Deck 8: Instructional Strategies

Question 1

Mr. French is planning an upcoming unit on adjectives and adverbs. He begins by determining what he ultimately wants students to know and be able to do at the end of the unit. He then creates an assignment that will effectively measure such knowledge and skills. Finally,he designs a series of lessons that will help students perform well on the assignment. Mr. French's approach can best be described as:

A)A taxonomy design.
B)A backward design.
C)An authentic activity design.
D)A learner-directed instruction design.

Answer 1

A backward design.

Question 2

The major advantage of using Bloom's taxonomy in developing objectives is that the taxonomy:

A)Helps in the formulation of criteria for judging acceptable performance.
B)Encourages educators to address complex cognitive processes as well as factual knowledge.
C)Identifies an indisputable order in which objectives should be addressed in a lesson.
D)Specifies the most appropriate instructional method for each type of objective.

Answer 2

Encourages educators to address complex cognitive processes as well as factual knowledge.

Question 3

In which one of the following ways are students most likely to benefit from knowing the instructional objectives of a lesson?

A)Objectives let them know what questions are going to be on the next exam.
B)Objectives enable them to predict how their teacher will teach the lesson,so they won't be caught by surprise if the lesson goes in an usual direction.
C)Objectives give them a good idea of what their grades are going to be.
D)Objectives tell them what is expected of them and so can help them direct their efforts.

Answer 3

Objectives tell them what is expected of them and so can help them direct their efforts.

Question 4

From the teacher's point of view,instructional goals and objectives are especially useful for:

A)Planning appropriate instructional strategies.
B)Explaining to parents why certain things are important for students to know.
C)Preventing cheating.
D)Fostering students' interest in the subject matter.

Question 5

Which one of the following instructional objectives is consistent with guidelines presented in the textbook?

A)"Students will study the effects of climate on agricultural and business development in developing nations."
B)"Students will practice factoring polynomials for at least 30 minutes per day."
C)"Students will correctly conjugate regular French verbs in both present and past tenses."
D)"Students will be shown how to execute an effective overhand throw."

Question 6

Which one of the following statements best summarizes the textbook's discussion of planning,instruction,classroom environment,assessment,and student characteristics?

A)Student characteristics affect planning,which affects instruction,classroom environment,and assessment.
B)Planning precedes both instruction and classroom environment,which in turn affects both student characteristics and assessment.
C)How student characteristics will be assessed affects planning,instruction,and the classroom environment.
D)Each of these variables influences the other four.

Question 7

Which one of the following is the best illustration of the "understand" cognitive process in the revision of Bloom's taxonomy presented in the textbook?

A)Angela discovers fallacies in her teacher's argument regarding the value of an agricultural economy in Africa.
B)Jason lists the steps in the scientific method that he memorized (e.g.,identify the problem,gather data).
C)Using a principle he learned in physics,Edgar develops a new tool to lift a heavy object.
D)Georgette puts her textbook's definition of the word evasive in her own words.

Question 8

Jonathan is learning to play the guitar. His guitar teacher conducts a task analysis of Jonathan's first lesson. Which one of the following best characterizes a behavioral task analysis of a guitar lesson?

A)Hold the neck in the left hand,hold the pick between the right thumb and index finger,and place the fingers of the left hand on the appropriate frets.
B)Learn what the treble and bass clefs are,where the frets are located,and how to play the various chords.
C)Define the task of guitar playing,memorize the finger placements,and retrieve prior knowledge of reading music.
D)Read and interpret written music,identify the appropriate chords,and mentally keep time.

Question 9

Imagine that,as an educator,one of your long-term goals for students is that they acquire critical thinking skills: You want them to evaluate the soundness of logical arguments in persuasive essays,determine whether scientific research studies truly support certain conclusions,and so on. At a school board meeting,a father of one of your students complains about your emphasis on critical thinking. He insists that the purpose of education should be simply to teach students facts that experts have determined to be "true" in various academic disciplines. Of the following ways in which you might respond to the father,which one is most accurate and defensible?

