War II because:

A) it was particularly effective in dealing with anxiety and depression related to combat situations
B) the number of people needing therapy far exceeded the number of available therapists
C) group therapy best mimicked an organized military context
D) it was found to be the best empirically validated treatment available at that time

Question 34

In which form of therapy is the therapist most likely to model or demonstrate adaptive behaviours so the client can learn how to perform these behaviours?

A) psychodynamic
B) client-centred
C) behavioural
D) rational-emotive therapy

Question 35

Jalisa is in therapy for major depression. In therapy, she has been encouraged to acknowledge and express her many positive qualities, her values, and her life's purpose by first gaining insight into her deepest self. Jalisa is probably in therapy with:

A) a humanistic therapist
B) a rational-emotive therapist
C) a psychoanalyst
D) an applied behaviour analyst

Question 36

Deepa is excessively shy in public and finds it almost impossible to talk to people she does not know. People think she is aloof, but actually she is terribly afraid that people will criticize her, and so she dislikes and avoids interacting with others. If she chose to go into psychotherapy to overcome this problem, the therapist who would seem least threatening to her would be:

A) a client-centred therapist
B) a psychoanalyst
C) a rational-emotive therapist
D) an applied behaviour analyst

Question 37

Jenny is in psychotherapy for an eating disorder. Her therapist is warm and supportive and can easily take her perspective. He encourages her to express her thoughts and feelings about her eating issues and does not judge or criticize anything she says. This therapeutic relationship is the basis for change, creating an environment where the client can be herself. This therapist is using a ____________ therapeutic approach.

A) cognitive-behavioural
B) client-centred
C) rational-emotive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy?

A) practice using new interpersonal behaviours
B) cost
C) lack of need for a trained therapist
D) increasing insight

Question 39

If Ivan Pavlov had never conducted his classical conditioning studies, therapists may never have developed:

A) exposure therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) insight therapy
D) dialectical behaviour therapy

Question 40

A friend describes having had therapy for a fear of snakes in which she was first asked to think about snakes, then shown pictures of them, and finally, several sessions later, given the opportunity to actually pick up a snake. Her therapist is using:

A) overload techniques
B) exposure techniques
C) distraction
D) modelling

Question 41

Arianna has anxiety symptoms and has been prescribed an anti-anxiety medication. She will probably be prescribed ____________, will experience an increase in ____________ neurotransmitter activity, and may experience____________.

A) Xanax; serotonin; drowsiness
B) Xanax; GABA; drowsiness
C) Risperdal; dopamine; facial tics
D) Risperdal; acetylcholine; facial tics

Question 42

Antipsychotic drugs:

A) affect behaviour but do little to affect cognition
B) have some minor and reversible side effects
C) reduce the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations
D) are most helpful with people who have catatonic schizophrenia

Question 43

One of the ____________ treatments of schizophrenia involves ____________, a treatment type based on the systems approach.

A) social; providing social skills training
B) biological; using older and newer antipsychotics
C) social; training families in supportive interaction styles
D) biological; using deep brain stimulation and biofeedback

Question 44

Your therapist suggests that when you go to university you keep a diary, and record events and your emotional reactions to them. She says that this will help keep you from becoming too depressed or anxious about all of the new things you encounter. From a psychological view, is this a good suggestion?

A) Yes; it will reduce the negative impact of emotional events.
B) No; it will cause you to ruminate about them and not deal with them.
C) No; it will serve as a constant reminder of the difficulties you are facing.
D) Yes, but only in the short-term-there will be no long-term benefits.

Question 45

Constanza just entered therapy for an eating disorder. She is starting to recognize how her role in the family affects how her family members treat her. She has started to consciously change some of her interpersonal behaviours-for example, she now stands up for herself when someone criticizes her. Accordingly, her parents are starting to treat her with more respect. The positive changes in the family's interactions makes sense if you look at the problem from a(n) ____________ perspective.

A) family cycle
B) expressed emotion
C) systems
D) cathartic

Question 46

Dora the Explorer is on a mission to find a completely healthy society in which people experience no mental disorders of any kind. However, she has never been able to find such a society. Based on the systems approach, her mission may never uncover a completely healthy society because:

A) people are biopsychosocial organisms and any aspect of an organism may be dysfunctional
B) people exist in families and larger social units and just one individual can hurt the entire system
C) people always strive for personal achievement and fulfillment in a society with outdated laws and regulations that inhibit an individual's free expression
D) people fail to understand that they have a faulty cognitive system, and this faulty system causes them to think illogically

Question 47

The most widely used biologically based therapy for mental disorders is:

A) psychotropic medication
B) brain stimulation
C) electroconvulsive therapy
D) biofeedback

Question 48

In some religions, confession is viewed as a helpful way of dealing with emotional conflict and traumas. Psychological research suggests that this notion:

A) is flawed because such self-revelation often causes overwhelming shame
B) is consistent with findings showing that talking about personal traumas can lead to improved mental and physical health
C) is flawed; there is no evidence for its effectiveness
D) is probably correct, but only if the "confession" is done in writing

Question 49

In some cultures it is more acceptable to say, "Than is not feeling well" than to say "Than is feeling depressed." Based on the discussion in the textbook, you would be correct if you assumed that cultures which use ____________ probably have ____________.

