Deck 5: Gender Identity and Gender Roles

Question 1

A fertilized ovum is called a

A)formation.
B)zygote.
C)embryo.
D)fetus.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In males, the testes develop in the

A)scrotal sac.
B)inguinal canal.
C)abdominal cavity.
D)vas deferens.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Enrico has a genetic condition that has rendered him infertile because he cannot produce any sperm. In addition, he exhibits mild mental retardation and poor motor coordination. Enrico most likely suffers from

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Klinefelter's syndrome.
C)androgen-insensitivity syndrome.
D)androgenital syndrome.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Sexual differentiation means

A)the process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy.
B)the complex behaviour patterns deemed masculine or feminine in a particular culture.
C)differences in the preconceptions held regarding men and women.
D)the process by which children distinguish between expectations of girls and of boys.

Question 5

In the fertilization process, chromosomes from each parent combine to form

A)23 chromosomes.
B)23 pairs of chromosomes.
C)46 pairs of chromosomes.
D)92 chromosomes.

Question 6

Testosterone is a type of

A)gonad.
B)androgen.
C)gene.
D)chromosome.

Question 7

The twenty-third pair of chromosomes determines

A)sex.
B)eye colour.
C)height.
D)weight.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

A)The "natural course" of embryonic development is male.
B)The absence of a Y chromosome alters the developmental course from male to female.
C)The presence of only one X chromosome, instead of two, will result in a male fetus.
D)The presence of a Y chromosome alters the developmental course from female to male.

Question 9

Failure of the testes to descend is called

A)Klinefelter's syndrome.
B)Turner's syndrome.
C)pseudo hermaphroditism.
D)cryptorchidism.

Question 10

If it weren't for ________, we would all develop__________

A)androgens; female external organs.
B)estrogen; male external organs.
C)progesterone; female external organs.
D)FSH; male external organs.

Question 11

The basic blueprint of the human embryo is

A)male.
B)neither male nor female.
C)female.
D)both male and female.

Question 12

In female sexual differentiation, which statement is correct?

A)The Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina.
B)The Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes and the Wolffian ducts develop into the uterus.
C)The Mullerian ducts degenerate and the Wolffian ducts develop into the labia majora, labia minora, and the vaginal opening.
D)The Wolffian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and the vagina.

Question 13

Turner's syndrome

A)occurs when a male has an extra X chromosome.
B)occurs when a genetic (XX)female possesses masculinized external genitals.
C)occurs when a female has one rather than two X chromosomes.
D)occurs when a male possesses an extra Y chromosome.

Question 14

During the first six weeks of development, embryonic structures of both genders resemble:

A)primitive male structures.
B)primitive female structures.
C)both male and female structures.
D)neither male nor female structures.

Question 15

An embryo at five to six weeks is, on average,

A)1/2 to 1 cm long.
B)1 to 2 cm long.
C)1/8 cm long.
D)2 to 3 cm long.

Question 16

In male sexual differentiation, each Wolffian duct differentiates into

A)the penis.
B)an epididymus, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle.
C)each of the two testes.
D)the scrotum.

Question 17

Males that are born with an extra X chromosome are said to have

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Down's syndrome.
C)cryptorchidism.
D)Klinefelter's syndrome.

Question 18

In the absence of testosterone, the hypothalamus of a female fetus develops sensitivity to

A)androgens.
B)Müllerian-inhibiting substance.
C)FSH.
D)estrogen.

Question 19

Differentiation of fetal tissues into external male genitals occurs under the influence of

A)testosterone.
B)Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS).
C)H-Y antigen.
D)dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Question 20

Sexual differentiation of gonads, genital ducts, and external genitals begins about

A)seven weeks after conception.
B)nine weeks after conception.
C)twelve weeks after conception.
D)fifteen weeks after conception.

Question 21

Research on gender identity disorders among children indicates that

A)cross-gendered behaviour is more accepted among boys than girls.
B)cross-gendered behaviour is more accepted among girls than boys.
C)Cross-gendered behaviour is extremely rare before puberty.
D)Cross-gendered behaviour is primarily influenced by psychological factors.