A)Students are more motivated by long-term,abstract goals than by shorter,concrete objectives.
B)Critical thinking is the most basic cognitive process identified in the recent revision of Bloom's taxonomy presented in the textbook; all other cognitive processes build on it.
C)Standards developed by professional groups in various academic disciplines often include critical thinking.
D)Virtually any approach to instruction-whether it be expository instruction,mastery learning,cooperative learning,or some other approach-invariably involves mastering aspects of critical thinking.

Question 10

Which one of the following instructional objectives is consistent with guidelines presented in the textbook?

A)"Students will complete the first 10 chapters of their textbook by the end of the semester."
B)"The teacher will demonstrate the correct way to use a Bunsen burner."
C)"Students will study effective government practices."
D)"Students will write a one-page poem using meter and rhyme correctly."

Question 11

Mr. Nolen is going to teach a unit on Shakespeare to his English literature class. He realizes that his students will need to identify themes and main ideas,elaborate on what they read,and summarize the plot of each play. Which type of task analysis is Mr. Nolen conducting?

A)Preliminary cognitive analysis
B)Subject matter analysis
C)Behavioral analysis
D)Information processing analysis

Question 12

As educators define the term,standards are general statements regarding:

A)Which instructional methods teachers should use.
B)What knowledge and skills students should acquire.
C)Why some topics should be included in the curriculum and others should not.
D)How classroom assessment should be conducted.

Question 13

As teachers identify instructional goals and objectives,they won't necessarily want to describe each and every behavior they expect students to demonstrate. If they did so,they might generate a long list of relatively trivial behaviors. A reasonable alternative would be to:

A)Develop a mixture of general and specific objectives.
B)Develop a few abstract objectives,with examples of behaviors reflecting each one.
C)Emphasize the "remember" and "understand" levels of Bloom's taxonomy.
D)Forego instructional objectives whenever the focus is on complex cognitive skills.

Question 14

An instructional objective that requires students to identify the different parts of speech in a sentence is at which level in the revision of Bloom's taxonomy presented in the textbook?

A)"Analyze"
B)"Create"
C)"Remember"
D)"Evaluate"

Question 15

Which one of the following is the best illustration of the "analyze" cognitive process in the revision of Bloom's taxonomy presented in the textbook?

A)Angela discovers fallacies in her teacher's argument regarding the value of an agricultural economy in Africa.
B)Jason lists the steps in the scientific method that he memorized (e.g.,identify the problem,gather data).
C)Using a principle he learned in physics,Edgar develops a new tool to lift a heavy object.
D)Georgette puts her textbook's definition of the word evasive in her own words.

Question 16

Which one of the following instructional objectives is consistent with guidelines presented in the textbook?

A)"Teachers will demonstrate how to convert decimals to fractions and how to convert fractions to decimals."
B)"Students will work on problems that involve decimals and fractions."
C)"Students will correctly convert decimals to fractions and fractions to decimals."
D)"Students will study the relationship between decimals and fractions."

Question 17

As an art teacher,Ms. Lerner conducts a task analysis of a unit in which students will learn to work with clay. In her analysis she considers information about the coil and throwing methods of pot making and about the effects of different types of clay and firing methods. Which type of task analysis is Ms. Lerner conducting?

A)Behavioral analysis
B)Subject matter analysis
C)Information processing analysis
D)Preliminary cognitive analysis

Question 18

Three of the following are typically included in a lesson plan. Which one is not usually a part of a lesson plan?

A)A task analysis of the topic of the lesson
B)The instructional objectives of the lesson
C)The procedures to be followed during the lesson
D)A method of assessing what students have learned from the lesson

Question 19

After students analyze their data and write their results in science class,their teacher asks them to make sense of their data and results by writing a few paragraphs that discuss what their results mean. The teacher is asking students to demonstrate which type of understanding in the taxonomy found in Understanding by Design?

A)Interpretation
B)Application
C)Perspective
D)Self-knowledge

Question 20

Which one of the following is considered to be the major advantage of conducting a task analysis for topics taught in the classroom?

