Deck 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches

Question 1

Gabbi holds a piece of plastic toy,starts to produce the chewing action repeatedly,and says "I'm eating fish." Gabbi is in which sensorimotor substage?

A)internalization of schemes
B)secondary circular reactions
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)tertiary circular reactions

Answer 1

internalization of schemes

Question 2

Piaget's cognitive developmental stages

A)signify qualitative differences in cognition.
B)signify quantitative changes in cognition.
C)consist of six major different periods.
D)consist of four major different periods that do not have a particular sequential order.

Answer 2

signify qualitative differences in cognition.

Question 3

The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals

A)adjust old schemes to fit new information.
B)ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.
C)try to balance conflicting information.
D)use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Answer 3

adjust old schemes to fit new information.

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?

A)preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor
B)concrete operational,sensorimotor,formal operational,concrete operational
C)preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational,sensorimotor
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational

Question 5

Rooting and sucking occur during the first sensorimotor substage called

A)first habits and primary circular reactions.
B)simple reflexes.
C)complex reflexes.
D)primary circular reactions.

Question 6

Baby Dennis sees a ball on the floor.He picks it up,looks at it carefully,and then bangs it on the ground.He picks it up again,holds it over his head,and drops it.Then,he picks it up and throws it.Dennis continues playing for several minutes.Dennis is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?

A)primary circular reactions
B)secondary circular reactions
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)tertiary circular reactions

Question 7

According to Piaget,what is a child's motivation for change?

A)an internal search for equilibrium
B)an internal search for disequilibrium
C)assimilation and accommodation
D)punishments and rewards from other people

Question 8

Which of Piaget's stages lasts from birth to about 2 years of age?

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)preoperational

Question 9

Tim understands that cars are vehicles.Later,he hears others refer to buses,trucks,or ships as vehicles,and starts to call them vehicles,too.This change is an example of

A)scheme.
B)assimilation.
C)accommodation.
D)disequilibrium.

Question 10

A scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting stimulus is called a

A)primitive symbol.
B)disequilibrium.
C)habit.
D)primary circular reaction.

Question 11

The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals

A)adjust old schemes to fit new information.
B)ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.
C)try to balance conflicting information.
D)use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Question 12

What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?

A)Habits are developed through the process of evolution.Reflexes are developed by repeated actions.
B)A habit is a scheme based on a reflex,and it is still dependent on the original eliciting stimulus.
C)A habit is a scheme based on a reflex,but it is completely separated from the original eliciting stimulus.
D)There is no difference.The terms may be used interchangeably.

Question 13

Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat.This is an example of

A)disequilibrium.
B)assimilation.
C)accommodation.
D)equilibration.

Question 14

When the mother puts the nipple into the mouth of 3-week-old Kierra,she starts sucking.This is an example of which sensorimotor substage?

A)secondary circular reactions
B)simple reflexes
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions
D)first habits and primary circular reaction

Question 15

According to Piaget's theory,infants develop behavioral schemes,whereas children develop _____ schemes.

A)mental
B)adaptive
C)physical
D)active

Question 16

When people encounter information that conflicts with the schemes they have established,they experience

A)disequilibrium.
B)equilibrium.
C)accommodation.
D)organization.

Question 17

Devin plays in the sand for the first time.Instead of digging in it,he tries to scoop and throw it,just like he plays with water in his bathtub.This is an example of

A)disequilibrium.
B)assimilation.
C)organization.
D)accommodation.

Question 18

Eventually children learn not to put everything in their mouths.This is an example of

A)assimilation.
B)disequilibrium.
C)accommodation.
D)equilibration.

Question 19

Daniel is confused when his mother prompts him to say hello to a person he doesn't know,because he understands the "don't talk to strangers" rule.Daniel experiences cognitive

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)equilibrium.
D)disequilibrium.

Question 20

Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports.He is developing an idea of belonging to a team.AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n)

A)disequilibrium.
B)accommodation.
C)scheme.
D)assimilation.

Question 21

Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room.According to Piaget,this shows that Mimi

A)is confused by the concept of object permanence.
B)is making an A-not-B error.
C)has not yet developed object permanence.
D)has developed object permanence.

