Deck 14: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

According the Stanley Hall, adolescence is a period of:

A) calm before the storm.
B) storm and stress.
C) time known as the genital stage.
D) formal operations.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Societies in which transitions to maturity are slow and steady, resulting in little emotional storm and stresses are called:

A) continuous societies.
B) discontinuous societies.
C) industrial societies.
D) technologically advanced societies.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, widespread scientific and public interest in adolescence was sparked by which two trends stemming from industrialization?

A) migration to rural areas and increased education
B) migration to rural areas and decreased education
C) migration to urban areas and increased education
D) migration to urban areas and decreased education

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During the period between 1890 and 1918 high school attendance:

A) went down by 50 percent.
B) stayed the same.
C) went up by 50 percent.
D) went up over 700 percent.

Question 5

In the Freudian view, emotional upheaval during adolescence results from:

A) imitation of the behavior of peers.
B) a hormonal imbalance caused by biological maturation.
C) a psychological imbalance caused by the reawakening of primitive instincts.
D) the failure of sexual urges to reawaken at the same time that biological maturation occurs.

Question 6

What does "storm and stress" refer to?

A) weather patterns
B) the description of adolescence by Freud and Hall
C) the description of adolescence by Piaget
D) the name of growth curve patterns in adolescence

Question 7

According to Margaret Mead, societies vary in how they organize key transitions to maturity in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) the transition from play to work.
B) the transition from being asexual to bisexual.
C) the transition from dependence to independence.
D) the transition from lacking responsibilities to being fully responsible.

Question 8

G. Stanley Hall promoted the idea that:

A) understanding the unique qualities of adolescence was key to developing effective education and counseling for adolescents.
B) adolescence is a distinctive stage when people can at last fulfill the biological imperative to reproduce.
C) biological maturation brings about emotional conflict and instability.
D) adolescence is a time when individuals can finally benefit from the "the education of reason."

Question 9

Freud believed that adolescence was a distinctive stage because:

A) only then can an individual fully differentiate from his/her parent.
B) of the heightened emotionality of this stage.
C) the id, ego, and superego become balanced after the imbalance of middle childhood.
D) at this time an individual can finally fulfill the drive to reproduce the species.

Question 10

When adolescents started moving to cities for job opportunities, groups such as Hull House were formed to provide:

A) further education when teens were not working.
B) apprenticeship opportunities.
C) formal job training.
D) structured activities and organized services to help reduce the number of youths getting into trouble.

Question 11

A new stage of development facing many individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 in technologically advanced societies is called:

A) late adolescence
B) emerging adulthood
C) early adulthood
D) young adulthood

Question 12

Who proposed that the experience of adolescence depends on the nature of the society in which adolescents develop?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Margaret Mead

Question 13

Freud believed the main goal of adolescence was to:

A) reawaken primitive instincts.
B) increase the power of the id.
C) reestablish balance between the id, ego, and superego.
D) recapitulate phylogeny.

Question 14

Shelly is 20-years-old and is a full-time college student in the United States who lives with her parents. While she works part-time, she remains financially dependent on her parents. Which stage is she currently in?

A) late adolescence
B) emerging adulthood
C) early adulthood
D) young adulthood

Question 15

The developmental period of adolescence:

A) has only been identified in recent history.
B) is not found across many cultures.
C) has been associated with heightened instability and emotionality only in modern times.
D) has been described since ancient times.

Question 16

According to G. Stanley Hall, young people:

A) experience adolescence as a time of renewed commitment.
B) repeat earlier stages of development during adolescence.
C) repeat both earlier stages of development and human evolution.
D) repeat the stages of evolution of the species during individual development.

Question 17

Societies in which transitions to maturity are abrupt, resulting in anxiety and distress are called:

A) continuous societies.
B) discontinuous societies.
C) industrial societies.
D) technologically advanced societies.

Question 18

Who emphasized the role of culture in adolescent development?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Margaret Mead

Question 19

Adolescence brings about which of the following biological and social changes?

A) changes in interactions with peers and friends
B) transformation in body size and shape
C) changes in the way teens think about themselves
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

Who believed that adolescence is a distinctive stage of development because only then can an individual finally "fulfill the biological imperative to reproduce"?

A) Piaget
B) Arnold Gesell
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Vygotsky

Question 21

According to Tanner, which body part has its adolescent growth spurt earliest?

