Deck 7: Personal, social, and Moral Development

Question 1

Which one of the following illustrates a phenomenon known as the personal fable?

A)Olivia becomes very popular with her peers when she makes up a story that she is from a small European country and has royal blood in her family.
B)Wendy gets sick more often than her classmates and so asks her teachers to be more lenient in grading her assignments.
C)Jonathan thinks of himself as a "nobody," someone whom his peers rarely notice.
D)William believes he is unique among human beings,with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.

Answer 1

William believes he is unique among human beings,with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the aspect of temperament known as effortful control?

A)Children who show high levels of effortful control can restrain from impulsive responses,but are no better than other children at controlling inappropriate emotional reactions.
B)Effortful control resides primarily in the occipital lobe because it is closely tied to visual processing.
C)Effortful control resides primarily in the temporal lobe because it is closely tied to forming long-term memories.
D)Effortful control plays a key role in helping children focus attention on things that are important.

Answer 2

Effortful control plays a key role in helping children focus attention on things that are important.

Question 3

Which one of the following best illustrates self-efficacy rather than general self-concept or self-esteem?

A)Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts.
B)Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates.
C)Connor has little faith in his ability to learn new things,and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks.
D)Darvin is convinced that no one likes him,even though most people really do.

Answer 3

Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts.

Question 4

In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept?

A)Self-efficacy refers only to behaviors that people learn through modeling.
B)Self-efficacy results primarily from vicarious reinforcement and punishment.
C)Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.
D)Self-efficacy appears only after people begin to regulate their own behavior.

Question 5

Many adolescents take foolish risks that can put their physical welfare in danger. Three of the following alternatives are possible reasons for this risk taking. Which alternative is the least plausible explanation of adolescent risk taking?

A)Adolescents have not yet acquired a very sophisticated theory of mind.
B)Thanks to the personal fable,some adolescents believe themselves to be impervious to normal human dangers.
C)As a result of incomplete brain maturation,some adolescents have trouble controlling their impulses.
D)Especially when they're with friends,adolescents tend to focus on what might be fun rather than what might be wise.

Question 6

Which one of the following most accurately describes the difference between personality and temperament?

A)Personality involves a child's emotional characteristics; temperament is more related to a child's interpersonal inclinations and skills.
B)Temperament involves a child's emotional characteristics; personality is more related to a child's interpersonal inclinations and skills.
C)Personality is based largely in biology; temperament is the result of both personality and environmental factors.
D)Temperament is based largely in biology; personality is the result of both temperament and environmental factors.

Question 7

Children's self-concepts become increasingly stable,and therefore increasingly more difficult to change,as they grow older. Using what you have learned about the development of students' sense of self,choose the most likely explanation for the increasing stability of the self-concept over time:

A)Maturational factors play a major role in the formation of the self-concept; these factors continue to unfold throughout childhood.
B)Research studies indicate that the self-concept has a strong genetic component.
C)Many teachers intuitively sense how students feel about themselves,and such intuitions invariably influence teachers' behaviors toward the students.
D)Children will behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts,thereby reaffirming their views of themselves.

Question 8

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament?

A)Ann enjoys dancing; Alice prefers basketball.
B)Bob likes to spend his time reading; Bill would rather watch a good movie.
C)Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers.
D)Dan likes to think about abstract ideas; David learns more effectively when he can manipulate concrete objects.

Question 9

Which one of the following best illustrates what is meant by a sense of identity?

A)Carlos sees himself as a caring individual who is truly concerned about other people's lives and needs.
B)Shea knows she could be a better dancer if she practiced more often.
C)Drew wonders whether she should be a doctor or a lawyer.
D)Noah feels confident that he will make new friends when he moves to a new school district next year.

Question 10

Which one of these examples best reflects the role that students' sense of self typically plays in their achievement and school behavior?

A)Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit,so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities.
B)Linda knows she is a good reader,so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.
C)Nettie doesn't think she is very popular,so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her.
D)Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math.

Question 11

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was 4 years old that she will become a teacher. Her grandmother was a teacher,and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing:

A)Identity diffusion.
B)Foreclosure.
C)Moratorium.
D)Identity achievement.

