Deck 27: Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems

Question 1

The voltage level that triggers an action potential is called the ________.

A)threshold
B)membrane potential
C)resting potential

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which effect could result from activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

A)decreased heart rate
B)stimulated digestive organs
C)secretion of epinephrine
D)narrowing of the bronchi

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A neuron can relay a more intense signal by ________.

A)sending a stronger action potential
B)sending more action potentials in a given amount of time
C)sending an action potential that travels more quickly
D)sending a longer action potential

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure, attention, memory, sleep, movement and learning?

A)acetylcholine
B)epinephrine
C)dopamine
D)endorphins

Question 5

Multiple sclerosis involves primarily ________.

A)destruction of the medulla oblongata
B)deterioration of the corpus callosum
C)destruction of the myelin sheath
D)deterioration of parts of the spinal cord

Question 6

The ________ is the control center of the nervous system.

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)central nervous system
C)peripheral nervous system
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Which statement about opiates is TRUE?

A)Morphine, codeine, and heroin bind to the receptors for the neurotransmitter endorphin, reducing pain and producing euphoria.
B)Morphine, codeine, and heroin are stimulants and therefore increase pain.
C)Morphine, codeine, and heroin are natural depressants.

Question 8

What causes action potentials to be generated?

A)Ions channels are opened and positive ions diffuse out of the cell.
B)Ions channels are opened and positive ions diffuse into the cell.
C)Ions channels are opened and negative ions diffuse into the cell.

Question 9

What cushions structures of the central nervous system, helps supply them with nutrients and hormones, and carries away wastes?

A)cerebrospinal fluid
B)spinal cord
C)interneurons
D)the bones of the skull

Question 10

Which neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system?

A)sensory neuron and motor neuron
B)interneuron neuron and motor neuron
C)interneuron neuron and sensory neuron

Question 11

You start an exam and realize that you did not study enough for it. You find it difficult to concentrate because your heart is racing, your stomach seems tied in a knot, you are breathing too quickly, and your mouth is dry. Most likely, you are experiencing the effects of the ________.

A)sensory nervous system
B)sympathetic division
C)parasympathetic division
D)central nervous system

Question 12

What happens during integration in the nervous system?

A)action potentials are blocked
B)multiple threshold potentials are reached at the same time
C)sensory signals are interpreted and appropriate responses are planned
D)digestive organs are stimulated

Question 13

Complete the analogy: A blanket is to a person as ________.

A)a dendrite is to actin filament
B)an action potential is to a neuron
C)a synaptic cleft is to a synaptic terminal
D)a myelin sheath is to a nerve

Question 14

Which structure(s)carry incoming messages toward the cell body of a neuron?

A)axons
B)dendrites
C)thin filaments
D)supporting cells

Question 15

Which cells protect, insulate, and reinforce neurons?

A)sensory cells
B)motor cells
C)supporting cells

Question 16

Which parts of the body comprise the central nervous system (CNS)?

A)brain but not spinal cord
B)spinal cord but not brain
C)both brain and spinal cord

Question 17

The cells that carry electric signals from one part of the body to another in the nervous system are ________.

A)dendrites
B)neurons
C)effectors
D)synapses

Question 18

Where would we expect to find electrical synapses?

A)within the brain
B)within the heart
C)within the spinal cord
D)between interneurons and motor neurons

Question 19

You are out for a walk and start to trip, but you keep your balance and don't fall. Which brain region is responsible for the rapid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from falling?

A)cerebral cortex
B)thalamus
C)cerebellum
D)cerebrum

Question 20

The movement of an action potential along a neuron is most like ________.

A)the ripples created by dropping a pebble into a pond, gradually decreasing in size as the waves spread apart
B)a crowd at a sporting event doing the wave around a stadium
C)a radio tower emitting a signal that reaches only a small region
D)the sound of your voice spreading out as you yell loudly to your friend while at a park

Question 21

A person who has blurred vision caused by a misshapen lens or cornea has ________.

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)astigmatism
D)cataracts

Question 22

How can drugs that have been shown to increase alertness and a sense of well-being as well as reduce physical and emotional pain also be dangerous?

A)They can disrupt the brain's neural pathways, thereby altering the chemical balances to produce dangerous behaviors or hallucinatory effects.
B)They can reduce the production of cerebrospinal fluid such that the CNS does not receive enough nutrients and hormones.
C)They can interrupt normal functioning of the optic nerve such that action potentials cannot reach the brain.
D)They can weaken the endoskeleton of the human body such that internal organs are not fully protected.

Question 23

What best helps a broken bone heal?

A)grafting new bone to the region
B)exercising the area with the broken bone
C)taking calcium supplements
D)returning the broken bone parts back to their natural shape and then immobilizing the bone

Question 24

________ is a(n)example of sensory adaptation.

A)Going into deep sleep
B)Distinguishing between different colors
C)Ignoring the feeling of shoes on your feet
D)Detecting sound and light simultaneously

Question 25

In contrast to action potentials, receptor potentials ________.

