Deck 13: Moral Development,values,and Religion

Question 1

Which dimension of moral development regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict?

A)intrapersonal
B)interpersonal
C)community
D)cultural

Answer 1

interpersonal

Question 2

When children become aware that rules and laws are created by people,and can judge action by considering the actor's intentions as well as the consequences,they are displaying

A)immanent justice.
B)homonomous morality.
C)heteronomous morality.
D)autonomous morality.

Answer 2

autonomous morality.

Question 3

Carter spills his orange juice while playing at the table.He refutes his punishment by insisting that the incident was an accident.Carter is displaying

A)autonomous morality.
B)heteronomous morality.
C)immanent justice.
D)punishment of intent.

Answer 3

autonomous morality.

Question 4

When presented with Kohlberg's well-known Heinz dilemma,McKenzie's response is,"It is against the law to steal.The husband should find another way to get the drug." McKenzie is in which stage of moral development?

A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)social systems morality
D)universal ethical principles

Question 5

Trenton suggests a rule change to a game he and his friends are playing.His friends agree,and they play with the new rules.According to Piaget,Trenton and his friends show

A)heteronomous morality.
B)autonomous morality.
C)relativistic morality.
D)immanent justice.

Question 6

Brent argues that laws should only exist to preserve and protect fundamental human rights.Brent seems to be at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)heteronomous morality
B)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)social contract or utility and individual rights
D)universal ethical principles

Question 7

Taetem is interviewed while participating in a protest.Taetem states that she has the right to express her opinion,but so does anyone else who disagrees with her.Which moral level does Taetem's statement reflect?

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)unconventional
D)preconventional

Question 8

What main method did Kohlberg use to evaluate moral reasoning?

A)interviews about children's personal moral behavior
B)interviews to learn children's reactions to moral dilemma stories
C)multi-setting observation
D)standardized testing

Question 9

During what age period do children transition between Piaget's heteronomous and autonomous morality?

A)4 to 7 years
B)7 to 10 years
C)10 to 14 years
D)14 to 17 years

Question 10

According to Piaget,parent-child relations are less likely to foster moral development than peer relations,because

A)parents are inconsistent in delivering consequences for broken rules.
B)peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C)parents hand down rules and punishment in an authoritarian way.
D)peers settle disagreements by instituting clear and immediate social sanctions.

Question 11

When children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world that are out of the control of people,they are displaying

A)relativistic justice.
B)autonomous morality.
C)heteronomous morality.
D)homonomous morality.

Question 12

Changes in thoughts,feelings,and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong are termed

A)moral development.
B)conscience development.
C)religious devotion.
D)spiritual awakening.

Question 13

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does a person reason that values,rights,and principles transcend the law?

A)heteronomous morality
B)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)social systems morality
D)social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 14

Cassidy's mother is angry when she discovers writing on the bedroom door.Cassidy replies,"But it is not right to invade one's privacy.I'm writing the note on the door to remind everyone of this universal human right." Cassidy is exhibiting

A)conventional thinking.
B)a social systems morality.
C)heteronomous thinking.
D)postconventional reasoning.

Question 15

A person arrested for robbery states,"I stole the documents,and I am willing to pay my dues,but at least now the public is safer having this important safety information that the company was concealing." Which moral level does this statement reflect?

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)preconventional
D)postconventional

Question 16

Ellie's mom bumps into her,and Ellie's juice is spilled as a result.Since Ellie spilled her juice,she's expecting her mom to yell at her,but is surprised when she receives no punishment.Ellie believed in

A)immanent justice.
B)intent dependent justice.
C)social understanding.
D)autonomous reasoning.

Question 17

Young children believe that when a rule is broken,punishment will follow inevitably.This is a belief in

A)immanent justice.
B)moral justice.
C)concrete imperatives.
D)authoritative control.

Question 18

Allan is visiting a country where it is illegal to give money to panhandlers,but he feels such pangs of conscience that he ignores the law and gives freely to the impoverished children begging for food.Which moral stage does this demonstrate?

A)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
B)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
C)social systems morality
D)universal ethical principles

Question 19

Mack's brother suggests they change the rules of the game they are playing.Mack protests and insists that rule-changing is not allowed.Mack is

A)meting out immanent justice.
B)an autonomous thinker.
C)a heteronomous thinker.
D)a type A personality.

Question 20

Abby slows down when she sees a police car on the road,because she doesn't want to get a speeding ticket.What stage of Kohlberg's morality does this demonstrate?

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)heteronomous
D)autonomous

Question 21

Which of the following did Kohlberg believe to be critical to an individual's moral development?