Question 12

Three of the following statements accurately describe how sense of self changes over childhood and adolescence. Which statement is not accurate?

A)With age,children increasingly make distinctions among different aspects of themselves.
B)With age,children's self-perceptions become increasingly stable.
C)Adolescents become aware of inconsistencies among their various self-perceptions and eventually try to resolve the inconsistencies in some way.
D)With age,children's self-appraisals become less and less accurate.

Question 13

Authoritative parents can best be characterized as having which type of relationship with their children?

A)High expectations,loving support,and shared decision making
B)Few expectations,loving support,and considerable freedom for children to make their own decisions
C)Little emotional support or interest in their children's needs
D)High expectations,strict rules,and little give-and-take in decision making

Question 14

Three of the following reflect common differences in personality. Which difference does not really reflect a difference in personality as psychologists use the term?

A)Some students are more conscientious than others about doing their homework.
B)Some students learn classroom subject matter more quickly and easily than others.
C)Some students get more anxious than others in new and unfamiliar situations.
D)In interactions with classmates,some students tend to be kinder and more generous than other students are.

Question 15

As a 17-year-old high school senior,Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics,photography,and Buddhism,but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or so. Julian can best be described as showing:

A)Foreclosure.
B)Moratorium.
C)Identity diffusion.
D)Identity achievement.

Question 16

An authoritarian parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples involving junior high school students?

A)Molly's parents are quite strict,letting her know their high expectations for her and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.
B)Fern's parents allow her generous leeway in terms of bedtimes,curfews,and choice of friends.
C)Henry's parents have high expectations for him but often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior.
D)Kelly's parents are primarily concerned with their own lives and problems and do not provide Kelly with much warmth or emotional support.

Question 17

Other things being equal,which student is most likely to have come from a home in which his or her parents exhibit an authoritative parenting style?

A)Rhoda is anxious and unhappy.
B)Margaret is impulsive and disobedient.
C)Frank is well-behaved and self-confident.
D)Patrick is selfish and unmotivated.

Question 18

Which one of the following examples illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in the adolescent's developing self-concept?

A)Annette talks to an invisible "friend" when she is having problems and feels she has no one else to turn to.
B)Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends.
C)Candy feels detached,as if she has no life of her own but is only watching everyone else live their lives.
D)Dora feels self-conscious when she has to get up in front of her class and give a speech from memory.

Question 19

On average,students who attend schools for gifted children have lower self-esteem than students of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities. If we consider research about factors affecting students' sense of self,we can explain this finding in the following way:

A)Children who attend gifted programs typically have more assertive parents,and such parents tend to undermine their children's self-esteem.
B)Having a label of any kind-even the label "gifted"-tends to lower self-esteem.
C)Identifying a child as gifted requires an intensive psychological evaluation,and such evaluations inevitably lower self-esteem.
D)Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of peers they see frequently.

Question 20

As students grow older,they are more likely to:

A)Hold themselves to unrealistically high standards for performance.
B)Be satisfied with low levels of performance.
C)Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their classmates.
D)Evaluate their own performance in terms of how much improvement it shows over time.

Question 21

Rachel dresses entirely in black every day. She has also dyed her hair black,paints her fingernails black,and wears a lot of black makeup around her eyes. She tends to hang out with peers who are equally "dark" in their appearance,although not all of these students are close friends with one another. Other students at school typically refer to these black-dressing classmates as "the goths." The goths can best be categorized as:

A)A clique.
B)A subculture.
C)A gang.
D)An in-group.

Question 22

Many of the students at Buchanan Junior High know that John and Sara have been "going out" for the past two months. Given what we know about students' early dating habits,it is most likely that John and Sara:

A)Have confided in each other about very personal and private matters.
B)Have many of the same interests and greatly enjoy each other's company.
C)Find each other attractive but don't know each other very well.
D)Have begun to experiment in sexually intimate ways.

Question 23

Research on gender differences in students' sense of self tells us that:

A)In adolescence,girls rate their physical appearance more positively than boys do.
B)On average,girls have a better overall sense of self-worth than boys.
C)Boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers.

Question 24

A large social group in which the members show strong loyalty to each other,have strict rules,and have specific initiation rites is known as:

A)A clique.
B)A subculture.
C)A norm group.
D)A gang.

