Deck 15: Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Over the course of adolescence, emotions become:

A) more intense, but emotional ups and downs become less frequent.
B) more intense, and emotional ups and downs become more frequent.
C) less intense, but emotional ups and downs become more frequent.
D) less intense, and emotional ups and downs become less frequent.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Families play a critical role in how adolescents learn to manage their feelings. Studies of adolescents find that:

A) warm, supportive parenting is associated with the ability to regulate one's feelings.
B) warm, supportive parenting is associated with negative emotions and aggressive behaviors.
C) a family history of emotional negativity is associated with the ability to regulate one's feelings.
D) a family history of emotional negativity is NOT associated with emotional regulation.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a study examining the connection between emotion and social expectations conducted with adolescents in India and England, researchers found that:

A) in England, girls were more likely than boys to share their emotional experiences with others, but no gender difference was found in India.
B) in both cultures, girls were more likely than boys to share their emotional experiences with others.
C) in India, the intensity of the emotions was greater for girls than for boys, but no gender difference was found in England.
D) in England, the intensity of the emotions was greater for girls than for boys, but no gender difference was found in India.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

John is so upset with his brother because he broke his guitar that he wants to punch him. He decides to retreat to his room to cool down instead. What aspect of emotion regulation is John displaying?

A) the ability to "down regulate"
B) the ability to "up regulate"
C) persistence
D) depression

Question 5

Lisbet and Adrianne are best friends. Their dyadic friendship serves two significant developmental functions, according to developmentalists. They are:

A) intimacy and commitment.
B) commitment and autonomy.
C) intimacy and autonomy.
D) cliques and crowds.

Question 6

Adolescents who perceive their friends as supportive report:

A) fewer school-related problems.
B) more psychological problems.
C) less risk-taking.
D) more loneliness.

Question 7

Experts suggest that the intimacy of adolescent friendships should be balanced out with a healthy amount of:

A) interdependence.
B) commitment.
C) engagement.
D) autonomy.

Question 8

The give-and-take of close relationships is called:

A) reciprocity.
B) commitment.
C) equality.
D) intimacy.

Question 9

Dr. Stickley wants to conduct a study examining the emotional ups and downs of adolescents. She decides to have research participants carry electronic pagers that beep at random intervals, signaling it is time for them to fill out a brief report on their current feelings. This type of methodology is called:

A) experimental design.
B) experience sampling method.
C) longitudinal design.
D) qualitative method.

Question 10

Scholars have speculated that in early adolescence there is a gap between intense emotions triggered by pubertal hormones and the brains' ability to regulate them. The adolescent is especially vulnerable to risk-taking, recklessness, and emotional problems until:

A) the maturation of synapses in the brain is complete.
B) the maturation of the frontal lobes is complete.
C) the maturation of the hypothalamus is complete.
D) the set-point is hit on the hormonal feedback loop.

Question 11

The characteristics that adolescents see as fundamental to their friendships include:

A) attractiveness.
B) being on the same sports team.
C) interest in the same video game.
D) commitment.

Question 12

In terms of the emotional states of adolescents, researchers have found that:

A) average happiness decreases during adolescence.
B) average happiness increases during adolescence.
C) average happiness remains constant during adolescence.
D) average happiness is not related to an increase in negative emotions.

Question 13

According to a longitudinal study conducted by Larsen and colleagues on the emotional states of adolescents, adolescents reported positive emotions:

A) 10 percent of the time.
B) 30 percent of the time.
C) 50 percent of the time.
D) 70 percent of the time.

Question 14

Which is a component of mindfulness?

A) self-regulation of attention
B) nonjudgmental awareness of experience
C) both self-regulation of attention and nonjudgmental awareness of experience
D) neither self-regulation of attention nor nonjudgmental awareness of experience

Question 15

The desire to participate in highly arousing activities is called:

A) engagement-seeking.
B) sexual maturity.
C) thrill-seeking.
D) sensation-seeking.