A) more words for psychological disorders; a low degree of cultural acceptance for those disorders
B) more words for psychological disorders; more people with serious psychological disorders
C) fewer words for psychological disorders; better resources to deal with those disorders in the community
D) fewer words for psychological disorders; some cultural stigma attached to those disorders

Question 50

A therapist has a client who is a member of a religious minority. The therapist recognizes that the client needs positive ways to experience his or her faith and deal with society's prejudices. It is particularly important that this therapist has a deep understanding of:

A) the client's culture and can adapt their therapy to be more culturally sensitive
B) group therapy
C) cognitive-behavioural therapy
D) cognitive restructuring to help the client assimilate more into mainstream culture

Question 51

Jeremy knows that the anxiety he experiences is abnormal. He thinks he may have generalized anxiety disorder. Jeremy does not have a lot of money, is in need of social support, and desires a structured therapy setting. In terms of psychological treatment, the best choice for Jeremy would be:

A) brief psychoanalytic therapy
B) brief cognitive therapy
C) brief client-centred therapy
D) group therapy

Question 52

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by:

A) allowing serotonin to remain in the synapse
B) facilitating the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron
C) blocking serotonin's effects on the postsynaptic receptors
D) converting serotonin to another chemical form

Question 53

In Society X, everyone has enough money, people demonstrate good social skills, and most people experience adequate mental and physical health. At the same time, some people wish to go into therapy to break bad habits or simply for personal growth. In Society X, there is the least amount of need for:

A) intensive group therapy
B) client-centred therapy
C) behavioural therapy
D) brief therapies

Question 54

The use of tranquilizers to control anxiety disorders:

A) is problematic because many of these drugs are addictive
B) is ideal because most of these drugs are not addictive
C) increases the presence of an excitatory neurotransmitter
D) is most effective for phobias

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a category of psychotropic drugs?

A) anti-anxiety drugs
B) antidepressants
C) antipsychotics
D) antisystolics

Question 56

Jaime has generalized anxiety disorder. Her psychiatrist gives her a psychotropic medication. The most likely action of this drug is to ____________ activity.

A) increase GABA
B) increase dopamine
C) decrease norepinephrine
D) decrease serotonin

Question 57

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as Prozac):

A) are ideal drugs for treating severe depression
B) can cause sexual dysfunction
C) work for adults, but are usually not effective with children
D) have been used to effectively treat almost all forms of mental illness

Question 58

Haloperidol is a medication which acts on key neurotransmitter systems to effect cognitive and behavioural changes. Jake takes Haloperidol to ease his hallucinations and delusional thinking. Jake is taking:

A) illicit drugs
B) psychedelic drugs
C) a set of endogenous neurotransmitter agonists
D) a psychotropic medication

Question 59

Ramos has symptoms of panic disorder, and has been prescribed the drug Xanax. Due to the medication, he is most likely to have side effects such as:

A) facial tics
B) sexual dysfunction
C) drowsiness
D) white blood cell deficiency

Question 60

Jen is a university student who was diagnosed with depression last year; subsequently she was given a prescription for Prozac. This year, she is studying abroad in India and in order not to become depressed again, she has kept taking her medicine. It is slightly more likely that she will say to her Indian doctor that she is experiencing ____________ because ____________.

A) depression; she wants the right prescription
B) depression; the disorder is more culturally accepted as a normal part of life in non-Western countries
C) strain and tension; being depressed carries a mild social stigma in India
D) strain and tension; the medical establishment in India does not see depression as a mental health problem

Question 61

Therapies that have no scientific basis, such as re-enacting one's birth and screaming, all have in common that they:

A) are not yet proven but are based on traditional therapeutic theory
B) may be harmful
C) are effective for short-term disorders but not for long-term problems
D) rely on careful empirical research

Question 62

For which of the following problems would you most likely not recommend treatment because most treatments are not more effective than simply allowing the person to recover on their own?

