Deck 10: Contexts of Development

Question 1

Families, child-care settings, and neighborhoods are all examples of aspects of children's:

A) microsystems.
B) mesosystems.
C) exosystems.
D) macrosystems.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Nuclear families are more likely to ____________ than are extended families.

A) develop closer intimate ties between parents and children
B) become sociable
C) include grandparents
D) be less isolated

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Allocaregiving is a term used to refer to child care:

A) provided by parents.
B) provided by relatives other than the parents.
C) provided by trained professionals.
D) that includes both punishment and warmth.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If a researcher wanted to focus on the exosystem of children's lives, she would focus on:

A) family life.
B) the relationship between the child's parents and his teacher.
C) the mother's job.
D) the historical time period the child lives in.

Question 5

The term ____________ refers to how the family unit is socially organized.

A) family structure
B) family dynamics
C) extended family
D) nuclear family

Question 6

Jennifer lives with her mother, father, husband, and daughter. Jennifer lives in a(n) ____________ family.

A) nuclear
B) extended
C) single parent
D) multi-parent

Question 7

According to a recent national study, approximately ____________ of the entire population in the United States live in extended families.

A) 2 percent
B) 19 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 8

Extended family living arrangements are more likely to occur:

A) when the family is experiencing economic success.
B) when the mother is older.
C) when the mother is single.
D) among White families than among Hispanic families.

Question 9

Jason is a single father who lives with his two children. This family would be considered a(n) ____________ family.

A) nuclear
B) extended
C) polygynous
D) multi-parent

Question 10

As large numbers of individuals migrated from rural areas to newly industrialized cities, family structure changed from ____________ to ____________, according to historian Philippe Ariès.

A) single-parent families; nuclear families
B) nuclear families; extended families
C) extended families; nuclear families
D) nuclear families; single-parent families

Question 11

Child care and protection provided by relatives other than the parents is referred to as:

A) nuclear families.
B) family structure.
C) allocaregiving.
D) supplemental caregiving.

Question 12

The Whitings' studies of six cultures:

A) showed that parents rarely try to control their children's behavior.
B) found different child-rearing practices among individuals within Kenyan society.
C) concluded that the Gusii of Kenya are prosocial and that U.S. children are self-centered.
D) contributed to our knowledge of how cultural differences shape children's personalities and behavior.

Question 13

Researchers who investigate the contexts children experience directly in their daily lives are focusing on the ____________ of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model.

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 14

The environment that has the first impact on a young child's development is the:

A) media.
B) school.
C) family.
D) social environment in which the child plays.

Question 15

The ____________ is a family in which not only parents and their children but other kin-grandparents, cousins, nephews, or more distant family relations-share a household.

A) extended family
B) nuclear family
C) macro family
D) exceptional family

Question 16

Gusii children are more likely to engage in kinds of behavior that include ____________, while children in the United States are more likely to engage in kinds of behavior that include ____________.

A) offering help and support; reprimanding and insulting
B) reprimanding and insulting; making responsible suggestions
C) offering help and support; acting sociably and engaging in horseplay
D) acting sociably and engaging in horseplay; seeking help and attention

Question 17

What is the term used to describe a family consisting of two parents and their children?

A) nuclear
B) extended
C) polygynous
D) multi-parent

Question 18

According to the Whitings, having chores that are not clearly related to the family's economic welfare leads children to become less:

A) nurturant-responsible.
B) authoritarian-aggressive.
C) sociable-intimate.
D) dependent-dominant.

Question 19

When the Whitings compared cultural contexts among six different cultures, they found that within the New England Orchard Town culture, children were:

A) often asked to do chores.
B) encouraged to think of themselves as group members.
C) less likely to engage in prosocial behaviors than were Gusii children.
D) very likely to be found engaged in nurturant-responsible behaviors.

Question 20

What influence does the help of allocaregivers have on children and families?

A) Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are likely to have more children.
B) Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are likely to have fewer children.
C) Children who are cared for by allocaregivers are likely to develop insecure attachment patterns.
D) Children who are cared for by allocaregivers are likely to develop competitive sibling relationships.

Question 21

Which of the following goals is MOST important to parents whose families are living under conditions of threat?

A) their children's emotional development
B) their children's future economic success
C) their children's intellectual achievement
D) their children's health and safety

Question 22

Children of authoritarian parents:

A) tend to lack social competence.
B) behave with spontaneity and curiosity.
C) often take the initiative in social interactions.
D) are more self-controlled and self-reliant than other children.

Question 23

Parenting that includes a mixture of high parental control, physical restraint, punishment, and warm affection is called:

A) abusive parenting.
B) no-nonsense parenting.
C) permissive parenting.
D) authoritarian parenting.

Question 24

What mixture of behaviors characterized no-nonsense parenting?

