Deck 16: Schools, achievement, and Work

Question 1

Janene and Michael head a low-income family.They are concerned that their young children are not acquiring the necessary skills and experiences necessary for academic success in school due to their low-income situations.What program is designed to address their needs?

A)Head Start
B)IHAD
C)IEP
D)DAP

Answer 1

Head Start

Question 2

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to

A)focus on the uniqueness of the individual child.
B)use age-level standardized tests to measure performance.
C)de-emphasize socioemotional development.
D)be achievement-based.

Answer 2

focus on the uniqueness of the individual child.

Question 3

Developmentally appropriate education is an evolving concept and varies by program.Recent changes have given more attention to

A)those with learning disabilities.
B)IDEA policies.
C)ethnic minorities.
D)how strongly academic skills should be emphasized and taught.

Answer 3

how strongly academic skills should be emphasized and taught.

Question 4

Which of the following is a teacher-centered approach to learning?

A)direct instruction
B)behaviorism
C)constructivism
D)social constructivism

Question 5

Every morning,Mr.Lawson's students learn one new word.First,students make a guess at the meaning.Next,they explore their anthology book for the word in context.Finally,they look up the word in a dictionary.Which teaching method does this best illustrate?

A)direct instruction
B)constructivist
C)social constructivist
D)whole learning

Question 6

Which of the following emphasizes the child's active role in building knowledge and understanding through exploration and discovery?

A)direct instruction
B)behaviorism
C)constructivism
D)social constructivism

Question 7

Which of the following is a criticism of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB)act?

A)Too much emphasis is placed on social skills and creativity.
B)Parent accountability is overlooked.
C)Student achievement is too narrowly assessed.
D)Teacher accountability ratings are too subjective.

Question 8

Amir attends a preschool in which he independently selects activities and spends a varied amount of time on each,as he desires.His teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director.Amir most likely attends a

A)school for the gifted.
B)Project Head Start school.
C)Montessori preschool.
D)school that emphasizes paper-and-pencil activities.

Question 9

Which approach to student learning is criticized for turning children into passive learners who do not learn to think critically or creatively?

A)direct instruction
B)cognitive constructivist
C)social constructivist
D)whole learning

Question 10

Critics of the Montessori approach (and proponents of DAP)argue that in addition to cognitive development,what should be addressed in early childhood educational programs?

A)behavior management
B)socioemotional development
C)physical skills
D)fine motor refinement

Question 11

Every morning,Ms.Santos dictates a vocabulary word,including its spelling,meaning,and an example of it used in a sentence.Which teaching method does this best illustrate?

A)direct instruction
B)cognitive constructivist
C)social constructivist
D)whole learning

Question 12

What has research shown about the effects of a developmentally inappropriate kindergarten approach?

A)No study has yet shown a correlation between DAP and any improved performance or learning effects in children.
B)Some studies have linked it to a range of improved learning and performance effects,but some studies have shown no benefit.
C)DAP programs consistently show fewer results over the long term than the Montessori approach.
D)Several studies have shown improved performance as a result of DAP instruction,but those gains are typically lost by adolescence.

Question 13

Which of the following would be emphasized in a child-centered kindergarten?

A)the phonetic alphabet
B)colors and shapes
C)gross and fine motor skill development
D)experimentation,exploration,and discovery

Question 14

Ms.Espinoza uses a direct instruction approach when teaching reading and often assigns hands-on,constructivist projects for reinforcing new skills.What would educational psychology experts say about this teacher's instructional approach?

A)Most experts agree that effective teachers use a direct instruction approach exclusively.
B)Most experts agree that effective teachers use a constructivist approach exclusively.
C)Some experts say that many effective teachers use both a constructivist and a direct instruction approach.
D)Experts agree that effective teachers focus on testing skills.

Question 15

Project Head Start was designed to provide children from low-income families with

A)pre-first grade opportunities to develop skills important for success in school.
B)training in job-related skills to reduce reliance on public assistance programs.
C)low-cost meal programs so they would be physically ready to learn more effectively.
D)alternative academic programs rather than having to attend poor-quality neighborhood schools.

Question 16

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB)act is aimed at improving student performance through:

A)parent involvement.
B)school accountability.
C)teacher training.
D)student motivation.

Question 17

The director says,"We believe that direct instruction and drill and practice will help our kindergarten students master the skills needed for future school success.We don't waste time on silly games and fluff." This kindergarten is more

A)learner-centered.
B)teacher-centered.
C)developmentally appropriate.
D)academically comprehensive.