Question 16

In a longitudinal study of the relationship between family interactions and emotions in children from ages nine to thirteen, Eisenberg and her colleagues found that:

A) parents' emotional warmth to children at age nine predicted lower emotional regulation two years later.
B) emotional regulation in early adolescence was related to more externalizing behaviors two years later.
C) parents' emotional warmth to children at age nine was not related to emotional regulation in adolescence.
D) emotional regulation in early adolescence was related to fewer externalizing behaviors two years later.

Question 17

An observational study was conducted on the gender-role socialization of adolescents by their mothers following adolescents' performance on a task which is designed for failure. The study found that mothers of boys:

A) were more likely than the mothers of girls to encourage their children's expression of negative emotion.
B) were less likely than the mothers of girls to encourage their children's expression of negative emotion.
C) and girls encouraged expression of negative emotion equally to each other.
D) who adhered more traditional gender roles, were most likely to encourage their children's expression of negative emotion.

Question 18

Close friendships between two individuals are known as:

A) committed friendships.
B) homophily.
C) cliques.
D) dyadic friendships.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of adolescent emotional states and gender?

A) Boys tend to have more positive average emotions than do girls.
B) Girls tend to have more positive average emotions than do boys.
C) Girls tend to have more negative average emotions than do boys.
D) There is no difference in the positive emotions of boys and girls.

Question 20

Jane is invited by her best friend Tina to go drinking at her house when her parents are out of town. Although Jane's first impulse is that this would be fun, she decides against the drinking night because she is worried about the consequences, including not doing well on an important test the next day. Jane is exhibiting:

A) boredom.
B) good study habits.
C) impulse control.
D) persistence.

Question 21

Jennifer is casually dating Greg. Gina is Jennifer's best friend. Which statement best reflects the way Jennifer and Gina's friendship has most likely been affected by Jennifer's relationship with Greg?

A) Gina and Jennifer are less intimate than they used to be.
B) Gina and Jennifer are closer as they spend more time talking about this new relationship.
C) Gina and Jennifer spend less time together now.
D) The dating relationship has had no impact on their friendship.

Question 22

By mid-adolescence, what percentage of adolescents' report involvement in relatively intense romantic relationships?

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 23

Deviancy training refers to:

A) training teens to withstand peer pressure.
B) methods of helping break the cycle of juvenile delinquency.
C) positive reactions to discussions of breaking rules.
D) media examples of socially deviant behavior.

Question 24

Getting good grades and being labeled a "brain":

A) places one in the elite crowd.
B) can lead one to be ostracized in some communities.
C) places one in the unpopular crowd.
D) leads one to be disparaged by other teens.

Question 25

Some have proposed that boys' friendships are less intimate than those of girls' because:

A) girls are less trusting of their friends.
B) boys are less competitive with their friends.
C) of homophobia.
D) of autonomy.

Question 26

Researchers of adolescent antisocial behavior have made the argument that it is:

A) universal.
B) reduced when more time is spent with adults.
C) reduced when more time is spent in peer groups.
D) reduced when more time is spent caring for younger children.

Question 27

According to Dunphy, the size of an adolescent clique is about the same size as:

A) a football team.
B) a couple.
C) a family.
D) a classroom of students.

Question 28

A fear of homosexuality is referred to as:

A) autonomy.
B) clique.
C) homophobia.
D) homophily.

Question 29

Research about adolescent social relationships during the 1950s and today indicates that:

A) crowds are similar in both eras.
B) crowds in the 1950s often disintegrated into groups of couples planning to get married.
C) in both age groups, by mid-adolescence, about three-quarters of adolescents report involvement in intense romantic relationships.
D) the time between menarche and marriage has remained stable.

Question 30

Teen peer groups shift from:

A) same-sex cliques to heterosexual crowds.
B) same-sex crowds to loosely associated groups of couples.
C) heterosexual crowds to same-sex cliques.
D) heterosexual crowds to isolated same-sex cliques.