A) anxiety and mood disorders
B) depression
C) sexual dysfunction
D) alcoholism

Question 63

Dr. Prajna treats patients with anxiety and mood disorders. She bases her therapeutic techniques and medication choices on recent scientific literature. She only uses treatments which have been shown to be effective in large, double-blind, controlled clinical trials. She never prescribes a drug or talk therapy for which she does not know the research findings related to its effectiveness. Dr. Prajna's views are similar to those of ____________, who emphasized the use of ____________.

A) Carl Rogers; humanistic treatment of subjective experiences
B) Ray Carroll; an approach he called "rational therapy"
C) David Barlow; evidence-based treatments
D) B F Skinner; behaviour-based treatments

Question 64

Based on what you know about the following treatments, an evidence-based approach to psychological treatment would lead one to favour ____________ for a wide variety of psychological disorders.

A) cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) long-term psychoanalysis
C) scream therapy
D) deep brain stimulation

Question 65

John is being treated with a biological therapy for a disorder. He has side effects which include twitching muscles in his neck and face. John probably has ____________ and is being treated with ____________.

A) depression; an older tricyclic
B) depression; transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) schizophrenia; a traditional antipsychotic
D) schizophrenia; deep brain stimulation

Question 66

Across a number of anxiety disorders, drug therapy:

A) has been found effective and is the treatment of choice
B) works in the short term but can result in relapse when the drug is discontinued
C) has more negative side effects than when used to treat other disorders
D) is not effective because anxiety disorders are more mental than biological

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT an action of at least one type of antidepressant?

A) increasing the action of monoamine oxidase
B) increasing the action of dopamine
C) increasing the action of serotonin
D) increasing the action of norepinephrine

Question 68

Phoua has been severely depressed for the last year and has been hospitalized for the past 3 months because she is suicidal and a danger to herself. Many of the "first line" or typical treatments for depression have not been effective for Phoua, including cognitive therapy and drug therapy. Phoua will most likely:

A) be institutionalized
B) receive electroconvulsive therapy
C) receive a prefrontal lobotomy
D) receive a combination of deep brain stimulation and an atypical antipsychotic

Question 69

With the development of ____________ used to treat serious mental disorders, the use of ____________ declined starting in the 1950s.

A) trepanning; drug therapy
B) drug therapy; electroconvulsive therapy
C) electroconvulsive therapy; drug therapy
D) drug therapy; prefrontal lobotomies

Question 70

One of the important differences between drugs and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety disorders is that:

A) drugs are more effective
B) relapse is more likely with CBT
C) CBT is more cost-effective
D) CBT has longer-lasting effects

Question 71

Virtual environments or virtual realities are useful in treating:

A) any type of mental illness
B) phobias
C) neuroses
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 72

A lobotomy for a psychotic disorder is:

A) the treatment of choice
B) typically used if other approaches have failed
C) useful with schizophrenia but not depression
D) no longer in general use as a therapeutic intervention for psychosis

Question 73

The best approach for treating anxiety disorders is:

A) psychoanalytic therapy
B) the use of psychoactive drugs
C) cognitive-behavioural therapy
D) deep brain stimulation

Question 74

Serotonin affects mood but is also the neurotransmitter most associated with appetite. Which of the following medications would be most disruptive of normal hunger cues?

A) Prozac
B) Xanax
C) a tricyclic
D) an MAO inhibitor

Question 75

Based on what you know about the biological effects of Prozac, if it did not increase the activity of ____________, it would not be effective in treating depression.

A) norepinephrine
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin

Question 76

As a treatment for depression, Dr. Leslee uses a powerful electric current to create a magnetic field that is placed over the scalp of the client. Dr. Leslee is using a technique called:

A) electroconvulsive therapy
B) deep brain stimulation
C) shallow electromagnetic therapy
D) transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 77

Who is usually given credit for introducing surgical treatments of mental disorders?

A) Freud
B) Moniz
C) Gottman
D) Erikson

Question 78

The fact that people used to engage in ____________ means that ____________.

A) trepanning; people have sought ways to treat mental disorder for centuries
B) prefrontal lobotomies; people have always sought to punish those with mental disorders
C) ritualistic cleansing; people have always sought ways to treat mental disorders
D) electroconvulsive therapy; people have always sought to punish those with mental disorders

Question 79

Barlow, among many other clinical and research psychologists, has argued that:

A) psychologists should make greater use of evidence-based treatments
B) the research community should be more open to alternative treatments, even if the treatments have little validation
C) treatment techniques should be developed in the "real" world rather than in the psychological laboratory
D) psychological theory is the most important aspect of developing new treatments

Question 80

____________ was originally developed to treat the medical condition ____________, but after use on other psychological disorders is was found to be effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.

A) Electroconvulsive therapy; Renaud's disease
B) Deep brain stimulation; Parkinson's disease
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation; brain injury
D) Targeted prefrontal lobotomy; Tourette's syndrome