Deck 26: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Which types of pathogens cause sexually transmitted diseases that are generally NOT curable?

A)bacteria
B)viruses
C)fungi
D)insects

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If an embryo failed to secrete HCG ________.

A)maternal elements of the placenta would fail to develop
B)fetal elements of the placenta would fail to develop
C)neural tube formation would not occur, and the embryo would not have a brain
D)spontaneous abortion of the embryo would occur

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Where in humans does fertilization most often take place?

A)ovary
B)oviduct
C)vagina
D)uterus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which statement is TRUE?

A)Meiosis in oogenesis produces four mature eggs from one primary oocyte.
B)Oogenesis begins during puberty.
C)Spermatogenesis in an individual begins before that individual is born.
D)Oogenesis in humans is completed after stimulation by sperm.

Question 5

Asexual reproduction ________.

A)creates individuals with unique combinations of genes
B)generates enormous genetic variation
C)is an effective way for animals to expand their population quickly and exploit an available environment
D)provides greater adaptability to changing environments

Question 6

Researchers have found a general relationship between testicular cancer and exercise. Increased exercise is associated with a decrease in incidence of testicular cancer. However, a positive relationship (increased incidence of testicular cancer)was found between testicular cancer and riding bikes or horses. Several factors might be hypothesized to bring about this result. All but one of the following statements are reasonable hypotheses that researchers might follow to seek the cause for this relationship. Choose the exception.

A)Riding bikes or horses causes trauma to the testes.
B)The seat on bikes and the saddle on horses are made of material containing chemicals that damage testicular cells.
C)Riding bikes or horses increases scrotal temperature, which damages testicular cells.
D)Mutations that lead to testicular cancer make men more likely to ride bikes or horses.

Question 7

In a human female reproductive system, the ________.

A)hymen partly covers the cervical opening
B)vagina secretes hormones that help maintain the uterine lining
C)labia minora are a pair of thick, fatty ridges that protect the entire genital region
D)outer features are collectively called the vulva

Question 8

All of these are similarities between the male and female system EXCEPT one. Choose the exception.

A)Both have erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual excitement.
B)Both have paired gamete-producing organs.
C)Both have a urethra that carries both urine and gametes.
D)Both have a pair of tubes that can carry gametes.

Question 9

Reproductive systems with external fertilization are most common in ________.

A)animals that reproduce asexually
B)animals that are widely dispersed
C)aquatic animals
D)populations with many more females than males

Question 10

What moves a human egg through the oviduct?

A)the beating of the egg's cilia
B)rhythmic contractions of the oviduct
C)rhythmic contractions of the uterus
D)the beating of cilia in the oviduct

Question 11

Embryo implantation normally occurs in the ________.

A)oviduct
B)corpus luteum
C)follicle of the ovary
D)endometrium of the uterus

Question 12

A sperm cell's acrosome ________.

A)contains the sperm's nucleus and is the part of the sperm that enters the egg during fertilization
B)fuses with the plasma membrane of the egg cell
C)contains enzymes that are released when the sperm encounters an egg and dissolves a hole in the jellylike matrix that surrounds the egg
D)contains the sperm's mitochondria

Question 13

Which statement about a birth control method is TRUE?

A)Natural family planning is one of the most reliable forms of birth control.
B)Morning-after pills are about 25% effective at preventing pregnancy.
C)Tubal ligation prevents ovulation.
D)A vasectomy involves removing a section of each vas deferens.

Question 14

Which reproduction method is associated with sexual reproduction?

A)fission
B)fragmentation
C)gamete production

Question 15

Hermaphrodites ________.

A)possess both male and female functioning reproductive systems
B)have the gonads of one sex but the external appearance of the other
C)usually fertilize themselves

Question 16

Researchers have found a general relationship between testicular cancer and exercise. Increased exercise is associated with a decrease in incidence of testicular cancer. However, a positive relationship (increased incidence of testicular cancer)was found between testicular cancer and riding bikes or horses. Several factors might be hypothesized to bring about this result. Which hypothesis is properly related to a prediction that arises from it?

A)Hypothesis: Riding bikes or horses causes trauma to the testes. Prediction: Bike or horse riding will cause testes to shrink.
B)Hypothesis: The seat on bikes and the saddle on horses are made of material containing chemicals that damage testicular cells. Prediction: Chemicals found in bike seats or horse saddles damage testicular cells.
C)Hypothesis: Riding bikes or horses increases scrotal temperature, which damages testicular cells. Prediction: Bike riders are more likely to wear briefs than boxers as their underwear of choice.
D)Hypothesis: Mutations that lead to testicular cancer make men more likely to ride bikes or horses. Prediction: Men who ride bikes or horses exercise less.

Question 17

What advantage is associated with human testes located in an external sac rather than in the abdominal cavity?

A)semen can travel a shorter distance during ejaculation
B)testes can be kept at a constant temperature
C)testes can be kept cooler than the body's interior
D)testes can enlarge at sexual maturity

Question 18

Which aspect of asexual reproduction is sometimes disadvantageous?