Question 31

Homophily refers to:

A) the degree to which friends are similar to one another.
B) the reputations adolescents use when deciding which people they want to spend time with.
C) the process of seeking out others who are similar in personality traits and behaviors.
D) an exaggerated fear of homosexuality.

Question 32

Margie and Jeff just started to hang out with a group of friends who engage in high level of disruptive behaviors. What is likely to happen to their behavior as time goes on?

A) Margie will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Jeff will not.
B) Jeff will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Margie will not.
C) Margie and Jeff will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Margie will be more susceptible to her friends' influence.
D) Margie and Jeff will begin to engage in more disruptive behavior, but Jeff will be more susceptible to his friends' influence.

Question 33

Selection refers to the process of:

A) seeking out other teenagers who are similar in personality traits and behavior.
B) modeling and reinforcing socially significant behaviors.
C) forming crowds.
D) developing a certain status among peer groups.

Question 34

The use of social media in adolescence may do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) increase feelings of social connection.
B) increase intimacy between friends.
C) increase closeness with peers.
D) decrease face-to-face friendships.

Question 35

Research indicates that high school friends tend to be:

A) more diverse than elementary school friends in ethnic background, views of school, and choice of leisure activities.
B) more similar than elementary school friends in ethnic background, views of school, and choice of leisure activities.
C) more diverse than elementary school friends in ethnic background, but more similar in views of school and choice of leisure activities.
D) more diverse than elementary school friends in ethnic background and views of school, but more similar in feelings about drug use and delinquency.

Question 36

An adolescent clique consists of:

A) a loosely associated group of couples.
B) two girls or two boys who are "best friends."
C) a group of five to seven friends.
D) a group of fifteen to twenty friends of the same sex.

Question 37

In terms of adolescent friendships:

A) boys' friendships are more intense, but girls' friendships are more intimate.
B) girls' friendships are more intense, but boys' friendships are more intimate.
C) boys' friendships are more intense and intimate.
D) girls' friendships are more intense and intimate.

Question 38

Cognitive frames of knowledge used by individuals to guide and interpret sexual behavior are called:

A) sexual debut.
B) family sexual culture.
C) sexual identity.
D) sexual scripts.

Question 39

Cliques are:

A) groups that teens have little control over.
B) groups of little positive value to teens.
C) associated with a particular setting.
D) reputation-based collectives.

Question 40

In adolescent social development, crowds:

A) are unrelated to cliques or reputation.
B) consist of six or seven same-sex friends.
C) are groups of both sexes who share common interests.
D) consist of individuals with widely varying interests and skills.

Question 41

Research has shown that adolescents and their parents generally agree on which of the following issues?

A) hours of sleep
B) styles of dress
C) religious issues
D) issues related to sex

Question 42

The decreasing intensity and frequency of conflict between parents and teens over the course of adolescence coincides with:

A) the onset of puberty.
B) the period when teens are spending less time at home.
C) a greater level of disclosure between the teen and his/her parent.
D) a refocusing of conflict on major life issues such as religion and politics.

Question 43

The conflicts between teens and their parents:

A) most often revolve around major life issues such as religion and politics.
B) rarely lead to a serious breakdown in relations.
C) most often occur with mothers.
D) occur because parents are urging their children to be more independent.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT true regarding adolescents who have a secure attachment to their parents?

A) They have higher levels of self-efficacy.
B) They are more likely to be involved in sports.
C) They are more likely to experience behavioral and mental well-being.
D) They are more likely to demonstrate externalizing behaviors.

Question 45

Family practices that socialize and reinforce sexual values, attitudes, and behaviors of family members are called the:

A) family sexual culture.
B) sexual debut.
C) sexual script.
D) sexual identity.