Question 18

Which of the following (in its most modern incarnation)may emphasize the importance of collaboration with others to produce knowledge and understanding?

A)direct instruction
B)behaviorism
C)social constructivism
D)constructivism

Question 19

Which of the following would a constructivist-based classroom LEAST likely incorporate?

A)rote memorization
B)child's interests,needs,and learning styles
C)experimentation and exploration
D)structured and unstructured play

Question 20

Advocates of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB)Act argue that it will have all of the following positive effects except for

A)assesses a wide range of student skills.
B)improved student performance.
C)more time teaching subjects that are tested.
D)high expectations for all students.

Question 21

The "top-dog phenomenon" occurs when students move from the

A)freshman level to the senior level in high school.
B)top grade in elementary school to the bottom grade in middle school.
C)next-to-top grade in middle school to the top grade in middle school.
D)next-to-top grade in elementary school to the top grade in elementary school.

Question 22

As compared to their counterparts in the 1980s,today's college students are

A)better prepared as entering freshmen.
B)better at coping with academic rigor.
C)more stressed and depressed.
D)less concerned about making money.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a stressor associated with the transition to middle or junior high?

A)concerns about body image
B)entry into a larger,more impersonal school structure
C)increased responsibility
D)increased independence from direct parental monitoring

Question 24

About 80 percent of children with learning disabilities have issues with

A)reading.
B)math.
C)attention.
D)emotional disturbance.

Question 25

The Carnegie Corporation issued a report in which they recommended that middle schools

A)become smaller,more personal,and involve parents more.
B)improve student use of technology and computers to develop relevant skills needed in the future job market.
C)encompass a wider age range in order to spotlight differences in adolescent development.
D)be integrated with high schools so that older adolescents can serve as role models for younger adults.

Question 26

In a study of what makes college students happy,the "very happy" college students overall were

A)more social.
B)more financially secure.
C)more intelligent.
D)closer to home.

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of children (aged 3 to 21)in the United States receives special education or related services?

A)5 percent
B)13 percent
C)22 percent
D)25 percent

Question 28

The transition from high school to college is much like the transition from elementary to middle or junior high school in that

A)the bottom-of-the-barrel phenomenon is replayed.
B)the top-dog phenomenon is replayed.
C)separation anxiety from parents increases dramatically.
D)students will develop a close bond to instructors to compensate for less parental contact.

Question 29

Of the children who receive special education or related services,the majority are served under what classification?

A)intellectual disability
B)emotional disturbance
C)learning disability
D)speech or language impairment

Question 30

One criticism of the contemporary approach to early childhood education is that it

A)disallows direct instruction.
B)focuses too little on academic subject areas.
C)teaches to the lowest-achieving students.
D)places too much pressure to achieve on children.

Question 31

Kevin feels insignificant in his new junior high school."Kids used to look up to me,but here I'm just one of the 'little people.'" Kevin is experiencing

A)high self-efficacy.
B)clinical adolescent depression.
C)the bottom-of-the-barrel phenomenon.
D)the top-dog phenomenon.

Question 32

Which statement is TRUE of adult education?

A)Going back to school is a smooth transition for older students.
B)The majority of older-than-average adults taking college classes are doing so as a requirement of maintaining current employment.
C)Adults over 25 represent approximately 30 percent of college enrollment in the United States.
D)Women represent the majority of adult learners.

Question 33

Entrance into formal schooling is considered important because it marks

A)the beginning of new roles and obligations for the child.
B)a narrowing of opportunities to interact with peers.
C)a shift to self-regulation of behavior and learning.
D)the rejection of old reference groups.

Question 34

A current trend in college education in the United States is

A)an increase in higher levels of happiness among students.
B)an increasing number of students who are older than traditional college age.
C)progressively lower numbers of students pursuing college education.
D)an increasing proportion of male students.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a positive aspect to the transition to middle or junior high?

A)more challenging work
B)experiencing the top-dog phenomenon
C)more subjects from which to select
D)more time with peers and friends

Question 36

A study of 40-year-old adults who attended Perry Preschool,a high-quality preschool program,found that compared to those who had not attended,more

A)were unable to hold a steady job.
B)owned their own homes.
C)had high credit debt.
D)had not graduated from high school.

Question 37

The Carnegie Foundation's negative evaluation of U.S.middle schools included all but which of the following?

A)high crime rates
B)irrelevant curricula
C)lack of trust for adults
D)lack of access to counseling

Question 38

Which ethnic group has the highest school dropout rate?

A)Latino
B)Asian American
C)African American
D)non-Latino White American

Question 39

What happens to children's self-esteem as they proceed through early school years?