A)It ensures accreditation by regional and national accrediting agencies.
B)It helps teachers determine whether they are treating their male and female students equitably.
C)It helps teachers determine how to teach various concepts and skills and in what order.
D)It helps teachers determine the best way to motivate students to study a topic.

Question 21

Three of the characteristics listed below are frequently found in computer-based instruction. Which characteristic are we least likely to see in CBI?

A)Questions that ask students to recall what they already know about a topic
B)Strategies for catching and keeping students' attention
C)Opportunities for group discussion of the material
D)Drill-and-practice exercises that promote automaticity

Question 22

Which one of the following best describes a lower-level question?

A)It requires a simple response,as in a multiple-choice or true-false format.
B)It asks students to retrieve information they have previously learned.
C)It requires a nonverbal response,such as pointing to an object.
D)It asks students to think about and integrate information they learned at an earlier age.

Question 23

Three of the following are purposes that asking questions in class can serve. Which one is not a typical use of asking questions?

A)To decrease the extent to which students need to mentally process the material
B)To promote students' elaboration of the material
C)To help students monitor their own comprehension of the material
D)To determine whether students understand the material

Question 24

A higher-level question asks students to respond in which one of the following ways?

A)To develop an answer students haven't specifically been taught
B)To recall information from more advanced classes
C)To recall information learned several years ago
D)To engage in both positive and negative transfer

Question 25

In which situation is a mastery learning approach to instruction most appropriate?

A)When instructional objectives primarily address attitudes and dispositions rather than cognitive processes
B)When instructional objectives are at the upper levels of Bloom's taxonomy
C)When certain skills provide the foundation for future material
D)When subject matter is abstract and complex

Question 26

A mastery learning approach to instruction would probably be most suitable for teaching:

A)Introductory German.
B)A philosophy seminar.
C)Advanced techniques of photography.
D)Controversial issues in history.

Question 27

Which one of the following is the best example of a signal in teacher-directed instruction?

A)Ms. Allen encourages her students to relate the new material to things they already know.
B)Mr. Berke's enthusiasm about science is evident in every lecture he presents.
C)Mr. Christiansen gives students a list of the important concepts he'll be describing in class that day.
D)Ms. Driver looks sternly at two whispering students who are obviously not paying attention to the video she is showing.

Question 28

Judging from the brief descriptions below,which one of these four teachers is using a mastery learning approach?

A)Ms. Alfonso gives examinations in which different students are asked different questions,depending on individual students' needs and interests.
B)Mr. Bryant assigns term papers and oral reports rather than in-class examinations.
C)Ms. Carroll uses the highest four of a student's six exam scores to determine course grades.
D)Mr. Dickson insists that students pass each test at the 80% level before beginning the next unit.

Question 29

Three of the following are accurate statements about computer-based instruction. Which statement is false with regard to CBI?

A)It can help students acquire new study strategies and other metacognitive skills.
B)It is recommended even when the material can be effectively presented in other ways.
C)It sometimes allows data collection about individual students' progress.
D)It can enhance students' intrinsic motivation to learn.

Question 30

When Ms. Krakowski teaches the process of long division,she describes the objective of the lesson and demonstrates the procedure on the board. Then she has students solve long-division problems at the chalkboard,where she can give them frequent guidance as they work. Later,after the students show some proficiency with long division,she has them work on additional problems at their desks. Ms. Krakowski's approach can best be classified as which of the following?

A)Promoting information literacy
B)Task analysis
C)Student-directed instruction
D)Direct instruction

Question 31

Which one of the following are you least likely to see in direct instruction?

A)Frequent teacher feedback
B)Opportunities for students to practice a skill independently
C)A heated discussion of controversial issues
D)A review of previously learned material

Question 32

One of the history teachers below is violating a principle recommended for teacher-directed instruction. Which one?

A)Mr. Annenberg explains to his students how the American Revolution was in some ways similar to conflicts children have about ownership and rights.
B)Ms. Bartholomew begins her discussion of the American Civil War by drawing some parallels between it and something the class has already studied-the American Revolution.
C)During a unit on World War I,Mr. Cortez often uses maps to show how certain battles were fought at especially strategic locations.
D)Ms. DeLuca talks quickly to cover the battles of World War II because the class time is about to end.