A)direct instruction
B)parent-child relationships
C)peer interactions
D)socioeconomic status

Question 22

Gilligan's care perspective on moral behavior emphasizes

A)connectedness,interpersonal communication,care for others,and relationships.
B)the rights of the individual.
C)that individuals stand alone and independently make moral decisions.
D)social customs and conventions.

Question 23

Narváez and Hill (2010)report that a higher level of _____ was linked to open mindedness,a growth mindset,and higher moral judgment.

A)autonomous reasoning
B)heteronomous reasoning
C)multicultural experience
D)universal reasoning

Question 24

In what way is Kohlberg's theory culturally biased?

A)Many people in non-Western cultures do not achieve the higher stages of moral development.
B)Kohlberg's scoring system does not recognize the higher-level moral reasoning of certain cultures.
C)Some cultures do not recognize the idea of morality but,rather,think in terms of individual survival.
D)Kohlberg's theory is not culturally biased.It captures the essence of moral thinking in all cultures.

Question 25

Moral "lessons" slightly beyond children's cognitive levels will motivate them to restructure their moral thought and promote advanced moral reasoning.This statement is closely tied to the concept(s)of

A)social observational learning.
B)dishabituation and habituation.
C)disequilibrium and equilibrium.
D)rewards and punishments in behaviorism.

Question 26

Which theory of morality emphasizes the distinction between individuals' ability to perform moral behavior and actual moral behavior in specific situations?

A)justice perspective
B)psychoanalytic
C)social convention
D)social cognitive

Question 27

According to Carol Gilligan,Kohlberg's theory has a justice perspective,which puts emphasis on

A)universal ethics.
B)laws and punishment.
C)interpersonal communication,relationships,and connectedness.
D)abstract principals and individual action.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of practical example of the criticism of mismatch between moral thought and moral behavior in Kohlberg's theory?

A)Adults admonish children to not do things that they themselves do,like smoking.
B)Many terrorists believe that their behavior-the killing of others-is ultimately moral in nature.
C)Some individuals are able to view themselves as a part of the universe rather than only of humanity.
D)In the Heinz dilemma,many individuals choose to let the spouse die rather than steal the needed medicine.

Question 29

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,what is the foundation of moral behavior?

A)guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty
B)cognitive factors
C)self-regulation and self-worth
D)rewards and punishment

Question 30

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Too much emphasis on the influence of environment in moral development.
B)Too much emphasis on the biological underpinnings of moral development.
C)Intuitive gut reaction is often more demonstrative of moral level than thought or reasoning
D)Thought,not action,is more often demonstrative of moral level.

Question 31

Piaget and Kohlberg agree that

A)peer relations challenge children to advance their moral reasoning.
B)biological processes must mature for morality to develop.
C)children learn morality through consequences of behavior.
D)morality is a critical period that must be reached by childhood.

Question 32

Doubt has been cast on Carol Gilligan's assertion about females and the care perspective because

A)the theory is not testable.
B)her predictions are only valid for females.
C)the "distinctive voice" concept is true only of females in middle age.
D)some research studies have shown no major differences between boys and girls using the care or justice perspective.

Question 33

"What goes around comes around." This adage characterizes Kohlberg's ____ stage.

A)social contract or utility and individual rights
B)social systems morality
C)universal ethical principles
D)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange

Question 34

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Kohlberg's theory as it applies across cultures?

A)Support for Kohlberg's first four stages was shown across most cultures,but stages 5 and 6 have not been found in some cultures.
B)Support for Kohlberg's last two stages was shown across most cultures,with more diversity at stages 1 -4.
C)None of Kohlberg's stages hold up across cultures.
D)All of Kohlberg's stages are similarly represented across cultures.

Question 35

At school,Drew behaves in morally acceptable ways primarily to win the approval of his teachers.Which stage of conventional reasoning does this demonstrate?

A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
B)heteronomous morality
C)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
D)universal ethical principles

Question 36

According to Carol Gilligan's research,when interpreting moral dilemmas,girls more often employ

A)a justice perspective.
B)a care perspective.
C)autonomous reasoning.
D)social conventional rigors.

Question 37

Hector became a police officer because he believes that members of society prosper from understanding social order,law,justice,and duty.On what moral level does he reason?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)heteronomous

Question 38

Based on research looking at Gilligan's care perspective versus Kohlberg's justice perspective (not including Gilligan's own research),at least one study showed that

A)males are more likely to use care perspectives than females.
B)females are more likely to use a justice perspective than males.
C)girls are slightly more likely to use a care perspective than males.
D)girls are more cognizant of which care perspective they are using in moral reasoning.

