Deck 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

Question 1

Which group of plants lacks vascular tissue?

A)cone-bearing plants
B)grasses
C)ferns
D)mosses

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Some companies that produce paper will also produce a by-product that is sold as a binder (something that binds, or holds, things together). From which part of trees does this by-product come?

A)leaves
B)mycorrhizae
C)lignin
D)stomata

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Would you expect desert plants to have a thin or thick cuticle?

A)thin because desert plants do not have stomata
B)thin because desert plants have a short root system
C)thick because desert plants have an extensive shoot system
D)thick because desert plants need to retain water in this dry environment

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which step is the last in the formation of fossil fuels?

A)subjecting organic matter to extreme pressure
B)flooding swamps with seawater
C)incomplete decomposition of organic matter
D)subjecting organic matter to extreme heat and pressure

Question 5

Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi are called ________.

A)mycorrhizae
B)mycelia
C)shoots
D)hyphae

Question 6

The ________ help(s)plants retain water.

A)hypha
B)cuticle
C)mycorrhiza
D)lignin

Question 7

________, a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants, is found in all plants EXCEPT ________.

A)Lignin; bryophytes
B)Cellulose; bryophytes
C)Cellulose; ferns
D)Lignin; ferns and bryophytes

Question 8

Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment, when compared with other plants?

A)They lack vascular tissue.
B)Their sperm are flagellated.
C)The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D)They lack cuticle.

Question 9

Gametophytes are ________; sporophytes are ________.

A)male; female
B)an adaptation to an aquatic existence; an adaptation to a terrestrial existence
C)haploid; diploid
D)the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle; the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle

Question 10

Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat?

A)They lack lignin.
B)Their sperm are flagellated.
C)The gametophyte generation is dominant.
D)They lack a cuticle.

Question 11

Truffle mushrooms are an example of ________.

A)a parasitic fungi
B)a commercially important fungus
C)a photosynthetic autotroph
D)seed producing organisms

Question 12

Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

A)This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.
B)Truffles have seeds.
C)Truffles provide trees with sugars.

Question 13

Gametophytes produce ________.

A)sperm and eggs
B)spores and stomata
C)lignin and vascular tissue
D)stomata and cuticle

Question 14

If you wanted to propagate (grow)ferns, what do you need to collect from existing ferns?

A)diploid zygote cells
B)haploid spores
C)fossil fuels
D)seeds

Question 15

Much of the coal we use today came from ________ that lived during the Carboniferous.

A)gymnosperms
B)mosses
C)angiosperms
D)ferns

Question 16

In ________ the gametophyte is more obvious than the sporophyte.

A)conifers
B)mosses
C)grasses
D)ferns

Question 17

Which series of terms correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants?

A)gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms
B)bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
C)bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
D)ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes

Question 18

________ are seedless vascular plants.

A)Ferns
B)Angiosperms
C)Bryophytes
D)Gymnosperms

Question 19

Which lineage of green algae is believed to most resemble early plant ancestors?

A)charophytes
B)ulva
C)volvox
D)dinoflagellates

Question 20

The origin of seeds occurred approximately ________ years ago.

A)65 million
B)360 million
C)140 billion
D)3)5 billion

Question 21

Nutritionally, all fungi are ________.

A)heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption
B)autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from solar energy
C)autotrophs that acquire their nutrients from chemicals
D)parasites that acquire their nutrients from other organisms

Question 22

Seeds develop from ________.

A)carpels
B)anthers
C)ovules
D)ovaries

Question 23

In angiosperms, what is the function of fruit?

A)It is where the male gametophyte develops.
B)It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.
C)It provides nutrients to germinating seeds.
D)It attracts pollinators.

Question 24

Why are gymnosperms considered to be "naked seed" plants?

A)Their seeds have a thin layer of endosperm.
B)They do not produce seeds; they produce only spores.
C)Their seeds are not enclosed within ovaries.
D)Their seeds develop on the surface of sporophytes.

Question 25

What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns?

A)the climate becoming hotter and wetter
B)increased fluctuations in global climate temperatures
C)the climate becoming cooler and drier
D)the climate becoming hotter and drier

Question 26

Gymnosperms and angiosperms share multiple similarities. All of these are similarities except one. Choose the exception.