Question 25

Peer relationships,like parent-child relationships,are essential to a child's development. Which one of the following is not one of the ways that peer relationships influence the developing child?

A)Peer relationships provide opportunities to develop and practice social skills.
B)Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes deeply emotionally attached.
C)Peers can be a source of emotional support during difficult times.
D)Peers provide information about which behaviors are desirable and which are not.

Question 26

The textbook suggests that the effects of peer pressure have been overrated. Three of the following are factors that ameliorate,or "soften," the potential effects of peer pressure. Which statement is not necessarily accurate?

A)Students may give an outward impression of acting "cool" or "going along with the crowd" while secretly behaving in accordance with their own standards.
B)Students tend to hang out with peers whose values and interests are similar to their own.
C)Students retain some of the values they have acquired from their families.
D)Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.

Question 27

Most days Marnie keeps to herself at school,and her classmates don't even seem to be aware that she is nearby. Marnie can best be described as:

A)A rejected student.
B)A neglected student.
C)A student at Kohlberg's preconventional level.
D)A student at Kohlberg's conventional level.

Question 28

Lamont worries that he has unintentionally hurt another student's feelings. From this information alone,we can reasonably conclude that Lamont:

A)Has developed a theory of mind.
B)Has reached Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning.
C)Has reached Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning.
D)Must be at least 12 years old.

Question 29

Marietta is a high school student. Considering what psychologists have learned about the effects of gender schemas,and without knowing anything else about Marietta,in which area would you expect her to have the strongest motivation to do well?

A)Dressing fashionably
B)Pursuing a career in electrical engineering
C)Becoming a world-renowned body builder
D)Mastering auto mechanics

Question 30

Given what researchers have learned about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years,which teachers should be especially careful to help students acquire a positive sense of self?

A)Second- through fourth-grade teachers
B)Middle school teachers
C)High school teachers who teach advanced courses
D)High school coaches and physical education teachers

Question 31

Which one of the following is the best example of relational aggression?

A)Emilia punches her boyfriend when he cancels their date in order to go drinking with his buddies.
B)Rich accidentally drops his books on Marcie's foot.
C)When the school bully pushes Nolan to the ground,his friend Jay-normally a well-behaved student-hits the bully in the face.
D)Judy and Martha stop speaking to their friend Claudia when she starts dating a boy they don't like.

Question 32

Which one of the following best illustrates self-socialization?

A)At a party,Karen thinks,"All the other kids are smoking pot. If I want them to think I'm cool,I need to smoke pot as well."
B)While his classmates talk with one another during their free time at the end of the school day,Stuart is content to read a book at his desk.
C)Roy works hard to keep his grades up so he can get into a good college and make his parents proud.
D)Phadra feels remorseful when she accidentally breaks another girl's arm in a collision during a soccer game.

Question 33

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the effects of peer groups and peer pressure?

A)Peer pressure is strongest in the primary grades,when children first enter school.
B)Peer pressure is strongest during the late high school years,as students approach graduation.
C)Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g.,honesty)or undesirable qualities (e.g.,violence).
D)When a particular peer group discourages academic achievement,members of that group will always achieve lower class grades than they are capable of achieving.

Question 34

Which one of the following is the best example of social cognition?

A)Max refuses to do the tasks his teacher assigns because he doesn't want to look foolish when he fails at them.
B)Julie and Isabelle giggle as they try to imitate the haughty snobbishness of the head cheerleader.
C)Rhonda needs to be around other people all the time; she gets bored when she has to entertain herself.
D)Luke tries to anticipate how Sheila might respond if he backs out of the science project the two of them have agreed to do together.

Question 35

Three of the following statements about boys' playgroups versus girls' playgroups are accurate. Which one is not accurate?

A)Boys are more competitive than girls.
B)Boys hang out in larger groups than girls do.
C)Boys work harder to maintain harmony within the group.
D)Girls are more likely to reveal their true feelings to one another.

Question 36

Luanne's parents are in the process of getting a divorce. She is so distracted and upset by the situation that she sometimes has trouble paying attention in class,and her performance on assignments and quizzes has slipped a bit. She worries that her teachers might think she simply doesn't care about her schoolwork,when in fact she cares a great deal about how she well she does in school. Luanne is showing:

A)Induction.
B)Recursive thinking.
C)Prosocial reasoning.
D)An attributional bias.