Question 22

Cryptorchidism is

A)a condition characterized by a lack of testosterone in males.
B)a condition characterized by undescended testes
C)a condition wherein an individual possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue.
D)a condition characterized by an enlarged clitoris.

Question 23

Erica was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She has female internal organs but a clitoris so enlarged it resembles a small penis. What is the cause of her masculinized external genitals?

A)excessive levels of androgens
B)a higher-than-normal sensitivity to androgens
C)a lower-than-normal sensitivity to estrogens
D)excessive production of estrogen and progesterone

Question 24

In a study of 326 Dutch candidates for sex reassignment surgery, of 222 receiving hormone treatment, ______ dropped out before surgery.

A)about 90%
B)64%
C)15%
D)none

Question 25

Most children acquire a firm sense of gender identity by the age of

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.

Question 26

According to psychoanalytic theory, appropriate gender typing occurs when

A)the Oedipus complex is resolved.
B)a child enters the Electra stage.
C)the psychosexual stage is completed.
D)a child enters adolescence.

Question 27

The concept of "third gender" or "third sex" refers to

A)individuals who are considered neither male nor female.
B)individuals who undergo sex reassignment surgery.
C)cross-dressers.
D)transsexuals.

Question 28

Which is true regarding sex-reassignment surgery for female to male reassignment?

A)Many FTM individuals do not bother to have phalloplasty.
B)The ovaries are removed but the uterus and vagina are kept intact.
C)An artificial penis is constructed that can become naturally erect.
D)The uterus and breasts are removed but the ovaries are kept intact.

Question 29

Hermaphroditism describes an individual who

A)has a genetic pattern of either XXY or XYY.
B)is a genetic (XX)female with masculinized external genitals.
C)has both ovarian and testicular tissue.
D)is a genetic male (XY)with feminized external genitals.

Question 30

According to the text, transsexuals usually

A)show cross-gender preferences in play and dress early in childhood.
B)have very rigid notions of gender and the behaviours associated with gender.
C)are aware of their transsexual feelings very early in childhood.
D)do not show cross-gender preferences in play or dress until adolescence.

Question 31

Zucker (2002), one of Canada's leading researchers on gender identity, suggests that the preferred term used to encompass all the different types of syndromes characterized by some abnormality or anomaly in physical sex differentiation is

A)transsexualism.
B)gender dysphoria.
C)transgenderism.
D)intersexuality.

Question 32

Transsexuals are also called

A)transposed people.
B)transgendered people.
C)transassociated people.
D)transfigured people.

Question 33

Which statement is true regarding postoperative adjustment for transsexuals?

A)Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for male-to-female transsexuals.
B)Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for female-to-male transsexuals.
C)Postoperative adjustment does not differ between male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals.
D)Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for younger transsexuals.

Question 34

According to research by Smith et al. (2005), most reports of postoperative adjustment of transsexuals

A)indicate that many regret their decisions.
B)indicate that individuals are no happier than they were prior to surgery.
C)indicate that most were content with the results of their surgeries.
D)indicate that many experience psychological problems.

Question 35

People with a sense of disconnect between their anatomic sex and their gender identity are said to experience

A)gender aphasia.
B)transsexualism.
C)transgenderism.
D)gender dysphoria.

Question 36

Which of the following is a genetic enzyme disorder preventing masculinization of the external genitals?

A)Dominican Republic syndrome
B)Klinefelter's syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 37

The psychological awareness of being male or female is referred to as

A)sex assignment.
B)sex-role adoption.
C)gender differentiation.
D)gender identity.

Question 38

According to Aaron Devor, the final stage through which female-to-male transsexuals progress is

A)integration.
B)identity acceptance.
C)identity pride.
D)discovery.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding transsexuals?

A)They are attracted to members of their own sex and regard themselves as homosexual.
B)Transsexuals vary in their sexual orientations.
C)They are attracted to members of the opposite sex.
D)Most are aware of their transsexual feelings early in childhood.