A)Both produce flowers.
B)Both have pollen grains that are male gametophytes.
C)Both have a dominant sporophyte generation.
D)Both have seeds.

Question 27

Which statement about pollination and fertilization is CORRECT?

A)Pollination is identical to fertilization.
B)Pollination is not the same as fertilization, but pollination guarantees fertilization will occur.
C)Pollination and fertilization are unrelated.
D)Pollination is not the same as fertilization, and pollination does not guarantee fertilization will occur.

Question 28

In angiosperms, the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing embryo.

A)fruit
B)seed
C)carpels
D)endosperm

Question 29

What adaptation accounts for the unparalleled success of the angiosperms?

A)vascular tissue
B)flowers
C)lignin
D)cuticle

Question 30

Producing millions of spores is an important evolutionary adaptation of fungi because ________.

A)having many spores increases the chances that they will produce fossil fuels
B)having many spores increases the chances that they can produce seeds
C)spores can germinate only in the right environmental conditions (moist, where there is food), so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will end up in an area of those conditions
D)spores can disperse only short distances, so producing many spores increases the chances that at least one will travel far enough to germinate

Question 31

Exploring in the tropics, you discover a nonvascular plant that produces pollen. What type of plant have you discovered?

A)an angiosperm
B)a fern
C)a bryophyte
D)an entirely new type that you will get to name

Question 32

In angiosperms, the male gametophyte develops within ________.

A)male cones
B)filaments
C)anthers
D)stigma

Question 33

All of these but one are practical reasons to be concerned with preserving plant diversity. Which is the exception?

A)Over 100 prescription drugs are made from substances derived from plants.
B)Humans depend on plants for lumber and jobs.
C)Loss of plant biodiversity, in turn, negatively affects animal biodiversity.
D)Local knowledge of rainforest plant communities has no impact on the production of new medicines.

Question 34

In angiosperms, what structures house female gametophytes?

A)petals
B)ovules
C)sepals

Question 35

Which component of a flowering plant is a female structure?

A)petal
B)filament
C)anther
D)stigma

Question 36

The edible portion of a(n)________ is a ripened ovary.

A)cucumber
B)broccoli stalk
C)radish
D)onion

Question 37

________ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs.

A)Bryophytes
B)Gymnosperms
C)Ferns
D)Angiosperms

Question 38

Nearly all food plants are ________.

A)bryophytes
B)gymnosperms
C)ferns
D)angiosperms

Question 39

A pollen grain is a ________.

A)seed
B)sporophyte
C)male gametophyte

Question 40

Which structure of a flower traps pollen?

A)style
B)stigma
C)ovary
D)filament

Question 41

Corn smut is a fungus that grows in the ears of corn and changes corn kernels into black, powdery balls of fungus tissue. What would you hypothesize is the significance of the relationship between corn smut and corn?

A)Corn smut has a parasitic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
B)Corn smut has a symbiotic relationship with corn so that it can use the corn as a way to spread spores.
C)Corn smut helps to decompose corn more quickly and therefore replenishes nutrients in the soil at a faster rate.
D)Corn smut slows decomposition of corn and therefore reduces the rate at which nutrients are returned to the soil.

Question 42

Suppose that, while on a forest hike, you notice a blue fungus and a pink plant growing along the hiking trail. As you continue walking, you observe that if a blue fungus and a pink plant are growing side by side, they are both much larger than if the fungus and the plant are farther apart. What can you hypothesize about the relationship between the fungus and the plant?

A)The fungus and the plant have a symbiotic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
B)The fungus and the plant have a parasitic relationship that allows them to have more significant growth when they are near each other than when farther apart.
C)The roots of the plant are choking off nutrient flow to the fungal hyphae.
D)The plant is helping the fungus decompose leaf litter on the forest floor.

Question 43

A major function of a mushroom is to ________.

A)produce seeds
B)store nutrients
C)produce spores
D)photosynthesize

Question 44

The figure shows results of a study where pine trees were treated with fungal mycorrhize to determine if the fungal mycorrhize would affect the growth of the pine trees. What time range showed the greatest change in mean height in feet?

A)Oct 1955 - Oct 1956
B)Oct 1956 - Oct 1957
C)Oct 1957 - Oct 1958
D)Oct 1958 - Oct 1959

Question 45

What is this organism?