Question 37

Kevin tells himself,"Even though Grandpa just died,I mustn't cry at school today,or the other kids will laugh at me." This situation illustrates:

A)The personal fable phenomenon.
B)Resilience.
C)Hormonal differences.
D)Self-socialization.

Question 38

When asked which classmates they would most like to do things with,on average children tend to choose peers who:

A)Are compassionate and cooperate.
B)Are the best athletes.
C)Enjoy making fun of others.
D)Always like to be in charge.

Question 39

Julie,a sixth grader,nearly always eats lunch with the same five or six girls. They usually spread out at the table in order to prevent other students from joining them. Sometimes they even plan together what they will wear to school the next day. Julie's group is an example of:

A)A clique.
B)A subculture.
C)A norm group.
D)A gang.

Question 40

Which one of the following alternatives most accurately describes research findings regarding students' use of the Internet to communicate with others?

A)When used judiciously and without malice,it can enhance students' sense of connectedness with peers.
B)Away from school,students rarely use e-mail for productive purposes; accordingly,parents should be encouraged not to provide personal e-mail accounts for their children.
C)In the United States,the great majority of students do not have access to the Internet either at school or at home; thus,computer literacy is quite low among approximately 80% of children and adolescents.
D)Use of the Internet should be discouraged altogether because it exposes unsuspecting teenagers to adults who may do them harm.

Question 41

Which one of the following is most typical of the moral development of high school students?

A)Empathy for the victims of a widespread famine or epidemic
B)Tendency to disregard rules if no authority figure is present
C)Reluctance to share possessions with others
D)Shame,but not guilt,about harm that one has unintentionally caused another

Question 42

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for students who have a strong ethnic identity?

A)They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English.
B)On average,they tend to suffer from low self-esteem.
C)On average,they tend to be academically and socially successful.
D)On average,they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade.

Question 43

From Kohlberg's perspective,how can a teacher or other adult best promote children's moral development?

A)By talking daily about right versus wrong behaviors
B)By presenting moral dilemmas that create mental discomfort
C)By consistently presenting postconventional explanations
D)By letting children's moral development unfold naturally

Question 44

When we see signs that a child feels ashamed or guilty about something that he or she has done,we can reasonably conclude that the child:

A)Has generally low self-esteem.
B)Will become socially withdrawn unless we intervene.
C)Will show a temporary increase in aggressive behavior.
D)Has acquired some sense of right and wrong.

Question 45

Which one of the following individuals is exhibiting postconventional (stage 5 or 6)reasoning as Kohlberg defined it?

A)Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he'll be punished if he doesn't.
B)Barbara obeys the teacher because doing so increases the likelihood of good grades.
C)Clara obeys the teacher because she understands rules are useful,but would disobey them if she believed that they violated her own ethical principles.
D)Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her,and it is his duty to obey school rules.

Question 46

Three of the following statements are accurate about children's and/or adolescents' moral behavior. Which statement is not accurate?

A)Children become less generous with age,apparently because they gain greater appreciation for the value of money.
B)Some adolescents incorporate a commitment to helping others into their sense of self.
C)Youngsters are more likely to behave morally if doing so doesn't cause them much inconvenience.
D)Youngsters are more likely to behave morally if they know they will gain others' approval by doing so.

Question 47

Imagine you are a fifth-grade teacher. The parents of your students want you to include moral issues in your classroom curriculum. A few parents who have read about Kohlberg's theory of moral development want you to help the students progress to postconventional moral reasoning. You should reply by pointing out that:

A)There is nothing you can do to promote moral development before students reach adolescence.
B)This is a good idea because postconventional reasoning will promote abstract thought.
C)Research studies indicate that most students have already reached the postconventional level by fifth grade.
D)Postconventional reasoning is an unrealistic goal for fifth graders.

Question 48

Students at Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning are likely to define "right" behavior in terms of:

A)What people expect of them.
B)What they can get away with.
C)Abstract principles of morality.
D)Society's standards regarding what's right or wrong.