Question 33

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the value of homework in the elementary grades?

A)It definitely enhances students' learning.
B)It seems to promote learning in girls but not in boys,perhaps because girls are more conscientious about doing it.
C)It has little effect on students' learning but may help them develop self-regulation skills.
D)It tends to be effective only when it focuses on drill and practice.

Question 34

Direct instruction would be most appropriate for teaching students:

A)How to swing a golf club.
B)How to recognize and interpret symbolism in poetry.
C)Rules for appropriate classroom behavior.
D)Why NATO forces attacked Kosovo in 1999.

Question 35

Teachers should think of a lesson plan as:

A)Something that always includes both cognitive and affective objectives.
B)Something that should always address all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy.
C)A "contract" that they have with their students about what the class will accomplish.
D)A general guide for a lesson that they can modify as necessary.

Question 36

For which one of the following purposes is a teacher most likely to create a class website?

A)To enable students to compare their own performance with that of their classmates
B)To communicate with parents about each student's academic progress
C)To provide a mini-encyclopedia of all of the topics the class is covering
D)To describe class requirements and expectations

Question 37

Which one of the following is the best example of an advance organizer?

A)Ms. Hillman tells her students,"As we look at causes of the American Revolution,we'll find that most fall into three general categories: philosophical differences,British taxation policies,and several decrees known as the 'Intolerable Acts.' "
B)After describing the characteristics of each of the planets in the solar system,Mr. Jeffrey gives his students a handout that shows the orbits of the planets,their distances from the sun,and their relative sizes.
C)Ms. Lawford tells her students,"On Monday we will begin a unit on how clouds are formed. Please read the next chapter in your book before then."
D)Ms. Nicholas writes on the board,"Tell your parents to begin thinking about a costume they can help you make to wear for our Thanksgiving pageant in three weeks."

Question 38

The four teachers below are assigning homework to their students. Which teacher is giving an assignment that's inconsistent with general recommendations regarding the appropriate use of homework?

A)Mr. Rhodes asks his eighth graders to write the answers to a series of questions based on material they've been studying over the past week.
B)Ms. Wong asks her sixth graders to make up sentences using each of their new spelling words.
C)Mr. Needham asks his first graders to bring something from home that begins with the letter B.
D)Ms. Powell asks her high school algebra students to read the next two chapters in their textbook,do the end-of-chapter problems,and submit their work to be graded.

Question 39

Which one of the following best illustrates expository instruction?

A)Students in Mr. Phillips's English class discuss the themes addressed in Hamlet.
B)Students in Mr. Richards's science class look at handouts and computer-screen projections that depict the life cycle of the butterfly.
C)Students in Ms. Thaller's geometry class work at their desks trying to prove the side-angle-side theorem for triangles.
D)Students in Ms. Verden's history class write the answers to a series of short questions and then share their responses with their classmates.

Question 40

Only one of the teachers below is using a strategy consistent with general recommendations regarding the use of homework. Which one?

A)Mr. Trahan gives his students a challenging writing assignment and suggests that they ask their parents to help them with it at home.
B)Mr. Fox sometimes gives students an optional assignment-homework they can do if they want to.
C)Ms. Hewitt counts homework as being worth 50% of students' final grades.
D)Mr. Reichel assigns 20 extra math problems after he learns that his class has misbehaved for a substitute teacher.

Question 41

Drawing on the guidelines presented in the textbook,choose the topic below that would be most appropriate for a classroom discussion.

A)Learning how gravity affects the speed with which an object falls to the earth
B)Learning the various tenses of the verb to be
C)Studying the history of the United Nations
D)Interpreting Edgar Allan Poe's poem The Raven

Question 42

Which one of the following teaching strategies is the clearest example of how a teacher might scaffold complex cognitive processes in instruction?

A)Give students index cards with the words YES and No,and have them use the cards to "vote" on answers to questions presented during classroom lectures.
B)Have students tutor younger children on subject matter they know very well.
C)Provide considerable guidance on problem-solving tasks early in the school year and gradually remove this guidance as students become more proficient.
D)Make sure students have mastered the basic facts and skills taught in one unit before proceeding to the next unit.