A) high levels of warmth, little control
B) high levels of control, little warmth
C) a mix of warmth and control
D) low levels of warmth and control

Question 25

Which of the following is a true statement about families?

A) There are no universals regarding families and their goals.
B) The scripted routines provided by families for young children do not vary across cultures.
C) The universally most urgent goal for families is helping their children acquire the values of their culture.
D) There are universal goals that families share.

Question 26

According to Baumrind, permissive parents:

A) are unlikely to consult children about family policies.
B) exert little explicit control over their children's behavior.
C) attempt to control children through explanation and reason.
D) demand achievement and mature behaviors from their children.

Question 27

Parents who demonstrate the authoritative pattern control their children by:

A) using physical punishment.
B) explaining their rules or decisions.
C) setting lower standards for their children's behavior.
D) encouraging their children to be dependent.

Question 28

Although rare in the animal kingdom, when cooperative breeding occurs, this results in:

A) fewer births.
B) premature births.
C) prolonged periods of childhood dependency.
D) low birth weight.

Question 29

Parents who demonstrate the ____________ pattern set high standards for their children, but also recognize that their children have needs and rights.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) indulgent

Question 30

On the basis of his study of child-rearing practices in diverse cultures, Robert LeVine has proposed that the MOST urgent goal of parenting is the:

A) survival goal.
B) economic goal.
C) cultural goal.
D) intelligence goal.

Question 31

On the basis of interviews and observations of predominantly white, middle-class preschoolers and their parents, Diana Baumrind and her colleagues found that parenting behaviors in 77 percent of these families fell into the categories of:

A) aggressive, indulgent, and authoritarian.
B) indulgent, authoritative, and egalitarian.
C) permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian.
D) permissive, aggressive, and authoritative.

Question 32

In addition to a "survival goal" and an "economic goal," parents the world over strive to ensure that their children acquire the basic values of the group. Robert LeVine refers to this as the:

A) in-group goal.
B) cultural goal.
C) self-esteem goal.
D) safety goal.

Question 33

No-nonsense parenting is used MOST frequently by mothers who:

A) live in urban settings.
B) live in rural areas.
C) have little formal education.
D) are from middle-income, European-American backgrounds.

Question 34

Women in some villages on the islands of Micronesia, on the islands of the Caribbean, and in Gambia have been found to have more births and more surviving children when which of the following conditions is met?

A) the firstborn child is a son
B) the firstborn child is a daughter
C) when the women live in nuclear families
D) when there is no-nonsense parenting

Question 35

Which parenting style includes a mixture of high levels of vigilant control with high levels of support?

A) authoritative parenting
B) authoritarian parenting
C) permissive parenting
D) no-nonsense parenting

Question 36

According to Diana Baumrind, authoritarian parents:

A) demand less achievement than do permissive parents.
B) favor punitive measures to control children's behavior.
C) accept more immature behavior than do other types of parents.
D) are willing to listen to their children although they do not agree with them.

Question 37

On the basis of interviews and observations of predominantly white, middle-class preschoolers and their parents, Diana Baumrind and her colleagues found that children of authoritative parents:

A) appeared more self-reliant, self-controlled, willing to explore, and content than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.
B) tended to be relatively immature and had difficulty controlling their impulses than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.
C) tended to lack social competence in dealing with other children than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.
D) tended to withdraw from social contact and were less likely to take the initiative than children of authoritarian and permissive parents.

Question 38

According to Robert LeVine, which of the following are goals of parents in all cultures?

A) survival, economic, cultural
B) survival, political, economic
C) survival, comfort, self-actualization
D) survival, education, meaningfulness

Question 39

A system found in humans and other species in which networks of support other than parents contribute resources toward rearing the young is called:

A) allocaregiving.
B) nuclear families.
C) extended families.
D) cooperative breeding.

Question 40

Which parenting style was associated with children's behavior in preschool that was characterized as immature, low in impulse control, and showing difficulty in accepting responsibility for one's actions?

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) Preschool behavior was not found to be linked to parenting style.

Question 41

As Latino and Asian immigrant children spend more time in the United States:

A) their overall health gets better.
B) their school achievement declines.
C) their aspirations are higher.
D) there is no change in their overall health.

Question 42

One finding from a large nationwide study of single-parent and two-parent families in Sweden was:

A) children in single-parent families were better off than children in two-parent families.
B) socioeconomic status was not important when comparing the differences in outcomes for children in these two groups.
C) when socioeconomic status was taken into account, there were no differences between the outcomes for children in these two groups.
D) even when socioeconomic status was taken into account, children from single-parent families were at greater risk for developmental problems.

Question 43

Rebecca thinks it is best to be friends with your children. She allows her children to do whatever they want and set their own rules. Rebecca is using which kind of parenting style?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 44

Sibling intimacy and conflict has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) emotional understanding.
B) sharing in later childhood.
C) grades in high school.
D) adjustment problems.