A) the legs
B) the arms
C) the trunk
D) the shoulders

Question 22

In general the following are gender differences found among adolescents EXCEPT:

A) females are healthier.
B) females are better able to handle long-term stress.
C) males are stronger.
D) males are better able to handle long-term stress.

Question 23

What does the term "growth spurt" refer to?

A) the rapid change in height and weight that marks the onset of puberty
B) the rapid change in height that marks the onset of puberty
C) the rapid change in weight that marks the onset of puberty
D) sexual maturation

Question 24

Jane and John are twins. Based on what we know about gender differences in puberty, which of the following is most likely?

A) Jane will grow 9 inches taller during the growth spurt.
B) John will grow 6 to 7 inches taller during the growth spurt.
C) Jane will have an increase in muscle compared to fat.
D) John will have a decrease in body fat.

Question 25

In general, the aerobic power associated with the cardiovascular and muscular systems:

A) peaks earlier for females but is of greatest magnitude in males.
B) peaks earlier for males but is of greatest magnitude in females.
C) peaks earlier and is of greatest magnitude in males.
D) peaks earlier and is of greatest magnitude in females.

Question 26

The physiological differences between males and females may explain why:

A) females can exercise for longer periods than males.
B) males are generally healthier than females.
C) females have more difficulty tolerating stress.
D) males have been the hunters and heavy laborers throughout history.

Question 27

Which is a correct assessment of physiological differences between males and females?

A) Males are stronger, healthier, and better able to tolerate long-term stress.
B) Females have larger hearts and lower resting heart rates and can exercise for longer periods.
C) Males have greater capacity for physical exercise, but females are healthier and tolerate stress better.
D) There are no appreciable differences in the capacity of males and females for exercise and athletic performance.

Question 28

In comparison to other primates, humans' speed of growth:

A) continues to decline in a relatively straight line from birth through adulthood.
B) continues to increase in a relatively straight line from birth through adulthood.
C) is fastest throughout childhood.
D) is slowest until the adolescent growth spurt.

Question 29

Before puberty, the strength level of girls and boys is:

A) the same.
B) greater for girls.
C) greater for boys.
D) not related to overall size.

Question 30

In males, the adolescent growth spurt:

A) occurs at about the same age for all boys.
B) occurs, on the average, at the same time it does for females.
C) lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as 6 to 7 inches of growth.
D) lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as about 9 inches of growth.

Question 31

Strength, as measured by hand grip or arm pull, is:

A) considerably greater in boys than in girls throughout development.
B) approximately equal in boys and girls of equal size throughout development.
C) greater in girls than in boys of equal size before puberty, and greater in boys thereafter.
D) nearly equal in boys and girls of equal size before puberty, but greater in boys thereafter.

Question 32

By the end of puberty:

A) boys will be stronger than girls.
B) girls will be stronger than boys.
C) girls will have a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to their lungs than boys.
D) boys will have a higher resting heart rate than girls.

Question 33

In females, the adolescent growth spurt:

A) occurs at about the same age for all girls.
B) occurs, on the average, at the same time it does in males.
C) lasts 2 to 3 years and results in as much as 6 to 7 inches of growth.
D) lasts 2 to 3 years and results in about as much as 9 inches of growth.

Question 34

The changes in overall shape that occur during adolescence are:

A) generally the same for boys and girls.
B) a lower ratio of fat to muscle in females.
C) that boys acquire wide shoulders while girls' hips expand.
D) a lengthening trunk before lengthening legs.

Question 35

Young people reach 98 percent of their adult height:

A) by the end of middle childhood.
B) by the end of the growth spurt of puberty.
C) about the time they graduate from high school.
D) before they show signs of developing sexual maturity.

Question 36

The series of biological developments that transforms individuals from a state of physical immaturity into one in which they are biologically mature and capable of sexual reproduction is called:

A) late adolescence.
B) puberty.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) adolescence.

Question 37

What is semenarche?

A) an anatomical sign that outwardly distinguishes males from females.
B) an organ directly involved in reproduction.
C) the first menstrual period.
D) the first ejaculation.

Question 38

A growth spurt following childhood:

A) occurs in all mammals.
B) is unique to Homo sapiens.
C) is unique to primates.
D) does not occur in mammals.

Question 39

In our species, the onset of puberty and the capacity to reproduce is radically delayed compared to other primates. Evolutionary theories have argued that delayed maturation in humans:

A) contributes to our reproductive problems.
B) means we are evolutionarily behind other primates.
C) diverts energy to disease prevention.
D) allows humans to date.