Question 46

Stacey has learned about sex from her parents, peers, and media sources. All of the information she has learned from these sources contribute to the development of her:

A) sexual debut.
B) family sexual culture.
C) sexual identity.
D) sexual script.

Question 47

What is true of relationships with peers and parents during adolescence?

A) The time spent with parents decreases.
B) The time spent with peers decreases.
C) Adolescents are more likely to talk to parents than peers about their dating lives.
D) Adolescent-parent conflict decreases.

Question 48

When adolescents have conversations with their parents about sexuality and when parents monitor the adolescents' sexual exposure, adolescents are likely to do all of the following except be:

A) less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors.
B) less likely to experience pregnancy.
C) less likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection.
D) more likely to be younger when they have their first sexual encounter.

Question 49

As a teen reconciles his view of who he wants to be and who he is, he is developing his sense of:

A) self-control.
B) identity.
C) accommodation.
D) heteronomous morality.

Question 50

Having sexual intercourse for the first time is referred to as:

A) sexual identity.
B) sexual script.
C) sexual debut.
D) sexual intimacy.

Question 51

Professor Schmidt believes that children's attachment history with their primary caregivers provide a mental model that they construct as a result of their experiences that they use to guide their interactions with caregivers and, later, with peers and romantic partners. This demonstrates what attachment theorists call a(n):

A) internal working model.
B) internal schema.
C) internal script.
D) external schema.

Question 52

In a U.S. study with more than 10,000 young adults between the ages of 18 and 24, youth were asked how much they wanted to have sex at the time they had their first sexual experience. What was one of their findings?

A) Most young men did not want to have sex.
B) Most young men had mix feelings about having sex.
C) Most young women wanted to have sex.
D) Most young women had mixed feeling about having sex.

Question 53

Parent/child conflict in adolescence tends to relate to:

A) parental desires to keep their children dependent.
B) the children's desire to remain dependent.
C) issues such as religion and political affiliation.
D) trivial issues such as dress and curfews.

Question 54

Some infants feel anxious and apprehensive, anticipate rejection, and feel that their caregivers are not reliable sources of comfort and safety. This is referred to as:

A) insecure attachment.
B) secure attachment.
C) unmonitored attachment.
D) resilient attachment.

Question 55

Laursen and his colleagues (1998) found that patterns of conflict between families and their children change in what way over the course of adolescence?

A) The intensity of conflict is high at the start of adolescence but then steadily declines.
B) The frequency of conflict changes but not the intensity.
C) The frequency of conflict is high at the start of adolescence and then decreases.
D) The intensity of conflict does not decline.

Question 56

Some infants feel accepted and worthy of their caregiver's affection and trust that their caregiver will be available to provide warmth and support. This is referred to as:

A) insecure attachment.
B) secure attachment.
C) unmonitored attachment.
D) resilient attachment.

Question 57

The data on the role of parents and peers in shaping adolescent behavior points to:

A) no evidence of a "generation gap."
B) strong evidence of a "generation gap."
C) little evidence of adolescents breaking away and establishing relationships outside the family.
D) a process of individuation whereby adolescents and their parents negotiate a new form of independence.

Question 58

When parents and adolescents argue over how a child dresses, they are discussing:

A) boundaries of moral and social conventional domains.
B) moral domains.
C) boundaries of the social conventional and the personal domains.
D) moral and personal domains.

Question 59

Which of the following is true regarding the proportion of males and females reporting on ever having vaginal intercourse between the ages of 14 and 24?

A) The proportion of males increases from 10 percent to 70 percent
B) The proportion of females increases from 10 percent to 70 percent
C) The proportion of males increases from 20 percent to 85 percent
D) The proportion of females increases from 20 percent to 85 percent

Question 60

A family's conventions regarding touching and nudity, words for genitals, parents' dating behaviors, and parental monitoring of children's sexual exposure are all examples of:

A) family sexual culture.
B) the sexual debut.
C) sexual identities.
D) a sexual script.