Question 22

Baby Alec continues to fuss for over 5 minutes when his brother takes away a toy that he enjoys playing with.This can be used as evidence that Alec has developed

A)disequilibrium.
B)equilibrium.
C)adaptation.
D)object permanence.

Question 23

The research of Spelke and research of Baillargeon show that infants as young as 3 or 4 months old understand object permanence,because infants expect objects to exist when the objects are hidden.However,critics question whether an infant's _____ is a valid measure of object permanence,because it merely demonstrates ______.

A)lack of interest in the objects; cognitive competencies
B)lack of interest in the objects; perceptual competencies
C)longer looking time; perceptual competencies
D)longer looking time; cognitive competencies

Question 24

Janie is exhausting her father with a barrage of "why" questions.She is trying to figure out why things are the way they are.Janie is in Piaget's

A)coordination of secondary circular reactions substage.
B)symbolic function substage.
C)intuitive thought substage.
D)tertiary circular reactions substage.

Question 25

The preoperational stage lasts from ages

A)3 to 5.
B)4 to
7)
C)2 to 4.
D)2 to
7)

Question 26

While at home in her room,five-year-old Marta draws a picture of a boat on the ocean at sunset.Marta is showing evidence of

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)operations.
D)symbolic function.

Question 27

Angie asks her grandmother over the phone,"Do you like the color of my new shirt that I'm wearing now?" This is an example of

A)egocentrism.
B)animism.
C)operations.
D)symbolic function.

Question 28

If one adopts Spelke's Core Knowledge Approach,one would believe that

A)children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains during the first few months after birth.
B)children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains.
C)children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains during the first few months after birth.
D)children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains.

Question 29

Which of the following would be impossible without the understanding of the concept of object permanence?

A)rehabituation after being presented with a new and interesting toy
B)starting a habitual action without the stimulus in the original reflex
C)intentional action such as using a stick to bring a toy close
D)thinking of retrieving the glass of water you left in another room

Question 30

Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking,because they indicate an inability to

A)think symbolically.
B)center attention on one characteristic.
C)distinguish among different or real perspectives.
D)to be fanciful and inventive in their drawings.

Question 31

According to Piaget,which of the following is characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage?

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)centration.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 32

Why does the finding that 4-month-old infants have intermodal perception challenge Piaget's theory?

A)Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources at a much later age.
B)Piaget believed that infants have the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources right after birth.
C)Piaget believed that information from one sensory source is not connected to information from another sensory Source.
D)Piaget believed that infants only rely on information from actions,not on perception.

Question 33

Nathan and Sara are eating granola bars.Sara breaks her bar in half.Nathan gets upset because Sara has two granola bars.Nathan has not developed the concept of

A)centration.
B)conservation.
C)intuitive thought.
D)symbolic function.

Question 34

3-month-old Ali is playing with a small stuffed animal.Ali's mother takes the stuffed animal away and hides it.Piaget would argue that Ali would not notice the absence of the stuffed animal because he has not developed

A)attachment.
B)object permanence.
C)disequilibrium.
D)equilibrium.

Question 35

Piaget labeled his second stage preoperational,because children at this stage

A)cannot yet perform operations-reversible mental actions-that they are able to do physically.
B)do not have symbolic thought,and can only deal with sensory information and physical action.
C)cannot perform physical operations.
D)do not have stable concepts and cannot reason.

Question 36

Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold.This is an example of

A)geocentricism.
B)animism.
C)conservation.
D)operations.

Question 37

Awareness of the permanence of the basic properties of an object or substance even if its appearance is altered is called

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)centration.
D)conservation.

Question 38

Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct cup to retrieve the block.When his mother hides the block under the other cup,he still lifts the original cup to search for the block.Trent has demonstrated a(n)

A)A-not-B error.
B)a complete understanding of object permanence.
C)habituation to the first cup.
D)disequilibrium.

Question 39

Adam says that the tree root tripped him because it is mean.This is an example of

A)egocentric thought.
B)conservation.
C)animism.
D)operations.

Question 40

During Piaget's intuitive thought substage,a child's reasoning

A)is primitive.
B)is advanced.
C)is complex.
D)includes rationale about how they know what they know.