Question 49

At a Parent Teacher Association (PTA)meeting at your school,several parents complain about the moral decline of today's youth and argue that the school should be giving regular lectures about the importance of honesty,loyalty,generosity,and so on. If the teachers and school administrators are up to date on research regarding moral development,they should respond by saying that such lectures:

A)Can be effective only if parents urge their children to take the lectures seriously.
B)Would do little if anything to promote moral behavior.
C)Are likely to be effective for junior high and high school students but not for elementary school students.
D)Are likely to be effective for elementary students but not for junior high and high school students.

Question 50

Which one of the following best illustrates a hostile attributional bias?

A)Howard thinks other students will like him better if he projects a "tough guy" image.
B)When Isaac accidentally brushes by Janine in the hall,she assumes that he is intentionally trying to hurt her.
C)Kenneth gets enjoyment from threatening children younger than himself and watching them squirm.
D)Linda spreads malicious gossip whenever she hears it; on some occasions she starts unkind rumors herself.

Question 51

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example of a conventional transgression?

A)Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation
B)Shoving a younger child to the ground
C)Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift
D)Stealing a classmate's homework

Question 52

Three of the following statements accurately describe the cultural diversity we are likely to see in children's and adolescents' personal,social,and moral development. Which statement is not accurate?

A)Some cultures encourage children to be outgoing; other cultures encourage them to be shy.
B)Some students from diverse ethnic backgrounds may have a strong sense of ethnic identity; others may prefer to blend in with the mainstream culture.
C)Some cultures promote an "every man for himself" attitude and never teach the importance of helping others.
D)Students from some cultural groups view certain ways of dressing as moral obligations.

Question 53

Which one of the following forms of aggression are we more apt to see in girls than in boys?

A)Pulling someone's hair
B)Spreading a malicious rumor
C)Poking a nearby classmate
D)Throwing a pencil at someone across the room

Question 54

Twelve-year-old Kyle takes a picture of his classmate Bill completely nude while in the school locker room. Kyle then forwards the picture via e-mail to about 50 classmates,who delight in Bill's humiliation at being exposed in this way. Kyle's action can best be characterized as:

A)Cyberbullying.
B)A hostile attributional bias.
C)Reactive aggression.
D)Social cognition.

Question 55

Which one of the following individuals is exhibiting conventional (stage 3 or 4)reasoning as Kohlberg defined it?

A)Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he'll be punished if he doesn't.
B)Barbara obeys the teacher because doing so increases the likelihood of good grades.
C)Clara obeys the teacher because she understands rules are useful,but would disobey them if she believed that they violated her own ethical principles.
D)Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her,and it is his duty to obey school rules.

Question 56

Danny is a quiet 11-year-old who usually keeps to himself. Some of the other boys in class like to tease him when the teacher isn't looking because they know they can provoke him to fight,and then Danny hits them and gets in trouble. The type of aggression that Danny exhibits is called:

A)Proactive aggression.
B)Prosocial aggression.
C)Reactive aggression.
D)Relational aggression.

Question 57

Kohlberg's theory of moral development can best be summarized as characterizing children's moral development as a process of:

A)Progressing through a series of stages from self-centeredness to increasing concern about the needs and rights of others.
B)Learning to obey the rules that society,government,and religion have established.
C)Remaining extremely self-centered until well into adolescence.
D)Being almost exclusively a function of how explicitly children have been instructed about morality and moral issues.

Question 58

Which one of the following behaviors is a kindergartner most likely to say is (morally)"bad" or "wrong"?

A)Arriving at school after class has started
B)Pushing someone off the top of a slide
C)Stating an obvious untruth (e.g.,"Grass is red")
D)Giving someone food that is nutritious but doesn't taste very good

Question 59

Three of the following alternatives describe typical thoughts and actions of children who are predisposed to aggressive behavior. Which one is not a typical description?

A)Jordan pushes Lisa because he is sure that Lisa bumped into him on purpose.
B)Other children always give in to Bobby's demands because they're afraid he'll push them down if they don't,but Bobby thinks the other students respect him for his actions.
C)Derek wants to join the soccer game in progress on the playground,so he runs into the middle of the field and trips Nathan in order to get the ball.
D)Carrie throws her pencil at Jack because she thinks he is laughing at her,but then she is immediately sorry and tells him so.