Question 40

The pattern of growth during the growth spurt would lead to which outcome?

A) A boy would need a bigger jacket before he would need longer pants.
B) A boy would need to buy a bigger jacket and longer pants at the same time.
C) A boy would need longer pants before he would need a bigger jacket.
D) A boy would need a new hat before he would need new trousers.

Question 41

During adolescence, the brain changes in that:

A) the amount of white matter stays the same, but the amount of gray matter increases.
B) the amount of white matter increases, and the amount of gray matter increases and then decreases.
C) the amount of white matter decreases, while the amount of gray matter increases.
D) the amount of both white matter and gray matter increases.

Question 42

Anatomical and physiological signs that outwardly differentiate males and females are:

A) gonadotrophic hormones.
B) primary sexual characteristics.
C) ovulation and spermatogenesis.
D) secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 43

The hormone estrogen is found in:

A) females only.
B) males only.
C) males and females.
D) females after puberty only.

Question 44

Which of the following is associated with a decline in risk-taking behaviors in late adolescence and early adulthood?

A) maturation of the cortex
B) improvement in executive functioning
C) both maturation of the cortex and improvement in executive functioning
D) neither maturation of the cortex nor improvement in executive functioning

Question 45

The frontal lobes are associated with processes that are associated with executive function. Which of the following is not an executive function?

A) memory
B) decision making
C) reasoning
D) preformal operational thought

Question 46

Which is a secondary sexual characteristic?

A) the onset of menarche
B) the production of sperm
C) the production of semen
D) the appearance of pubic and underarm hair

Question 47

The hormone testosterone is found in:

A) females only.
B) males only.
C) males and females.
D) males after puberty only.

Question 48

Pubertal hormones have _____ on the brain, meaning that they trigger structural changes in the brain.

A) pruning effects
B) lateralization effects
C) organizing effects
D) rewarding effects

Question 49

What is the limbic system's primary neurotransmitter?

A) leptin
B) kisspeptin
C) dopamine
D) estradiol

Question 50

What happens to the gray matter of the brain during adolescence?

A) Gray matter continues to increase throughout adolescence.
B) Gray matter starts to decline in early adolescence.
C) Gray matter declines in early adolescence but increases in late adolescence.
D) Gray matter increases in early adolescence but decreases in late adolescence.

Question 51

Which neurotransmitter stimulates the reward system in the brain?

A) leptin
B) kisspeptin
C) dopamine
D) estradiol

Question 52

The organs directly involved in reproduction are known as:

A) primary sex organs.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) semenarche.
D) menarche.

Question 53

Which of the following does NOT usually occur until fairly late in puberty?

A) the growth spurt
B) deepening of the voice
C) the appearance of pubic hair
D) the appearance of the breast bud

Question 54

Recent research suggests that adolescent brains:

A) are the same as fully formed adult brains.
B) are undergoing transition and thus may be particularly vulnerable to exposure to drugs and alcohol.
C) show an increase in the proportion of gray matter but not white matter.
D) develop at the same speed in males and females.

Question 55

The amount of increase in estrogen and testosterone for males and females during puberty is:

A) the same.
B) greater for testosterone in males.
C) greater for estrogen in females.
D) not a significant contributor to other physical changes.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of the Pumé people living in isolation in southwestern Venezuela?

A) Boys and girls exhibit a typical pattern of physical development in middle childhood and early adolescence.
B) Pumé girls continue to grow at a fairly even pace throughout middle childhood and adolescence with no evidence of entering a growth spurt.
C) Pumé boys continue to grow at a fairly even pace throughout middle childhood and adolescence with no evidence of entering a growth spurt.
D) Pumé girls reach their peak height and weight velocities at a considerably later age than their Western counterparts.

Question 57

Development of the pelvic inlet, the bony opening of the birth canal, occurs:

A) at the same time as the ovaries enlarge.
B) when the breast buds appear.
C) with the onset of menstruation.
D) much slower than that of other secondary sex characteristics.

Question 58

During puberty, the level of testosterone in males increases over the level in middle childhood by:

A) 2 times.
B) 3 times.
C) 8 times.
D) 18 times.

Question 59

The occurrence of the first menstrual period:

A) is called menarche.
B) marks the beginning of ovulation.
C) is the first event of puberty for girls.
D) comes at about the same age for all girls.