A)Allowing animals that do not move around to produce offspring without finding mates.
B)Allowing an animal to produce many offspring quickly.
C)Saving the time and energy of gamete production.
D)Producing genetically uniform populations.

Question 19

Which STD is NOT caused by a virus?

A)AIDS
B)chlamydia
C)genital warts
D)genital herpes

Question 20

Menstruation ________.

A)involves the release of the endometrium
B)is stimulated by HCG
C)occurs after ovulation but prior to production of the corpus luteum
D)is triggered by an LH surge

Question 21

Which one of the following is the earliest event in the process of fertilization?

A)Sperm contact the jelly coat around the egg.
B)The sperm head plasma membrane fuses with the egg plasma membrane.
C)Enzymes from the acrosome are released.
D)The sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the egg.

Question 22

Which outcome is a result of programmed cell death?

A)formation of fingers in humans
B)gastrulation
C)formation of the notochord
D)formation of the brain

Question 23

At about what point in gestation can an ultrasound exam determine the sex of the fetus?

A)about 4 weeks after fertilization
B)at the end of the first trimester
C)about 20 weeks after fertilization
D)at the end of the second trimester

Question 24

Female fertility could be severely decreased by ________.

A)a defect in cilia production
B)the presence of FSH in a male's body
C)lack of production of polar bodies
D)a defect in flagella production

Question 25

Cleavage results in ________.

A)formation of the nervous system
B)formation of the notochord
C)formation of more cells
D)segmentation

Question 26

The liver, pancreas, and lining of the digestive tract come from ________.

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)endometrium

Question 27

At about what point in gestation does the fetal heartbeat become audible by stethoscope and the fetus's movements easily felt by the mother?

A)15 weeks
B)20 weeks
C)25 weeks
D)30 weeks

Question 28

What is gestation?

A)conception
B)fertilization
C)development
D)pregnancy

Question 29

Gastrulation ________.

A)produces a solid ball of cells
B)changes the blastocyst into an embryo that has three tissue layers
C)changes the fertilized egg into a blastocyst
D)changes a gastrula into a blastocyst

Question 30

What action might increase the number of eggs which mature if female infertility is caused by the absence of ovulation?

A)increase the level of progesterone
B)increase the level of follicle stimulating hormone
C)decrease the amount of progesterone
D)increase the length of time the corpus luteum remains present

Question 31

Which substance stimulates contractions in uterine smooth muscle during labor?

A)progesterone
B)estrogen
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin

Question 32

Which of these events occurs first?

A)gastrulation
B)cleavage
C)implantation
D)formation of the placenta

Question 33

The "grandmother hypothesis" suggests that natural selection may have favored a woman ________.

A)moving away from her children and grandchildren
B)focusing her energy on caring for her grandchildren, instead of producing more children
C)focusing her energy on the production of as many children as possible before reaching menopause
D)helping her sisters produce more children

Question 34

Which situation is NOT a legal or physical disadvantage of current reproductive technologies?

A)Babies born as a result of In Vitro Fertilization have significantly higher rates of autism.
B)Surgery is necessary to remove eggs for In Vitro Fertilization.
C)Hormone injections to promote ovulation may cause the birth of multiples.
D)It is sometimes unclear how current law applies to babies born through current reproductive technologies.

Question 35

When does the human embryo implant in the wall of the uterus?

A)within a few hours of fertilization
B)about a day after conception
C)about a week after conception
D)just after gastrulation

Question 36

Mesoderm gives rise to the ________.

A)heart and kidneys
B)brain and skin
C)nervous system and thyroid
D)liver and pancreas

Question 37

What process dominates the third trimester of human development?

A)formation of internal organs
B)formation of external features such as arms and legs
C)growth
D)organ formation

Question 38

The lifeline between the embryo and the placenta is ________.

A)derived from the yolk sac
B)derived from the amnion
C)called the "chorion"
D)called the "umbilical cord"

Question 39

Male fertility could be severely decreased by ________.

A)a defect in cilia production
B)the presence of FSH in a male's body
C)lack of production of polar bodies
D)a defect in flagella production

Question 40

The three stages of labor, in the proper order are ________.

A)dilation, expulsion, delivery of the placenta
B)dilation, crowning, expulsion
C)contractions, dilation, expulsion
D)contractions, dilation, crowning

Question 41

The data below are average temperatures from an experiment with more than 100 men in boxers and in briefs. What conclusion can be drawn from these data?

A)Men who wore briefs were cooler overall than men who wore boxers.
B)The type of underwear men wear has no impact on fertility.
C)The generally held idea is confirmed that men who wear boxers have cooler scrotal temperatures than those who wear briefs.
D)Scrotal temperature is not significantly decreased by wearing boxers rather than briefs.

Question 42

The figure shows oogenesis. What is the function of the polar bodies that are produced during oogenesis? They are a mechanism that allows for ________.