Question 60

Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning?

A)"It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me."
B)"It isn't fair to the students who studied hard if I cheat."
C)"Cheating is against school rules,so I shouldn't do it."
D)"The most popular boy in school cheats all the time,so I guess I can too."

Question 61

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or special educational needs. Which strategy is not likely to do so?

A)Treat students as if they all share the same cultural values and beliefs.
B)Ask students from different backgrounds to work together in lab activities.
C)Encourage all students to participate in extracurricular activities.
D)If parents give permission,teach students about the nature of the specific disabilities that some of their classmates may have.

Question 62

Anita's idea of how to interact with her classmates is to tease or insult them. Not surprisingly,she has few friends. Her teacher can best help her by:

A)Doing nothing,because her peers are the most effective teachers of what she needs to know.
B)Asking the principal to move Anita to a different classroom.
C)Encouraging classmates to reciprocate by teasing and insulting her,so that she will know how such treatment feels.
D)Explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers.

Question 63

After a tragic drag race that kills several students when their cars crash,the high school teachers decide to take action to reduce risk-taking behaviors within its student body. If the teachers consider recent research on risk taking in adolescence,their best course of action would be to:

A)Identify and sponsor opportunities for reasonable,supervised risk taking.
B)Invite guest speakers whose lives have been adversely affected by the poor choices they made as teenagers.
C)Present national statistics regarding the probabilities of serious consequences when adolescents drive at high speeds,engage in unprotected sex,and so on.
D)Ask the police department to increase late-night supervision in parts of town where students have been known to do foolish things.

Question 64

Which one of the following should you definitely do if you suspect that one of your students is the victim of abuse or neglect at home?

A)Keep a close eye on the student over the next few weeks,looking for additional evidence that either supports or disconfirms your suspicions.
B)Spend some one-on-one time with the student in an effort to get him or her to confide in you.
C)Immediately report your suspicions to a school administrator or social services.
D)Temporarily lower your expectations for the student's academic performance until conditions at home seem to improve.

Question 65

Which one of the following teacher behaviors is most likely to promote students' social development?

A)Ms. Grice allows her fourth graders to fight with the class bully so that he will learn from their negative feedback.
B)Mr. Freeman takes his sixth-grade class to see a violent film and then stresses the importance of not engaging in such violence.
C)Ms. Little isolates those students who can't get along with others so that they don't promote discord in the classroom.
D)Mr. Tutwiler describes the prosocial behaviors he expects of his students and gives concrete examples of such behaviors.

Question 66

Three of the following strategies are likely to promote moral development. Which one,although possibly appropriate in certain situations,is not likely to promote students' moral development?

A)Giving students reasons why some behaviors are unacceptable
B)Having students discuss moral issues related to classroom subject matter
C)Making sure that students know who is "boss" in the classroom
D)Modeling morally appropriate behavior

Question 67

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or special educational needs. Which strategy is not likely to do so?

A)Teach students common words and phrases in one another's native languages.
B)Let students choose their own seats in the classroom.
C)Teach students the meaning and importance of certain customs in cultures different from their own.
D)Form cooperative learning groups that include students from different ethnic backgrounds.

Question 68

Teachers can use three of the following strategies to discourage cheating,which is dishonest and therefore immoral. Which strategy is not as likely to discourage cheating?

A)Ensure that students have the support they need to complete assignments without cheating
B)Encourage students to catch one another cheating and regulate it themselves
C)Ensure that students understand what cheating is by clearly explaining that it includes gaining an unfair advantage over others
D)Explain the difference between cheating and a collaboration where all collaborators learn something and the work is an honest joint effort

Question 69

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to enhance students' general sense of self?

A)Regularly engage them in team competitions
B)Have them write daily entries in self-reflection journals
C)Help each of them find an area in which they can be especially successful
D)Continually remind them that they are each "unique" and "special" human beings

Question 70

Mr. King runs a tight ship in his middle school math classes. At the beginning of each class,he gives a 10-minute explanation of a new concept or procedure,and then he hands out worksheets that students complete independently at their desks. Which one of the following students has a temperament that is probably the best match with Mr. King's classroom?