Question 61

Which of the following has been associated with resilience during adolescence?

A) agency
B) maturity
C) self-efficacy
D) self-control

Question 62

According to James Marcia, adolescents in the middle of an identity crisis are coping by using:

A) foreclosure.
B) moratorium.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity achievement.

Question 63

According to James Marcia, adolescents who have tried a variety of identities without being able to make a commitment to any would be classified as being in the pattern of:

A) foreclosure.
B) moratorium.
C) identity diffusion.
D) identity achievement.

Question 64

Social and economic benefits that are automatically granted to individuals simply because they are members of the White majority is referred to as:

A) ethnic identity.
B) White identity.
C) White privilege.
D) bicultural stress.

Question 65

In identity formation, a teenager who is actively pursuing his own goals is engaged in:

A) foreclosure.
B) identity diffuser.
C) identity achievement.
D) moratorium.

Question 66

Samantha feels that she is in control of her sexual experiences. What is this called?

A) sexual agency
B) sexual self
C) sexual identity
D) sexual script

Question 67

Stress experienced by many ethnic-minority and immigrant adolescents as they negotiate two cultures at the same time is called:

A) ethnic identity.
B) ethnic stress.
C) bicultural anxiety.
D) bicultural stress.

Question 68

What is a person's sense of being able to influence, control, and be responsible for his or her own actions and experiences?

A) agency
B) resilience
C) self-efficacy
D) self-control

Question 69

James Marcia and his colleagues suggest that adolescents who have adopted their parents' patterns of identity rather than forming their own are engaging in:

A) foreclosure.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity achievement.
D) moratorium.

Question 70

Experiencing negative emotions surrounding issues of sex and sexuality is called:

A) sexual agency.
B) sexual anxiety.
C) sexual script.
D) sexual openness.

Question 71

A study of Latino 13- to 16-year-olds found that higher levels of _____ were associated with stronger beliefs related to _____.

A) sexual identity; simpatia and respecto
B) sexual script; simpatia and respecto
C) sexual agency; simpatia and respecto
D) sexual schema; simpatia and respecto

Question 72

Cognitions and feelings about who one is as a sexual being is referred to as:

A) agency.
B) resilience.
C) sexual self.
D) sexual self-esteem.

Question 73

A sense of oneself as a member of a particular ethnic group is called:

A) ethnic identity.
B) ethnic self.
C) ethnic agency.
D) ethnic openness.

Question 74

According to Erikson, the fundamental task of adolescence is:

A) taking initiative.
B) developing trust.
C) identity formation.
D) becoming autonomous.

Question 75

Jasmine is attempting to achieve a sense of who she is, what moral and political beliefs to embrace, her career preferences, and her relationship to her culture and community. Jasmine is going through the process of:

A) cognitive development.
B) emotional regulation.
C) identity development.
D) puberty.

Question 76

The proportion of adolescents categorized as identity achievers:

A) increases steadily during the high school years.
B) stays the same in young people 15 years and older.
C) decreases sharply among college-age young people.
D) does not increase in adolescence but increases sharply among college-age people.

Question 77

What is the ability to adapt and be successful despite being in circumstances of high risk and adversity?

A) agency
B) resilience
C) self-efficacy
D) self-control

Question 78

How individuals feel about their sexual thoughts, desires, and behaviors as well as feelings they have about their bodies in sexual contexts is referred to as _____.

A) sexual self-esteem
B) sexual agency
C) sexual self
D) sexual openness

Question 79

John is willing to experience sexual desire and sense of agency in expressing sexuality and exploring and enjoying sexual experiences. What is this called?

A) sexual agency
B) sexual self
C) sexual identity
D) sexual openness

Question 80

Marcia (1996) examined which two factors essential to achieving a mature identity?

A) sensitization and identity assumption
B) crisis/exploration and commitment
C) independence and interdependence
D) commitment and identity integration