Question 40

Gender roles can be described as

A)developmentally appropriate male and female behaviour.
B)culturally determined expectations for male and female behaviour.
C)biologically determined male and female behaviour.
D)male and female sexual roles.

Question 41

In a study of 27,000 men that analyzed characteristics of masculinity, men place the highest value on being

A)self-reliant and respectful.
B)successful and sexually active.
C)empathetic and attractive.
D)attractive and sexually active.

Question 42

Prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain may explain why

A)females have a larger right hemisphere and are more verbal.
B)males have a larger left-hemisphere and are superior at visual-spatial tasks.
C)females have a larger hypothalamic region than males.
D)males have more growth in the right hemisphere than in the left.

Question 43

The view that stereotypical gender roles reflect a natural order to things is central to

A)the psychoanalytic theory.
B)the evolutionary perspective.
C)the social-cognitive theory.
D)the gender-schema theory.

Question 44

Cognitive-developmental theory entails a concept of

A)gender availability, gender stability, and gender identity.
B)gender constancy, gender stability, and gender identity.
C)gender constancy, gender flexibility, and gender identity.
D)gender constancy, gender comprehension, and gender identity.

Question 45

The model of psychological androgyny has been criticized by some feminist writers because it

A)stereotypes masculine and feminine sex roles.
B)perpetuates masculine and feminine gender roles.
C)excludes the concept of bisexuality.
D)does not address gender inequity issues.

Question 46

According to research, at what age do most women report higher levels of sexual desire?

A)30-34 years
B)20-25 years
C)39-45 years
D)17-21 years

Question 47

According to the ________ perspective, the story of the survival of our ancient ancestors is etched in our genes.

A)biological
B)evolutionary
C)psychological
D)social-learning

Question 48

According to Freud, gender typing is best explained in terms of

A)the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)identification with the same-gender parent.
C)the modelling of sex-role behaviours children witness from parents.
D)socialization.

Question 49

Mario sees women as incapable of making intellectual decisions and believes that their emotions will always cause them to buckle under pressure. Mario's ideas regarding women exemplify

A)gender identity.
B)gender roles.
C)sexism.
D)machismo.

Question 50

Five-year-old Tyler came ing dress-up. His father was furious, ordered his son to immediately wash off the makeup, and would not allow Tyler to play with Anna again. What process is Tyler's father using to teach gender-typing?

A)modelling
B)identification
C)observational learning
D)socialization

Question 51

Research on heterosexual behaviours indicates that

A)men are much more likely to have engaged in oral sex.
B)differences in the numbers of men and women who have engaged in oral sex are small.
C)men are much more sexually permissive than women.
D)men report many more lifetime sexual partners than women.

Question 52

The prejudgment that a person will possess certain traits because of their gender is called

A)gender typing.
B)sexism.
C)gender role assignment.
D)gender misconception.

Question 53

Which statement would be disputed by critics of the evolutionary theory?

A)Men are better suited for hunting because of upper body strength.
B)Women are better suited for child care since they are more nurturing and empathetic than men.
C)Prenatal sex hormones may predispose men to be more aggressive than women.
D)Girls are encouraged to imitate caretaking behavior at an early age

Question 54

According to Canadian feminist Marlene Mackie, which statement is true regarding feminism?

A)Feminism is one homogeneous movment.
B)Feminism has three major dimensions.
C)Feminism is on the decline.
D)Feminism acts as a barrier to true gender equality.

Question 55

According to research, infants as early as three to eight months

A)indicate a preference for female faces.
B)indicate a preference for female voices.
C)show gender-typed visual preferences .
D)are aware of gender roles.

Question 56

Gender typing is

A)education and legislation on gender.
B)how children interact with others.
C)the process by which children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their gender.
D)all of the above.

Question 57

Research suggests that males are slightly better than females at

A)verbal proble-solving skills.
B)visual-spatial abilities.
C)mathematics.
D)sports.

Question 58

A man who is sexually stimulated by fantasies that his body is female is

A)autogynephilic.
B)gender dysphoric.
C)transsexual.
D)phallophobic.