Question 41

Todd knows that he is taller than the person in front of him and shorter than the person behind him.Based on that knowledge,he concludes that the person behind him must be taller than the person in front of him.This is an example showing that Todd understands

A)transitivity.
B)seriation.
C)conservation.
D)centration.

Question 42

The concrete operational stage lasts approximately from ages

A)9 through 16.
B)5 through
11)
C)8 through 14.
D)7 through
11)

Question 43

According to Piaget,adolescents capable of formal operational thinking differ from younger children in concrete operational thinking in that younger children cannot

A)solve problems.
B)understand the concept of conservation.
C)deal with operations in concrete situations.
D)systematically and mentally test hypotheses.

Question 44

A reversible mental action on a real object is a

A)formal operation.
B)concrete operation.
C)preoperation.
D)centration.

Question 45

Piaget argues that the initial development of formal operations is largely dominated by

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)perceptual coupling.
D)centration.

Question 46

Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?

A)Logical thinking occurs in abstract terms.
B)Reasoning is dominated by intuition.
C)Reasoning is dominated by centration.
D)Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example.

Question 47

Jillian feels like she is the center of attention and acts as though she were "on stage." This way of thinking is known as

A)psychological invulnerability.
B)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
C)the imaginary audience.
D)the personal fable.

Question 48

What does Gelman (1969)indicate as an important factor in a child's performance on conservation tasks?

A)improved attention to relevant aspects
B)improved intuitive thought
C)mastery of animism
D)creativity and imagination

Question 49

Marni thinks about how the world could be if everyone took more personal responsibility for the environment.Marni is in which of Piaget's stages?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 50

The formal operational stage appears between ages

A)5 and 8.
B)7 and
11)
C)11 and 15.
D)13 and 17.

Question 51

A child's lack of conservation is most clearly evidenced by the same child's exhibition of

A)centration.
B)animation.
C)symbolic thought.
D)imagination.

Question 52

Halene is sure that all her classmates are staring at her new haircut.This is an example of

A)a personal fable.
B)intuitive thought.
C)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
D)an imaginary audience.

Question 53

While preparing his science project,Carlos systematically tests his best guess on his subject and draws conclusions from the results.In what thinking process is he engaged?

A)hypothetical-deductive reasoning
B)adolescent egocentrism
C)abstract,idealistic thinking
D)imaginary audience

Question 54

Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors,because they believe they are invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions.This is an example of

A)intuitive thought.
B)imaginary audience.
C)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
D)personal fable.

Question 55

A child who understands that the amount of clay does not differ when it is stretched into a long strip or rolled into a large ball has developed the concept of

A)seriation.
B)animism.
C)conservation.
D)transitivity.

Question 56

Focusing attention on one characteristic of an object or concept to the exclusion of all others is

A)centration.
B)egocentrism.
C)animism.
D)conservation.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage?

A)Many children reach this stage before the age of
11)
B)Many adults are not formal operational thinkers.
C)Adolescent egocentrism is limited to a small proportion of adolescents.
D)The concept of a personal fable occurs in a very small percentage of adolescents.

Question 58

Alene says,"If apple A is bigger than apple B,and apple B is bigger than apple C,then apple A must be bigger than apple C." Janis cannot understand this.Alene shows her the physical apples and explains it again.Janis watches and then says "I got it." In this example,Alene shows ______ thought,while Janis shows ______ thought.

A)abstract; hypothetical
B)concrete; abstract
C)deductive; inductive
D)abstract; concrete

Question 59

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

A)the inability to take different perspectives.
B)a heightened self-consciousness.
C)the assimilation of others' perspectives into a new self-concept.
D)the ability to speculate about ideal circumstances.

Question 60

Julio is able to put 5 apples of varying sizes in order from smallest to largest.This shows that Julie understands the concept of

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)conservation.
D)transitivity.

Question 61

When working with young children,adults often provide assistance,instruction,and other support.As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves,Vygotsky recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports.This demonstrates the concept of

A)the zone of proximal development.
B)scaffolding.
C)dialogue.
D)inner speech.

Question 62

Which of the following do Neo-Piagetians argue should have more emphasis in cognitive developmental theory?