Question 43

Which one of the following best reflects what the textbook author means in the recommendation to use technology to enhance communication and collaboration?

A)Students share their work on a computer database,give one another feedback,and build on one another's ideas.
B)Students create personal pages on Facebook in order to share their experiences and perspectives with "friends" from a variety of cultures.
C)Students "meet" in Internet chat rooms during the evening hours to work on assigned homework tasks.
D)Two classes in distant locations use telephone lines and video technology to compare their experiences growing up in distinctively different cultures.

Question 44

Three of the following statements about peer tutoring are true. Which one is false?

A)It provides a context in which students feel more at ease asking questions.
B)It fosters friendships among students from diverse backgrounds.
C)In some cases it leads to higher achievement than whole-class instruction.
D)There are academic benefits for the students being tutored but not for the tutors.

Question 45

Three of the following statements describe the benefits of cooperative learning activities. Which statement is least likely to be true about cooperative learning activities?

A)Students consistently get positive reinforcement for their responses.
B)Students in a cooperative group can provide scaffolding for one another as they attempt challenging tasks.
C)Students can model effective thinking skills for one another.
D)Students' self-efficacy may increase when they have their classmates' assistance.

Question 46

The textbook advocates the use of student discussions for promoting co-construction of meaning. Which one of the following student interactions is most likely to be effective in fostering co-constructed meanings?

A)Two students work together on a crossword puzzle that includes the week's new spelling words.
B)The students in a cooperative learning group discuss different ways of solving a certain math problem.
C)When a French teacher begins class by saying,"Comment allez vous?" the students reply in unison,"Trés bien."
D)Two students help each other prepare for a quiz by giving each other practice test questions.

Question 47

Mario is an 8-year-old third grader who lives in a largely Hispanic community in Arizona. Considering typical ethnic group differences and without knowing anything else about Mario,with which instructional approach would you expect him to feel most comfortable?

A)A textbook chapter appropriate for his reading skills
B)A cooperative learning activity
C)A direct instruction session
D)An in-class workbook exercise

Question 48

As a teacher,you want two students who have physical disabilities to develop closer friendships with their nondisabled classmates. Of the following choices,the best instructional approach to use for this purpose is:

A)Hypermedia.
B)Mastery learning.
C)Cooperative learning.
D)Direct instruction.

Question 49

Three of the following are accurate statements about the benefits of cooperative learning. Which statement is not accurate?

A)Students are more likely to develop friendships with students of diverse ethnic backgrounds.
B)Students often show higher academic achievement in comparison to students instructed in more traditional ways.
C)Students are more motivated and rarely get off task during cooperative learning activities.
D)Students model effective cognitive processes for one another.

Question 50

The four students described below are all studying classroom subject matter through computer-based instruction. Which one appears to be working with hypermedia?

A)Tiffani is "dissecting" a computer-drawn "earthworm" on her computer screen by moving the computer mouse and clicking the mouse button to "cut" or "remove" various parts of the worm.
B)Sergio is playing a computer game in which he must solve multiplication problems in order to earn the "ammunition" he needs to kill invaders from outer space.
C)Ron is using e-mail to exchange ideas with students across the country.
D)Elisa reads some text about the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and then clicks on a button on the computer screen to view a photograph of Saddam Hussein.

Question 51

Which one of the following alternatives is the best example of service learning?

A)Struggling readers in a first-grade class spend three days a week with parent volunteers who provide one-on-one tutoring in basic reading skills.
B)Student council members at a middle school coordinate a schoolwide garage sale to raise money for new athletic equipment for the school gymnasium.
C)Students in a fourth-grade class work in small cooperative groups to help one another make sense of challenging reading material.
D)Students in a biology class collect samples of local pond water,evaluate them for bacteria content,and report their findings to the city health department.

Question 52

Which one of the following uses of a computer in instruction is most similar to an authentic activity?