Question 59

Dr. Jameson believes that males are better suited to hunting because of physical attributes such as greater upper-body strength. He further believes that this attribute was selected to increase survival. What perspective is Dr. Jameson advocating?

A)biological
B)evolutionary
C)cross-cultural
D)psychological

Question 60

The rate of female aggression has ____ in recent years.

A)been similar to that of men
B)increased
C)caused many deaths
D)stayed constant

Question 61

It was widely believed in the ________ period that women were naturally asexual and "unbothered" by sexual desires.

A)Renaissance
B)Victorian
C)Colonial
D)Freudian

Question 62

The belief that "it is natural for men to sow their wild oats," but that women who choose to do so are "nymphomaniacs," is evidence of

A)a double standard.
B)a sexual schema.
C)gender differentiation.
D)a reverse double standard.

Question 63

The complex cognitive network of ideas through which a child interprets and organizes information about gender is called a

A)sex role.
B)gender stereotype.
C)gender pattern.
D)gender schema.

Question 64

Women in their thirties and over who seek out younger men solely for sex are called

A)temptresses.
B)promiscuous.
C)maneaters.
D)cougars.

Question 65

Zucker and his colleagues believe that society is now just as accepting of cross-gendering in boys as in girls.

Question 66

We would all develop female sexual organs if male sex hormones were not present during critical stages of prenatal development.

Question 67

Psychological androgyny is a term used to describe

A)males who display more feminine than masculine traits.
B)males and females who display high assertion and instrumental skills.
C)females who display more masculine than feminine traits.
D)males and females who display both masculine and feminine traits.

Question 68

In Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, gender constancy

A)develops in most children by age seven or eight.
B)develops in most children by age three or four.
C)does not fully develop until adolescence.
D)does not develop until sexual maturity.

Question 69

Research suggests that psychologically androgynous people are

A)less likely to experience sexual satisfaction than masculine men or feminine women.
B)more likely to be bisexual than masculine men or feminine women.
C)more comfortable with their sexuality than masculine men or feminine women.
D)more likely to experience low self-esteem than masculine men or feminine women.

Question 70

Julia is two years old. She knows that she is a girl, but she talks about growing up and being a daddy. She does not yet have an understanding of

A)gender identity.
B)gender stability.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender permanence.

Question 71

The zygote, the beginning of a new human being, has no individuality from that of other zygotes.

Question 72

Klinefelter's syndrome is a disorder caused by an extra Y sex chromosome.

Question 73

Gender-reassignment surgery constructs the internal reproductive organs of the other gender.

Question 74

Gender roles are stereotypes because they evoke fixed expectations of men and women.

Question 75

A 2001 study of Canadian men and women regarding sexual freedom and gender found that

A)more men believe that women have greater sexual freedom.
B)more men believe that men have greater sexual freedom.
C)more men believe that sexual freedom is equal between men and women.
D)more women believe that women have greater sexual freedom.

Question 76

Research on the differences in sexual attitudes and behaviours between men and women has found that

A)Men are more accepting of masturbation than women.
B)Women enjoy casual sex more than men.
C)Men are more likely to view sexually explicit material on the internet than women.
D)Men are much more likely to have masturbated than women.

Question 77

Which region of the world has the highest percentage of men wanting more than one sexual partner?

A)South America
B)North America
C)Western Europe
D)Africa

Question 78

Five-year-old Anika believes that girls do not play football, climb trees, or hit each other. Instead, girls play dress-up, draw, and like to dance. According to Sandra Bem, Anika

A)is sexually differentiated.
B)has a self-concept that is inconsistent with cultural views of femaleness.
C)has acquired a gender schema.
D)has low self-esteem.

Question 79

Boys with Dominican Republic syndrome resembled girls at birth and were reared as females.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true with regard to gender differences when considering higher education?

A)More men than women attend university.
B)There is a general decline in enrolment to universities for both genders.
C)Over half of students enrolled in university are women.
D)The number of women enrolled in university has remained steady since 1990.