A)are all-or-none phenomena
B)vary in intensity
C)do not require a stimulus
D)do not rely on changes in the membrane potential

Question 26

Thermoreceptors detect ________.

A)motion
B)sound
C)pressure
D)temperature

Question 27

A person who cannot focus well on distant objects has ________.

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)astigmatism
D)cataracts

Question 28

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by ________.

A)confusion and memory loss
B)extreme mood swings and low blood pressure
C)loss of energy and suicidal thoughts
D)increased energy and extreme talkativeness

Question 29

A person whose eyeball is shorter than normal suffers from ________.

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)astigmatism
D)cataracts

Question 30

The cerebral cortex is highly folded. Why might this be an advantage for the functions of the cerebrum?

A)The increased surface area increases the area for higher-level thinking.
B)The increased surface area permits greater contact between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
C)The folds form grooves that let the bones of the skull reach down deeply between brain regions.
D)The folds increase the areas where sensory receptors can reach the brain's surface.

Question 31

Standing out in center field, a baseball player watches a hitter's bat strike the ball and then, slightly later, hears the sound of the impact. What types of sensory receptors did the player just use?

A)thermoreceptors and chemoreceptors
B)photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
C)chemoreceptors and pain receptors
D)pain receptors and thermoreceptors

Question 32

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Cones are more sensitive to light than rods.
B)Rods can distinguish color.
C)There are three different types of cones in the human eye.
D)The human retina is completely covered with photoreceptors.

Question 33

Which one of the following correctly pairs the structure with its major function(s)?

A)hypothalamus - regulates body temperature, blood pressure, and hunger
B)cerebellum - regulates memory, learning, and speech
C)brainstem - the input center for sensory data going to the cerebrum
D)thalamus - coordinates balance and personality traits

Question 34

In all types of chemoreceptors, receptor cells develop receptor potentials in response to ________.

A)changes in the movement of the surrounding molecules
B)the electrical properties of the surrounding cells
C)chemicals dissolved in a fluid such as blood or saliva
D)the addition of positively charged proteins

Question 35

Which one of the following is used to combat osteoporosis?

A)calcium and vitamin supplements
B)anti-inflammatory medicines
C)opiates
D)splints or casts

Question 36

The receptor potential is the ________.

A)membrane potential produced when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to its receptor
B)membrane potential produced in the receptor cell by sensory transduction
C)membrane potential produced as an all-or-none phenomenon
D)membrane potential produced at a muscle cell

Question 37

Sensory receptors are located in and sound is detected in the ________.

A)outer ear
B)hammer
C)stirrup
D)cochlea

Question 38

Which scientific finding was supported by the terrible accident that happened to Phineas Gage?

A)The cerebrum plays a major role in the sense of balance.
B)The hypothalamus is essential for life.
C)The frontal lobes are associated with personality.
D)The pons plays a crucial role in hearing.

Question 39

I The joint that allows you to rotate your forearm so that your hand changes from a palm up position to a palm down position must be a ________ joint.

A)ball-and-socket
B)hinge
C)pivot
D)twist

Question 40

Which human traits are based in the cerebral cortex?

A)balance and hand-eye coordination
B)hunger and thirst
C)sex-drive and fight-or-flight response
D)imagination and language skills

Question 41

Arthritis is a common result of aging, affecting a person's ability to ________.

A)catch their breath after exercise
B)move their joints
C)heal broken bones
D)produce red blood cells

Question 42

In the figure, in which step is threshold reached if the stimulus is strong enough and a sufficient number of channels open?

A)Step 1
B)Step 2
C)Step 3
D)Step 4

Question 43

Which structure would probably have the largest motor units?

A)a motor unit in the foot that controls toe movements
B)a motor unit in the thigh to control leg movements
C)a motor unit that controls eye movements
D)a motor unit that controls hand movements

Question 44

What evidence exists in the predator-prey relationship of rough-skinned newts (predator)and garter snakes (prey)for the evolution of variation in toxicity in rough-skinned newts and resistance to toxicity in garter snakes? Scientists have observed that ________.

A)After unusually cold winter temperatures five years in a row, rough-skinned newts needed a mutation to increase levels of neurotoxicity, so they evolved it, while garter snakes needed a mutation to increase levels of resistance to that neurotoxin, so they evolved it.
B)Over many generations of random mutation and nonrandom natural selection, rough-skinned newts needed a mutation to increase levels of neurotoxicity, so they evolved it, while garter snakes needed a mutation to increase levels of resistance to that neurotoxin, so they evolved it.
C)After one generation of random mutation, rough-skinned newts with greater and greater neurotoxicity were selected for, while garter snakes with greater and greater resistance to that neurotoxin were selected for.
D)Over many generations of random mutation and nonrandom natural selection, rough-skinned newts with increasing levels of neurotoxicity were selected for, while garter snakes with increasing levels of resistance to that neurotoxin were selected for.