A)remains stable
B)increases
C)decreases
D)becomes more difficult to assess

Question 40

In the 1995 Rumberger study,what as the highest cited reason (almost 50 percent)for a student to drop out of school?

A)personal reasons
B)school-related problems
C)economic problems
D)early college entrance

Question 41

The number of children classified as having ADHD has increased dramatically over the last few decades.Some experts believe this phenomenon may reflect

A)stricter diagnostic criteria for identification and classification.
B)incorrect diagnoses and increased awareness.
C)more accurate diagnostic practices.
D)a generation of learners who suffered brain anoxia as medically fragile newborns.

Question 42

ADHD stands for

A)abnormal deficits in habituation disorder.
B)attribution depression hallucination disorder.
C)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
D)abhorrent dissociation/horrent dissociation.

Question 43

A recent study showed that _____ factors likely play a role in the development of autism spectrum disorders.

A)environmental
B)genetic
C)family socialization
D)no specific

Question 44

The most common problem that characterizes children with a learning disability involves

A)math.
B)critical thinking.
C)rote memorization.
D)reading.

Question 45

Which of the following is a component of having a learning disability?

A)difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language
B)emotional disorder
C)economic disadvantage
D)motor disabilities

Question 46

The highest incidence of ADHD occurs in

A)adolescents.
B)adults.
C)girls.
D)boys.

Question 47

IDEA requires

A)the mainstreaming of all handicapped children.
B)special classes for all handicapped children.
C)a free and appropriate education for all children with disabilities.
D)the same daily activities for both handicapped and nonhandicapped children.

Question 48

Which of the following is characterized by social and communication problems and repetitive behaviors?

A)dyslexia
B)emotional disturbance
C)ADHD
D)autism spectrum disorders

Question 49

Brain imaging techniques are being used to try and determine areas of the brain that might be associated with learning disabilities.The results indicate that learning abilities are

A)caused by an abnormality in the cerebellum.
B)caused by an abnormality in the corpus callosum.
C)more likely due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions.
D)inherited from parents.

Question 50

Which of the following is TRUE of gender and learning disabilities?

A)More boys are classified as having a learning disability.
B)More girls are classified as having a learning disability.
C)There is no significant gender difference in the classification of learning disabilities.
D)Boys are referred more often for assessment,but girls have higher rates of learning disabilities.

Question 51

Boys are __________ to have an autistic disorder as girls.

A)half as likely
B)equally likely
C)two times as likely
D)five times as likely

Question 52

Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by severe impairment in the ability to

A)pay attention.
B)calculate math problems.
C)read and spell.
D)process language.

Question 53

Four students have extremely low math computation scores.Which one of the following has a learning disability?

A)John has average scores in all other academic areas and tested in the average range of intellectual ability.
B)Sandra is visually impaired and struggles to see the chalkboard from where she sits.
C)Alex is hearing impaired and frequently misses key details in instruction.
D)Janet is diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Her behavior impedes her ability to access the general curriculum.

Question 54

A disability that involves difficulty in math computation is

A)dyslexia.
B)dyscalculia.
C)dysgraphia.
D)autism.

Question 55

Which drug category includes the most commonly used ADHD medications?

A)selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
B)narcotics
C)depressants
D)stimulants

Question 56

Hannah attends school regularly and has average achievement in math and writing,but her reading comprehension performance is very low.She comes from a good and stable home,and she has no physical,emotional,or intellectual disabilities.Hannah has a(n)

A)poor reading teacher.
B)below-average IQ.
C)learning disability.
D)emotional disturbance.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT one of the three possible diagnoses for a child with ADHD?

A)ADHD with predominantly inattention
B)ADHD with predominantly hyperactivity/impulsivity
C)ADHD with predominantly impulsivity
D)ADHD with both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity

Question 58

Children with autism benefit from all of the following EXCEPT

A)individualized instruction.
B)small-group instruction.
C)large-group instruction.
D)a well-structured classroom.

Question 59

Drew has just been diagnosed with ADHD.Research has shown that the most effective treatment should likely include

A)behavior management only.
B)academic intervention only.
C)medication only.
D)behavior management and medication.

Question 60

2008 estimates suggest that autism occurs in _____ individuals.

A)1 in 2,500
B)1 in 146
C)1 in 88
D)1 in 12

Question 61

Stuart has a learning disability and is educated in the least restrictive environment.This means that Stuart

A)spends the entire school day in a self-contained special education classroom.
B)has an IEP that addresses the educational setting in which he is best able to access the general curriculum.
C)is only allowed to attend nonacademic instruction (art,P.
D)will have fewer rules and restrictions than nondisabled peers.
E),etc.)with nondisabled peers.