Question 39

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for

A)emphasizing relationships and concern for others.
B)discounting the justice perspective and female reasoning patterns.
C)discounting the care perspective and female reasoning patterns.
D)minimizing cultural traditions and practices.

Question 40

Walter Mischel purports that self-control is strongly influenced by

A)religious participation.
B)biological underpinnings.
C)cognitive factors.
D)temperament.

Question 41

What are the two main components of the superego?

A)ego and id
B)ego ideal and conscience
C)guilt and motivation to avoid feeling guilty
D)sexual attraction and sexual repression

Question 42

What is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory?

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)conscience

Question 43

Mia yields to peer pressure to smoke a cigarette.She feels guilty and worthless for not living up to her personal and family standards of behavior.According to psychoanalytic theory,she is being punished by her

A)id.
B)ego.
C)ego ideal.
D)conscience.

Question 44

According to Lawrence Walker's work on moral development,a lifelong charity worker,volunteer,and philanthropist would be considered a(n)

A)cosmic perspective-taker.
B)social-conventional thinker.
C)empathic example.
D)moral exemplar.

Question 45

John Dewey believed that a school's classroom rules and the moral orientation of the teachers and administrators create a moral atmosphere and,in turn,a

A)moral education.
B)hidden curriculum.
C)values clarification opportunity.
D)relativistic moral code.

Question 46

According to Kochanska and her colleagues (2002),young children

A)do not feel guilt.
B)are aware of right and wrong.
C)indicate pleasure following doing something wrong.
D)do not have the capacity to show empathy toward others.

Question 47

A recent emphasis within character education includes helping others and being sensitive to the feelings of others.This involves adopting a(n)_____ perspective.

A)care
B)justice
C)"eye for an eye"
D)cognitive moral

Question 48

It is unacceptable to lie,steal,cheat,or hurt someone.These are examples of

A)social conventions.
B)cultural traditions.
C)moral rules.
D)justice concepts.

Question 49

Ross Thompson (2006)asserts that children are moral

A)exemplars.
B)apprentices.
C)characters.
D)learners.

Question 50

Nine-year-old Kara accidentally let the cat out.Her mother calmly explains,"It's too cold for the cat to stay outside tonight,and it takes a long time to look for him and get him back in.Please try to be more careful when you open the door next time." Kara will likely react by

A)becoming angry and physically aggressive.
B)becoming anxious and worried that she will upset her mother again.
C)understanding that letting the cat out is not good for the cat or her mother.
D)running to her room,screaming and crying.

Question 51

Kierra is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to.According to psychoanalytic theory,what keeps Kierra from cheating?

A)self-punitive guilt
B)empathy for others who won't score as well
C)warnings and lessons from caregivers
D)extrinsic and intrinsic rewards

Question 52

Drivers stop when a traffic light turns red.This is an example of a

A)social convention.
B)cultural tradition.
C)moral rule.
D)justice concept.

Question 53

Diego is with his 7-year-old son when he discovers a lost wallet.He wants his son to grow up to be a moral person so he

A)says,"Wow,I bet the owner is very worried about this wallet.What should we do with it?" They turn in the wallet and talk about the situation on the way home.
B)exclaims,"Finders-keepers,losers-weepers!"
C)gives it to the manager of the store without discussing it with his son.
D)throws it into the trashcan.

Question 54

Which of the following hypothesizes a possible core of moral personality?

A)moral personality
B)psychoanalytic theory
C)social cognitive theory
D)Kohlberg's theory

Question 55

Clarissa resists peer pressure to smoke a cigarette.She feels proud of herself for maintaining her personal and family standards of behavior.According to psychoanalytic theory,she is being rewarded by her

A)id.
B)ego.
C)ego ideal.
D)conscience.

Question 56

How many U.S.states currently have mandates to include character education in school curriculum?

A)10
B)24
C)30
D)40

Question 57

In the contemporary perspective on moral development,what do many psychologists believe about children's moral development?

A)Parents' modeled standards and behaviors are the primary contributors to moral development.
B)Biological predisposition primarily influences moral development.
C)Both positive feelings and negative feelings contribute to moral development.
D)Extrinsic rewards and punishments are the primary influences on moral development.

Question 58

An experimenter pretends to hurt her knee in front of a child to see how the child reacts to another's emotional response.This experimenter is studying

A)temptation.
B)delay of gratification.
C)empathy.
D)conscience.

Question 59

Maya experiences a deep emotional reaction when she speaks to Stephanie about the death of Stephanie's son.Maya imagines herself in Stephanie's situation and feels

A)empathy.
B)sympathy.
C)conscience.
D)guilt.

Question 60

Proponents of _____ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.