Question 45

Given the symptoms of Huntington's disease, multiple brain structures may be damaged by the abnormal protein. Choose the exception.

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex
C)hypothalamus

Question 46

If floaters are small particles that interfere with the transmission of light between the lens and the retina, they must be located in the ________.

A)pupil
B)cornea
C)jellylike fluid
D)blind spot

Question 47

The figure shows the human eye. Which part of the eye gives the eye its color?

A)sclera
B)iris
C)pupil
D)retina

Question 48

Examine the synaptic cleft presented in the figure. What occurs after step 4?

A)Ion channels open and triggers or inhibits a new action potential on the receiving neuron.
B)The membrane returns to resting potential.
C)The vesicle detaches from the plasma membrane.

Question 49

According to the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when its ________.

A)thick filaments slide across the ends of the sarcomere
B)thin filaments slide across the ends of the sarcomere
C)thin and thick filaments slide further away from each other
D)thin and thick filaments slide past each other

Question 50

Given the symptoms of ALS, what part of the nervous system is functioning abnormally?

A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)motor nervous system
C)sympathetic nervous system

Question 51

Muscles are connected to bones by ________.

A)thick filaments
B)ligaments
C)tendons
D)myofibrils

Question 52

A thick filament is made up of ________.

A)actin
B)myosin
C)sarcomeres
D)myofibrils

Question 53

When light levels suddenly increase, our eyes adjust quickly by reducing the size of the ________.

A)pupil
B)retina
C)iris
D)cornea

Question 54

Examine the structure of a muscle cell in the figure. Which statement about muscle structure is TRUE?

A)Each muscle cell has one nucleus.
B)Each myofibril consists of many muscle cells.
C)Each muscle cell has one sarcomere.
D)A sarcomere contains thick and thin filaments.

Question 55

Functionally, what is the muscle fiber's fundamental unit of contraction?

A)thick filament
B)thin filament
C)myofibril
D)sarcomere

Question 56

Eyes can become bloodshot when irritants in the eye trigger an increased blood flow to the connective tissue covering the eye. These swollen blood vessels are located on the ________.

A)cornea
B)sclera
C)iris
D)lens

Question 57

In a species, what is required for a new sensory adaptation to evolve by natural selection?

A)Individuals that needed this trait mutated a sensory receptor to create the new adaptation.
B)Individuals that possessed this trait produced more offspring than those that did not possess the trait.
C)Individuals that possessed this trait survived by chance, and passed on the trait to their offspring.
D)Individuals immigrated to a new area, and brought the trait with them.

Question 58

How do neurotoxins benefit humans?

A)When given in large doses, neurotoxins improve dendrite functioning.
B)Researchers use them to enable different steps in signal transmission within the nervous system to better understand how it works.
C)When medicinally administered in low doses, neurotoxins can help treat medical conditions including drug addiction and pain associated with cancer.
D)Neurotoxins amplify the brain's neurotoxicity capacity.

Question 59

The figure shows the structure of the humerus, a bone found in your upper arm. Which part of a bone contains stores fat?

A)red bone marrow
B)cartilage
C)spongy bone
D)yellow bone marrow

Question 60

Scientists hypothesize that the abnormal protein stops vesicles from moving through the cytoskeleton. Predict the effect of this protein on the nervous system.

A)Neurotransmitters cannot reach the axon terminals to be released.
B)Receptor potentials cannot occur.
C)Cerebrospinal fluid leaks out of the brain.
D)Action potentials become smaller.

Question 61

In October 2017, scientists presented data at the American Society of Anesthesiologists meeting in Boston, MA which suggested that Botox, a drug derived from the neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulium, can reduce the number of migraines and their duration as well as the amount of pain experienced during migraine episodes in children and teenagers. The study was completed with nine children between the ages of 8 and 17. Before the study began, the study participants reported having migraines anywhere from 8 and 29.5 days each month, and these episodes lasted 30 minutes-24 hours each. During the study, all participants received Botox injections every 12 weeks for five years; injections were given in both the front and back of the participants' heads and necks. At the end of the five-year study, participants reported suffering from migraines between 2 and 10 days per month, and these episodes lasted 15 minutes-7 hours. Intensity of migraine pain also decreased from pre-study scores between 4 and 8 on a scale of 1-10 (1 being no pain and 10 being terrible pain)to scores of 1.75 to 5 post-study.
As described, what experimental design factor is missing in the Botox study?

A)an experimental group
B)a control group
C)independent variable
D)dependent variable

Question 62

In ALS, sensory input and integration are unaffected, and muscle cells still respond to neurotransmitters when they are present. Which structure would you recommend scientists to study to find a cure for ALS?

A)sensory neurons
B)interneurons
C)motor neurons
D)mechanoreceptors