A)the shedding of excess cytoplasm during the production of a haploid ovum
B)the shedding of excess genetic material during the production of a haploid ovum
C)the shedding of excess mitochondria during the production of a haploid ovum
D)streamlining of the ovum so as to facilitate the penetration of an ovum by a sperm

Question 43

The puffy circular structure represents the transformation of a structure previously called the ________.

A)corpus luteum
B)follicle
C)primary oocyte
D)ovum

Question 44

What data besides core, skin, and scrotal temperatures would be good to gather to support or reject the hypothesis that underwear type affects fertility?

A)the size and position of participants' testes
B)the number and quality of sperm in wearers of each type of underwear
C)the ability of participants to maintain temperature in very cold or very warm conditions
D)the fertility of each man's partner

Question 45

Why are polar bodies small?

A)because the oocyte cytoplasm is divided into 4 cells
B)because polar bodies have less genetic material than other cells
C)because they are produced at the poles of the dividing cell rather than at the equator
D)because the fertilizable egg needs enough cytoplasm to support the embryo for days

Question 46

The animal in the accompanying figure illustrates ________.

A)fission
B)regeneration
C)asexual reproduction
D)growth of male reproductive structures

Question 47

The figure shows male reproductive anatomy. In a human male reproductive system, ________.

A)sperm mature in the urethra
B)the vas deferens conducts sperm between the testis and epididymis
C)the sperm travel through the sperm duct before reaching the urethra during ejaculation
D)sperm mature in the prostate gland

Question 48

Examine the embryo in the figure. The hands and feet of this embryo appear paddle-like, with no distinct toes or fingers. What process is needed to define each of the toes and fingers?

A)programmed cell death
B)neurulation
C)gastrulation
D)induction

Question 49

A diaphragm functions as a birth control device by ________.

A)preventing ovulation
B)preventing implantation of an embryo
C)stimulating the production of sperm-killing antibodies
D)preventing the movement of sperm into the uterus

Question 50

Which experimental design is best to test the idea that scrotal temperature is less with boxers than with briefs?

A)Take an equal number of men wearing boxers and men wearing briefs and have them go into a clinic and have their scrotal temperatures measured.
B)Recruit a number of men of approximately the same age and have some put on boxers and some put on briefs and then measure their scrotal temperatures.
C)Recruit a number of men of approximately the same age with half wearing boxers and half wearing briefs. Have them spend time in a room of the same constant temperature and then measure their scrotal temperatures.
D)Take the first 100 men who come into a fertility clinic, record who are wearing boxers and who are wearing briefs, and then measure their scrotal temperatures.

Question 51

Which birth control method provides the most effective protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease for sexually active people?

A)the pill
B)male latex condoms
C)a diaphragm
D)the rhythm method

Question 52

According to the diagram ________.

A)secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicle do not exit through the urethra
B)the urethra carries seminal fluid and the prostate stores urine
C)the vas deferens connects directly to the penis without entering the body cavity
D)an enlarged prostate could press against the urinary bladder causing increased frequency of urination

Question 53

What does the ovarian cycle image illustrate?

A)The peak of luteinizing hormone occurs slightly before mid-cycle.
B)Ovulation occurs well before mid-cycle.
C)The level of luteinizing hormone does not change much during the cycle.
D)The level of progesterone spikes just before mid-cycle.

Question 54

According to the diagram, after a vasectomy (within the scrotal sac), ________.

A)secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicle can no longer reach the urethra
B)secretions from the seminal vesicles can no longer reach the urethra
C)sperm can no longer reach the epididymis
D)sperm from the testes can no longer reach the urethra

Question 55

What does the ovarian cycle image illustrate?

A)A rise in the level of luteinizing hormone brings about ovulation.
B)A rise in the level of estrogen brings about ovulation.
C)The endometrium is thinner during the first half of the cycle than during the latter half.
D)A corpus luteum is necessary for ovulation.

Question 56

A vasectomy ________.

A)prevents the production of sperm in the testes
B)prevents the production of semen
C)prevents the movement of sperm out of the testes
D)is an effective method to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted disease

Question 57

The figure shows a human embryo 31 days after conception. Which structure is part of the placenta?

A)embryo
B)chorion
C)amnion
D)yolk sac

Question 58

According to the diagram, after a vasectomy (within the scrotal sac), ________.

A)secretions from the prostate can no longer reach the urethra
B)secretions from the seminal vesicles can no longer reach the urethra
C)secretions from the sperm duct can no longer reach the urethra
D)sperm from the epididymis can no longer reach the urethra

Question 59

What hypothesis are these authors testing?

A)Boxer shorts allow the scrotal sac to be more exposed to outside temperature than briefs do.
B)Boxer shorts fit more loosely than briefs.
C)Boxer shorts allow the scrotal sac to have a lower temperature than briefs do.
D)Men with impaired fertility are more likely to wear briefs than boxers.