A)a values clarification program
B)a hidden curriculum
C)character education
D)the social cognitive theory of morality

Question 61

Rena contributes 10 percent of her income to her church every month.Some argue that Rena does this because she benefits from the services and sense of community the church offers her.They argue the concept of

A)altruism.
B)reciprocity.
C)sympathy.
D)guilt avoidance.

Question 62

At an Easter egg hunt,the small children are allowed to start hunting a few minutes before the older children begin.This is an example of fairness according to

A)benevolence.
B)equality.
C)merit.
D)altruism.

Question 63

According to Narváez,integrative classroom environments focus on all of the following EXCEPT

A)empathy and perspective taking.
B)ethics.
C)punishment and reinforcement.
D)social engagement.

Question 64

William Damon proposes that children ages 3 years and younger share MOST often for

A)adult encouragement and praise.
B)anticipated reciprocation.
C)non-empathetic reasons such as fun or out of imitation.
D)altruistic reasons.

Question 65

Layton Jr.High is offering a course in which students discuss concepts such as democracy,trust,justice,and community.This is an example of

A)cognitive moral education.
B)character education.
C)observational moral education.
D)hidden curriculum.

Question 66

Although finances are tight,William contributes 10 percent of his income to a local charity purely in the interest of helping others.This is an act of

A)reciprocity.
B)fairness.
C)gratitude.
D)altruism.

Question 67

Sydney feels great pressure from his parents to get good grades,but he doesn't like math or history,and he thinks those teachers are boring and don't care about students.His best friend recently cheated on a math test and received a passing grade.Sydney could be at risk for which of the following?

A)academic probation
B)depression
C)cheating
D)high blood pressure

Question 68

To a 6-year-old child,being fair would MOST likely mean giving

A)an equal amount to all.
B)more to her/himself than to others.
C)more to those who are disadvantaged.
D)more to those who work the hardest.

Question 69

Four-year-old Bennett shares a favorite toy.According to William Damon (1988),Bennett is MOST likely motivated by a sense of

A)equality.
B)obligation.
C)moral duty.
D)benevolence.

Question 70

Derek went to Peru with his parents to help build a school for local villagers.What is a likely outcome of this experience for Derek?

A)He is concerned about choosing a career that will secure a steady income.
B)He prefers to spend more time alone.
C)He gets better grades,sets more goals,and has higher self-esteem.
D)He renounces his parents' financial comfort and sleeps on the floor.

Question 71

Amelia is very thankful that her friend took the time to pick her up from the airport with her favorite coffee drink.Amelia's feelings are an example of

A)gratitude.
B)forgiveness.
C)empathy.
D)altruism.

Question 72

An approach to moral instruction that encourages students to define their own principles and recognize the standards of others is called

A)the hidden curriculum.
B)social convention identification.
C)moral education.
D)values clarification.

Question 73

For children,the most immediate stimulation of sharing is provided by the

A)desire to obey adult authority figures.
B)give-and-take of peer requests and arguments.
C)saliency of the item in dispute.
D)feelings of shame,guilt,and empathy.

Question 74

Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as he does."I do twice as many chores as him!" Hank expects fairness according to

A)age.
B)equality.
C)benevolence.
D)merit.

Question 75

Martina participates in a group that discusses social responsibility and the experiences of others.Adults coach the group about ethical decision making and promote caring behaviors.This is an example of

A)an integrative approach to moral education.
B)service learning.
C)establishing community standards.
D)cognitive moral education.

Question 76

Melissa and Andrea went to Peru with their parents to help build a school for local villagers.They participated in

A)empathic service.
B)service learning.
C)cognitive moral education.
D)the hidden curriculum.

Question 77

Service learning will generate positive outcomes for youth when which of the following conditions are met?

A)Students are assigned challenging projects.
B)They have opportunities to reflect about their participation.
C)They work in single-sex groups.
D)They engage in activities focused on helping at-risk youth.

Question 78

Students are more likely to cheat under which of the following conditions?

A)when teachers closely monitor testing
B)when student scores are kept private
C)when consequences for cheating are clear
D)when students know their peers are cheating

Question 79

The motivation to return a Christmas card when someone sends you one is based on the principal of

A)altruism.
B)reciprocity.
C)sympathy.
D)guilt avoidance.

Question 80

Which of the following regarding forgiveness is NOT true based on the results of a recent study of forgiveness?

A)Individuals are more likely to forgive family members than non-family members.
B)Individuals are especially swayed by peer pressure in their willingness to forgive others.
C)Women are more likely to forgive than men.
D)Individuals are more likely to forgive those who are dead than to forgive those who are alive.