A)Grant loves risk and adventure.
B)Donna is cheerful and outgoing.
C)Fiona is always full of energy.
D)Jayson is quiet and diligent.

Question 71

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's discussion of bullying. Which one is not consistent?

A)Offer emotional support to the victims of bullies,and help them make friends with students who might protect them against future bullying.
B)Help students get a good understanding of what bullying is,pointing out that it can involve either physical or psychological harm.
C)Ignore minor incidents of bullying if the victims are immature and need some "toughening up."
D)Create a system through which students can anonymously report incidents of bullying they see in the halls,on the playground,and elsewhere.

Question 72

Which one of the following statements illustrates induction as a strategy for promoting moral development?

A)"Your behavior is not allowed in this classroom. As a consequence,you'll have to stay after school today."
B)"You mustn't take Ruthie's paper,or I won't like you any more."
C)"If you don't help with clean-up,you don't get to go out for recess."
D)"You destroyed Martha's paper,and now she has to stay late to finish rewriting it."

Question 73

Which one of the following examples best illustrates a student who has had training in peer mediation?

A)At the request of his teacher,Saul makes a check mark on an index card every time Robert speaks out in class without permission. At the end of each hour,Saul tells Robert how many check marks he has made.
B)Melinda and Forrest work together on their math homework,thinking carefully about how to do each problem and then taking it one step at a time.
C)LaVonda and Sally take turns reading excerpts from their textbook; they occasionally stop to reflect on how the new information relates to what they have previously learned.
D)When he sees two of his classmates arguing at lunch,Abbott joins them and encourages each of them to look at the conflict from the other's perspective.

Question 74

Which one of the following alternatives best reflects how the textbook defines students at risk?

A)Students with a strong probability of becoming long-term substance abusers
B)Students likely to have poor long-term developmental outcomes
C)Students who show a pattern of criminal-like behavior by the age of 14
D)Students who have had numerous encounters with the criminal justice system

Question 75

Fourteen-year-old Wayne has a history of aggressive behavior toward other students,and so his classmates have naturally kept their distance from him over the years. But Wayne has worked extensively with the school counselor in recent months,and his interpersonal behavior has improved dramatically. Wayne's teachers must remember,however,that:

A)Such improvement is likely to be short-lived.
B)Other students will continue to reject Wayne unless they can be convinced that he has changed.
C)Wayne's self-esteem regarding his ability to succeed at academic tasks is likely to have decreased in the meantime.
D)Wayne's aggressive behavior is likely to reappear whenever he is placed in a competitive situation.

Question 76

All of the following strategies are certainly beneficial,but only one is likely to foster resilience in students who live in difficult and challenging circumstances (e.g.,extreme poverty,abusive family members). Which strategy is known to foster resilience?

A)Take a personal interest in students' welfare and show them that they can turn to you in times of need.
B)Show students how academic tasks are relevant to their personal lives.
C)Give students both positive and negative feedback when it's appropriate to do so.
D)Have fewer classroom requirements and be lenient in grading criteria.

Question 77

If teachers want to promote perspective taking in students,probably the best strategy is to:

A)Tell students,"Keep an open mind about things."
B)Have students tutor children at a younger grade level.
C)Have students listen to one another's points of view about an issue.
D)Punish students when they act in an extremely self-centered fashion.

Question 78

Three of the following suggestions are apt to be helpful when teachers work with students and their parents. Choose the strategy that is apt to be counterproductive.

A)Keep in mind that many children do well in school despite less-than-optimal parenting styles at home.
B)Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite appropriate if families live in dangerous neighborhoods.
C)Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may be causing some of their children's behavior problems.
D)Keep in mind that many parents from Asian cultures effectively combine elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

Question 79

Three of the following are signs that a child is possibly the victim of abuse or neglect at home. Which one is least likely to be a sign of child abuse or neglect?

A)Low achievement test scores
B)A tendency to be friendly and outgoing
C)Greater-than-average knowledge about sex
D)Coming to school without a jacket in snowy weather

Question 80

Three of the following strategies should promote students' moral development. Which one might be beneficial in other ways but would not necessarily promote moral development?

A)Getting students involved in community service projects
B)Asking students to wrestle with difficult moral issues
C)Engaging in moral behavior yourself
D)Describing how good boys and girls should behave