A)A computer simulation that allows students to conduct an experiment
B)A computer-based instructional program that teaches the basics of first aid
C)A computer-based instructional program that teaches advanced human anatomy
D)A computer game that promotes automaticity for basic math facts

Question 53

Three of the following are typical elements of effective cooperative learning activities. Which one is not typical of such activities?

A)Group members depend on one another for their learning.
B)Each group member works on a different instructional objective.
C)At the end of an activity,group members reflect on their effectiveness in working together.
D)Students are given guidelines about how to behave in their groups.

Question 54

Which one of the following is the best example of an authentic activity?

A)Listing four different kinds of sedimentary rocks
B)Designing a bridge using principles of physics
C)Putting definitions of new terms in your own words
D)Discussing reasons why World War I occurred

Question 55

Which one of the following statements best captures the textbook's view about the value of the Internet in classroom instruction?

A)It has potential as a learning tool,but teachers should scaffold and monitor students' use of it.
B)Many computer experts suggest that its dangers (e.g.,exposure to racism and other forms of intolerance)far outweigh the benefits it might have for children and adolescents.
C)It appears to be far more effective than classroom lectures as a way to promote learning,especially at the secondary level.
D)Its effects are minimal unless students each have access to their own computer terminal.

Question 56

Which one of the following best illustrates how teachers can effectively structure a peer tutoring session?

A)Tell tutors how much time they should spend on each topic they are tutoring.
B)Remind tutors that they should ask at least 10 questions during a tutoring session.
C)Give students examples of the kinds of questions they might ask their peers.
D)Give the students being tutored an upper limit on the number of questions they can ask their tutors.

Question 57

A child says to you,"My momma she be happy about my good report card." This child appears to:

A)Have grown up in Northern Ireland and so is using idioms typical of that country.
B)Be using African American English,a dialect with some grammatical constructions different from those of Standard English.
C)Have had little exposure to language during a critical period in her language development.
D)Have a speech disorder that sometimes results from environmental toxins (e.g.,lead-based paint).

Question 58

Three of the following are potential disadvantages of cooperative learning. Which one has not been identified as a disadvantage?

A)Most of the work tends to fall on the shoulders of low-ability students.
B)Students may learn incorrect information from other group members.
C)Students do not always have the necessary skills to teach one another effectively.
D)Students may be more interested in completing the task quickly than in helping one another learn.

Question 59

Three of the teachers below are using strategies consistent with the textbook's suggestions for holding class discussions. Which teacher is using a strategy that is not consistent with the textbook's recommendations?

A)Mr. Poston assures students that it's okay if they change their minds about an issue.
B)Mr. Morris encourages shy students to remain silent throughout a discussion if they prefer to do so.
C)Mr. Sheehan asks a student to think of a justification for a point of view opposite to what the student actually believes.
D)Mr. Retzlaff divides his class into groups of four students each to discuss both sides of a controversial issue.

Question 60

Which one of the following teachers is using the recommended approach to evaluating students' achievement in a cooperative learning situation?

A)Ms. Au has students take notes on what they are learning throughout a cooperative learning session.
B)Mr. Baer's cooperative groups turn in a research paper co-authored by all group members.
C)Mr. Craighead's students meet with him in their cooperative groups to explain to him what they have learned during the session.
D)Ms. Donaldson gives students a quiz over the material that groups have studied; students get extra credit if everyone in their group scores high.

Question 61

Describe the nature of direct instruction,identifying at least five major components that are typically included. Then give a concrete example of how you might use direct instruction to teach a specific topic,being sure to illustrate all five of the components you listed.

Question 62

Which one of the following best illustrates differentiated instruction?

A)Having students work in cooperative groups with peers from diverse cultural backgrounds
B)Using at least three different instructional methods (e.g.,a lecture,a cooperative learning activity,and computer-based instruction)in a single lesson
C)Using competitive activities with boys but cooperative activities with girls
D)Assigning different reading materials to different students,depending on each student's current reading skills

Question 63

Pick a topic that you might effectively teach through a cooperative learning approach. Then,using guidelines presented in the textbook,describe how you will:
a. Form your cooperative groups
b. Foster interdependence of group members
c. Assess what students have learned
d. Enhance students' ability to work cooperatively with their peers over the long run

Question 64

In cooperative learning,you would be most likely to form all-male and all-female cooperative groups if your goal was to:

A)Maximize differences among group members' ability levels.
B)Have students complete authentic activities.
C)Encourage all group members to participate actively.
D)Have students focus on lower-level questions.