Question 60

Ovulation usually begins:

A) with menarche.
B) at the beginning of puberty.
C) 12 to 18 months after the onset of menarche.
D) about the same time as the appearance of breast buds.

Question 61

Jennifer is 16 years old and tends to stay up late at night, going to sleep around 2:00 a.m. On the weekends she tends to sleep very late in the day, often not waking until after noon. This shift in the sleep-wake pattern that occurs during adolescence is called:

A) delayed circadian phase.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) NREM sleep.
D) delta wave sleep pattern.

Question 62

One of the most significant breakthroughs in pubertal science in the last three decades is the discovery of a small protein produced by cells in the hypothalamus. This protein plays a key role in the activation of the HPG axis and is called:

A) kisspeptin.
B) hugpeptin.
C) lovepeptin.
D) leptin.

Question 63

Ovaries in females and testes in males are known as:

A) hormones.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) gonads.
D) menarche.

Question 64

Which of the following is likely to happen to adolescents and their sleep patterns as they develop?

A) There is no difference in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
B) There is an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
C) There is a decrease in the amount of time adolescents spend in NREM sleep.
D) The size of delta waves increases sharply during adolescence.

Question 65

The Piagetian stage in which problems are solved systematically by considering all possible combinations is called:

A) formal operations.
B) formal responding.
C) abstract operations.
D) concrete operations.

Question 66

The thinking involved in planning a holiday meal, including what to serve, how to serve it, who to invite, and so forth, is an example of:

A) concrete operational thinking.
B) formal operational thinking.
C) social contract reasoning.
D) strategic knowledge.

Question 67

On average how much sleep does an adolescent get a night?

A) about 4 hours.
B) about 5 hours.
C) about 7 hours.
D) about 12 hours.

Question 68

The timing of the onset of puberty is:

A) determined by biology.
B) dependent on interactions between biology and the environment.
C) not related to environmental factors.
D) predictive of the length of puberty.

Question 69

A serious condition that involves the activation of the HPG axis before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys is called:

A) secular trend.
B) precocious puberty.
C) late maturation.
D) early maturation.

Question 70

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce greater amounts of growth hormone at the beginning of which of the following?

A) puberty
B) adolescence
C) formal operational thought
D) multiple perspective taking

Question 71

Sleep researchers recognize that the sleep-wake shift results from an interaction of biological and environmental influences including all of the following EXCEPT:

A) hormones that affect the brain's biological clock.
B) decreased parental control.
C) increased schoolwork.
D) the growth spurt.

Question 72

The following may help to account for the higher levels of obesity found among African Americans.

A) the lack of adequate grocery stores found in poor, urban communities
B) the lack of adequate grocery stores found in well-to-do communities
C) the lack of fast-food outlets found in poor, urban communities
D) the lack of fast-food outlets found in well-to-do communities

Question 73

While the results of studies are mixed, the overall effect of early maturation for girls appears to be:

A) minimal.
B) short-lived.
C) more negative than positive.
D) more positive than negative.

Question 74

A pattern in which the average age of puberty in developed countries declines across decades is referred to as:

A) secular trend.
B) precocious puberty.
C) late maturation.
D) early maturation.

Question 75

Researchers have found that adolescents from food-insecure families exhibit the following eating pattern.

A) They are less likely to be obese than adolescents from food-secure families.
B) They are less likely to eat fast food than adolescents from food-secure families.
C) They are more likely to eat meals with their families than adolescents from food-secure families.
D) They are more likely to eat fast food than adolescents from food-secure families.

Question 76

Early pubertal maturation, especially for girls, has been found to be connected with increased:

A) life satisfaction.
B) contraception use.
C) incidence of depression.
D) popularity.

Question 77

A network of hormone-secreting glands associated with changes in an individual's mood, metabolism, and growth makes up the:

A) endocrine system.
B) limbic system.
C) hypothalamatic system.
D) brain system.

Question 78

The hormone that controls the adolescent growth spurt is produced in the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) pituitary gland.
D) ovaries and testes.

Question 79

What hormone plays a key role in appetite and metabolism?

A) leptin
B) kisspeptin
C) dopamine
D) estradiol

Question 80

In studying twins and pubertal onset, the following was found:

A) pubertal onset is closer for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins.
B) pubertal onset is closer for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins.
C) pubertal onset is earlier for twins than it is for singletons.
D) pubertal onset is later for twins than it is for singletons.