A)how children acquire social learning
B)how children use attention,memory,and strategy to process information
C)evolutionary adaptations
D)critical periods during the transition between stages

Question 63

Mr.Kaird incorporates peer tutoring in his classroom.Over the course of several classes,the peers reduce the level of direct support they give each student.This is an example of

A)scaffolding.
B)zone of proximal development.
C)dialogue.
D)inner speech.

Question 64

Ms.Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom.With whose theory of cognitive development does this method best fit?

A)Freud
B)Piaget
C)The Neo-Piagetians
D)Vygotsky

Question 65

Piaget's theory of development centered on children's actions and interaction with the physical world,while Vygotsky's focused more on

A)conservation.
B)memory and attention.
C)social interaction.
D)trial and error.

Question 66

Like Piaget,Vygotsky believed that children

A)progress through strict age-related stages of cognitive development.
B)learn from watching older,more experienced individuals.
C)actively construct their knowledge and understanding.
D)are biologically predisposed to achieve a certain level of cognitive development.

Question 67

A kindergarten teacher instructs parent volunteers to take a Piagetian approach when interacting with his students during learning center time.He recommends the volunteers

A)ask children to imitate what they do until perfection.
B)provide a setting where children can explore and learn by doing things themselves.
C)always reward the correct answers from children and ignore children's mistakes.
D)use flash cards repeatedly until children learn the target concepts.

Question 68

According to Vygotsky,the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children is

A)scaffolding.
B)the zone of proximal development.
C)a cultural tool provided by society.
D)inner speech.

Question 69

Following the homecoming game,a group of senior high school students drank a lot of alcohol.After that,they still insisted that they could drive home themselves without any problem.This behavior is an example of

A)psychological invulnerability.
B)danger invulnerability.
C)an imaginary audience.
D)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Question 70

Jamal is a 17-year-old high school student.Which of the following is a correct statement about his cognitive development?

A)Jamal must be in the concrete operational stage.
B)Jamal must be in the formal operational stage.
C)Jamal will never reach the formal operational stage.
D)Jamal may still think in concrete operational ways and may never become a formal operational thinker.

Question 71

Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _____ for cognitive development.

A)children's own maturation
B)children's own exploration
C)children's interactions with other people
D)children's interactions with the physical environment

Question 72

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A)Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier and some later than Piaget thought.
B)Adult cognition is far more advanced than Piaget theorized.
C)An enriched environment and training have less developmental impact than Piaget thought.
D)Social interaction is less vital to learning than Piaget believed.

Question 73

Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is labeled

A)constructing.
B)training.
C)scaffolding.
D)dialogue.

Question 74

Which of the following teaching methods would a science teacher following Piaget's conceptual framework for education employ?

A)Students would watch a video explaining a scientific concept.
B)The teacher would demonstrate an experiment and explain the conclusions and scientific concepts.
C)With general instructions,students design and complete their own science projects and report on findings.
D)Students will be pushed hard to double their efforts so they can accomplish the target task in half of the expected time.

Question 75

Which of the following BEST characterizes cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

A)Genetics plays an important role in cognitive development.
B)Children learn best when they are active and seek solutions by themselves.
C)Children primarily learn about the world from watching others' actions and consequences.
D)Children can store an infinite amount of information in their long-term memories.

Question 76

Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework,particularly when he does hard questions.This can be an example of

A)private speech.
B)egocentrism.
C)scaffolding.
D)the zone of proximal development.

Question 77

Breanne's parents present her with a simple puzzle toy.At first,her parents completely finish the puzzle in front of her so she can learn the concept.As she begins to move the pieces on her own,though,they simply help by sometimes pointing at the right slot for a puzzle piece.The parent's evolving level of help is an example of

A)a zone of proximal development.
B)dialogue.
C)scaffolding.
D)inner speech.

Question 78

In assessing the ability to conserve,research findings indicate that this ability

A)is dependent solely on biological maturation.
B)appears at approximately the same age and in the same sequence across cultures.
C)can improve with training and practice.
D)is dependent primarily on quality of environment.

Question 79

Sophie feels that her parents can never understand the psychological sufferings she is experiencing.This could be an example of

A)a personal fable.
B)imagined invincibility.
C)an imaginary audience.
D)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Question 80

Vygotsky believed that private speech is

A)an important tool of thought in early childhood years.
B)a sign of delayed language development.
C)socially paralyzing in adolescence.
D)a hindrance to problem solving.