Question 65

You have several students in your class who speak a dialect other than Standard English. If you follow the textbook's recommendation for handling this situation,you will:

A)Teach them to speak and write Standard English exclusively,and as quickly as possible.
B)Allow them to use their own dialect or version of English exclusively in all school classes and activities.
C)Strongly discourage them from speaking their dialect even when they're at home.
D)Ask them to use Standard English in some situations (e.g.,oral reports)but allow their own dialect in other situations (e.g.,informal classroom discussions).

Question 66

As a teacher,you want your students to get firsthand experiences with a particular topic. Which of the following instructional strategies would be best to accomplish this goal?

A)Direct instruction
B)Peer tutoring
C)Inquiry learning
D)Mastery instruction

Question 67

The textbook distinguishes between teacher-directed and student-directed forms of instruction. Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches?

A)Generally speaking,teacher-directed instruction is more effective than student-directed instruction.
B)Generally speaking,student-directed instruction is more effective than teacher-directed instruction.
C)The best approach depends on the characteristics of the students and the goals of instruction.
D)Teacher-directed instruction is recommended for the elementary and middle school grades; student-directed instruction is recommended for the high school grades.

Question 68

Six-year-old Santiago,who is Mexican American,seems to be a very bright boy. He began reading simple picture books when he was 4 years old,and he can solve many one-digit addition and subtraction problems in his head. Yet when the teacher asks the class to answer these types of math problems Santiago is tentative in providing his answers compared to the other students (who are mostly European Americans and African Americans)who shout them out to the teacher. With the textbook's discussion of cultural differences in verbal interaction in mind,identify the most likely explanation of Santiago's behavior.

A)He has been taught that saying anything at all to adults is rude.
B)He is accustomed to his culture,which values tentativeness in expressing opinions.
C)He is accustomed to speaking only in unison with other children.
D)He has learned that to be polite he must wait at least a minute before responding.

Question 69

Identify a particular topic that you may someday teach. Now:
a. Write three instructional objectives for your topic,including at least one that addresses one or more complex cognitive processes. Be sure that your objectives are consistent with the guidelines presented in the textbook.
b. Choose a suitable approach to instruction for each of your objectives. Justify your decisions.

Question 70

As a teacher,you want your students to learn basic concepts in chemistry well enough that they can use them when studying more advanced topics. Of the following choices,the best instructional approach to use for this purpose is:

A)Hypermedia.
B)Direct instruction.
C)Inquiry learning.
D)Lecture.

Question 71

Ms. Mills holds up a picture of a dog and asks her first graders,"What letter does this word start with?" Most of the students yell out,"D!" "You're absolutely right," Ms. Mills responds,"the word dog begins with a D." This interaction can best be described as:

A)An IRE cycle.
B)A backward design.
C)An authentic activity.
D)Learner-directed instruction.

Question 72

As a beginning teacher,you discover that your first class consists of students from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Drawing on the discussion of teaching strategies in Chapter 8,describe at least four different instructional strategies that are likely to be effective in your class. For each strategy,present a rationale as to why it is apt to be effective for your diverse group of students.

Question 73

Imagine that,as a teacher,you want your students to acquire better self-regulation skills. Which one of the following instructional strategies would best help you accomplish this goal?

A)Cooperative learning
B)Direct instruction
C)Mastery learning
D)Lower-level teacher questions

Question 74

You are giving a lecture on a topic you know is difficult for your students. Describe at least one specific strategy you can use to maximize the probability that:
a. Your students will store the information in their working memories.
b. The information you present doesn't exceed the limits of students' working memory capacities.
c. Your students will organize the material effectively.
d. Your students will elaborate on the things you talk about.