A)fern
B)fungus
C)bryophyte
D)gymnosperm

Question 46

Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
People utilize plants to meet many everyday needs, including food, fiber, and building materials. However, not many of the over 300,000 known species of plants are used by people. One species with a lot of future promise is the jatropha tree. This species is native to Central America and is now found throughout the tropics. Many people believe the jatropha could help alleviate poverty in many areas of the world, as the seeds produce an oil that can be used for cooking, lighting, or generating electricity. This oil can also be mixed with diesel fuel or petrol to produce a biofuel. Mature trees produce between 5 and 15 kg of seeds per year and can live more than 30 years.
What is a possible disadvantage of using jatropha seeds to produce oil?

A)Seeds from the jatropha tree would become infected with fungus from Central American rainforests.
B)Production of jatropha trees will increase parasitic relationships with native plants.
C)Biofuel produced from the jatrohpa tree oil will become contaminated with fungal spores.
D)Growing jatropha trees to produce oil may lower food production if a lot of land is needed for food production.

Question 47

This diagram shows what process?

A)origin of plants from green algae
B)alternation of generations
C)angiosperm life cycle
D)gymnosperm life cycle

Question 48

Evolutionary evidence suggests fungi evolved from ________ that also gave rise to the fourth and most diverse group of eukaryotes: the animals.

A)protists
B)plants
C)bacteria

Question 49

What important role do fungi play in many ecosystems?

A)They decompose organic material.
B)They pollinate plants.
C)They disperse the fruits of angiosperms.
D)They perform photosynthesis.

Question 50

How is artificial selection related to diversity of plant foods we eat today?

A)Breeding practices enable people to select cattle that disperse high volumes of seeds through their feces.
B)Agricultural practices enable people to select plants for improved yield and quantity.
C)Artificial selection of favored pollinator species allows for high pollination rates of plants.
D)Artificial selection of tall grasses provides enables cattle that fertilize plants to reserve energy it takes to consume smaller, scrubbier plants.

Question 51

In a laboratory experiment, researchers treated pine seedlings from Puerto Rico with mycorrhizae collected from pine forests in the southeastern United States. Results were favorable for increased seedling growth in the trees treated with mycorrhizae. Suppose when the researchers then tried this same experiment in the field, pine tree seedlings treated with mycorrhizae showed minimal growth differences from the control group. All but one of the listed factors could have contributed to these results. Choose the exception.

A)Researchers in the lab provided greater nutrient concentrations to the two groups of trees.
B)Weather conditions in the field were not favorable for tree growth whereas the laboratory environment provided ideal growing conditions.
C)Mycorrhizae in the laboratory functioned separately from the plant roots.
D)Researchers planted a large number of seedlings in the laboratory but only a minimal number in the field, so their sample size in the field was not large enough to show a possible effect.

Question 52

If seed production had never evolved, which organisms would be missing in today's landscape?

A)bryophytes and ferns only
B)ferns and gymnosperms only
C)gymnosperms and angiosperms only
D)angiosperms and bryophytes only

Question 53

Suppose a weather catastrophe occurred such that the bird pollinators of the jatropha tree were significantly diminished. Which form of dispersal might jatropha trees need for a chance to continue producing flowers and seeds?

A)transportation of seeds from cattle
B)wind dispersal
C)water dipersal

Question 54

Like plants, fungi have ________; however, in plants they are composed of ________, whereas in fungi they are composed of ________.

A)cell walls; cellulose; chitin
B)cell walls; cellulose; peptidoglycan
C)cell membranes; phospholipids; chitin
D)cell walls; phospholipids; cellulose

Question 55

The figure shows results of a study where pine trees were treated with fungal mycorrhize to determine if the mycorrhize would affect the growth of the trees. Over the four-year study, only 36% of the control trees survived, while 85% of the pines treated with mycorrhizae survived. If the study was extended for another two years to the year 1961, what would you predict would occur with the control data and mean height of the pine trees?

A)The control data would show a steep drop in mean height.
B)The control data would continue to show a slight increase in height.
C)The control data would show a steep increase in mean height.

Question 56

What are hyphae?

A)symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi
B)threadlike filaments that make up fungal bodies
C)fungal digestive enzymes
D)fungal spores