Question 62

Intrinsic motivation is emphasized in which developmental approach?

A)cognitive
B)psychoanalytic
C)social constructivist
D)behavioral

Question 63

A guest teacher arrives to conduct a ceramics workshop.Julia says,"I've never done this before! Trying something new will be fun!" Her friend,Meghan,says she doesn't want to try because she's never been good at art.Meghan has

A)a growth mindset.
B)a fixed mindset.
C)a realistic mindset.
D)a cautiously optimistic mindset.

Question 64

Ms.Skinner allows students who have completed their morning assignment to leave one minute early for recess.This is an example of

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)extrinsic motivation.
C)a mastery orientation.
D)a helpless orientation.

Question 65

What does IDEA stand for?

A)Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
B)Individuals with Disorders Education Act
C)Individuals with Disorders Efficacy Act
D)Individuals with Dysfunctional Emotionality Act

Question 66

Sheri tackles her science project by scheduling research and writing time.She hopes to learn a lot about her topic.This is an example of which type of orientation?

A)performance
B)mastery
C)helpless
D)effort

Question 67

Extrinsic motivation is an integral component of which developmental approach?

A)cognitive
B)psychoanalytic
C)social constructivist
D)behavioral

Question 68

Brad procrastinates in starting his research paper,because he is not confident in his writing skills and doubts he can do the subject justice.This is an example of which type of orientation?

A)performance
B)mastery
C)helpless
D)effort

Question 69

Marti loves the thrill that learning about history gives her and enjoys pleasing her parents with her good grades in this subject area.This is an example of which type of motivation?

A)extrinsic
B)intrinsic
C)both extrinsic and intrinsic
D)social-emotional

Question 70

What do Kauffman and colleagues advocate for the education of children with disabilities?

A)self-contained special education classrooms and schools
B)home schooling
C)an individualized approach which may not involve full inclusion but allows for specialized instruction and/or adapted curricula
D)complete inclusion in regular education classrooms

Question 71

Kyle has a diagnosed learning disability but receives instruction in a regular classroom.This is an example of

A)DAP.
B)a most restrictive environment.
C)inclusion.
D)Project Head Start.

Question 72

Marla wants to be a writer and continues to receive rejections for her submitted articles.She says,"I just have to be patient and keep improving my writing craft." Marla displays a

A)growth mindset.
B)fixed mindset.
C)helpless orientation.
D)performance orientation.

Question 73

Lisa has a diagnosed learning disability and is not succeeding in a regular classroom.After discussion of this by a multidisciplinary team,Lisa is recommended for specialized instruction in a special education classroom that is as similar as possible to the classroom where children without a disability are taught.This provision is an example of

A)inclusion.
B)Project Head Start.
C)DAP.
D)a least restrictive environment.

Question 74

Barry's goal is to obtain a 4.0 GPA this semester.He completes several extra-credit assignments to ensure success but doesn't internalize a lot of what he has learned.This is an example of which type of orientation?

A)achievement
B)mastery
C)performance
D)effort

Question 75

Motivation research overwhelmingly concludes that teachers should encourage

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)neither extrinsic or intrinsic motivation as a strategy.
D)students to be able to compete in the real world,which emphasizes extrinsic motivation.

Question 76

Lakeside High School is a low-income high school with a majority of African American students.Which of the following is less likely in this school than in a well-funded,majority non-Latino White school?

A)Students are enrolled in academic,college preparatory programs.
B)Students are frequently suspended from school.
C)Students frequently are recommended for enrollment in remedial and special education courses.
D)Many teachers at the school are young and inexperienced.

Question 77

Motivation experts worry that No Child Left Behind encourages

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)a mastery orientation.
C)a performance orientation.
D)a helpless orientation.

Question 78

Teachers who create circumstances for students to engage in self-determination are called _____ teachers.

A)autonomy-supportive
B)extrinsic
C)intrinsic
D)mastery

Question 79

A legal written statement displaying a disabled student's unique academic plan is called a(n)

A)LRE list.
B)individualized education plan.
C)best practice teaching strategy.
D)individual learning style map.

Question 80

Which of the following characterizes students with high self-efficacy?

A)They focus on tasks that can easily be completed.
B)They show higher levels of persistence for learning tasks.
C)They tend to procrastinate before attempting difficult tasks because of the fear of failure.
D)They have low self-esteem.