Question 45

Which of the following seems to increase sibling fighting?

A) parental fighting
B) similar treatment by mother
C) two children of the same sex
D) spacing of births close together

Question 46

Baumrind found that children's behavior is:

A) not influenced by personality.
B) independent of parenting style.
C) related to parenting styles.
D) influenced mostly by individual differences among children.

Question 47

Jessica comes from a White, middle-class family. Her parents engage in a parenting style that is demanding, controlling while also stressing obedience. Jessica is MOST likely to be:

A) self-reliant.
B) withdrawn.
C) self-controlled.
D) neglectful.

Question 48

In a study of family dynamics of African-American families by Kesner and McKenry, there were no differences between the children of single-parent families and two-parent families on measures of social skills and conflict-management styles. How did the researchers interpret their results?

A) African-Americans generally are more supportive of single-parent families.
B) African-Americans are more likely to have extended families that provide a network of support.
C) A large number of the mothers in their study were never married; therefore, they never experienced the disruptions that accompany divorce.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 49

Intimacy among siblings is greatest when:

A) both siblings are female.
B) both siblings are male.
C) siblings are of opposite sexes.
D) siblings are more than 5 years apart in age.

Question 50

Research has found that compared to children raised in heterosexual families, children raised in gay and lesbian households:

A) are no different in terms of psychological well-being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
B) have better previous relationships and behavioral adjustment but show no difference in psychological well-being.
C) have worse psychological well-being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.
D) have better psychological well-being, peer relationships, and behavioral adjustment.

Question 51

A study of Palestinian school children in the Gaza Strip found that:

A) children who had witnessed military violence had lower levels of sibling rivalry than children who were exposed to lower levels of trauma.
B) children who had witnessed military violence had higher levels of sibling rivalry than children who were exposed to lower levels of trauma.
C) lower levels of sibling intimacy provided protection against depression for children exposed to traumatizing conditions.
D) sibling intimacy was not related to depression.

Question 52

Adam's parents insist that he follows the strict rules that they set up and is punished when he does not follow the rules. Adam's parents are using which parenting style?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 53

When comparing the results from studies of single-parent families across ethnic groups, what conclusions can be drawn?

A) Children in single-parent families are always at risk for developmental problems.
B) Children in single-parent families always experience financial hardship.
C) The social and emotional outcomes are similar for children from single-parent families and from two-parent families.
D) Both the economic and the cultural context are important determinants of child outcomes in these families.

Question 54

Those who engage in a(n) ____________ parenting pattern, make few demands on their children and provide little supervision. This parenting pattern is also characterized by emotional distance, with little effort by these parents to acknowledge their children's emotions and perspectives.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 55

Among mixed-sex sibling pairs, levels of intimacy:

A) increase during middle childhood.
B) decrease during adolescence.
C) are fairly stable over time.
D) vary depending on the age of the children.

Question 56

Stacey expects her children to follow family rules, but she explains these rules to her children so they understand why they are needed. Stacey is using which kind of parenting style?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 57

In a study by Keller and colleagues (2008), the research team found that, in comparison to German mothers, Indian mothers:

A) emphasized the importance of learning independence.
B) focused on the child's self-confidence.
C) focused on the child's internal states.
D) talked more often to their babies about other people's feelings and needs.

Question 58

In which of the following settings is the socializing role of siblings likely to have the LEAST amount of influence on a child's development?

A) agricultural societies
B) industrialized societies in which mothers work outside of the home
C) African-American families
D) traditional nuclear families in which the mother does not work outside of the home

Question 59

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States have immigrant parents?

A) 8
B) 15
C) 25
D) 40

Question 60

Children who look to outside authority to decide what is right are likely to have parents who emphasize which of the following parenting patterns?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) neglectful

Question 61

Child care provided in the child's own home, usually by a relative, is called:

A) home child care.
B) family child care.
C) child-care centers.
D) informal child care.

Question 62

Economic factors are:

A) independent of family structure.
B) independent of parental behavior.
C) not important in determining children's behavior.
D) an important determinant of many aspects of parenting.

Question 63

Brenda is a mother under stress. She is more likely to act in which of the following ways toward her children?

A) punitively
B) neglectfully
C) permissively
D) nurturing

Question 64

Compared to children who are taken care of at home, children who attend child care outside the home are:

A) at increased risk for ear infections.
B) at decreased risk for ear infections.
C) the same risk of getting of getting an ear infection.
D) less likely to get upper respiratory infections.

Question 65

Research investigating rates of child abuse and neglect finds that:

A) children older than 3 years of age are at greater risk than younger children.
B) girls are at greater risk than boys.
C) European American children are at greater risk than African American children.
D) children from high-income families are at greater risk than children from lower-income families.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a variety of child care?

A) home care
B) family care
C) child-care centers
D) geriatric care centers

Question 67

Research conducted in Europe as well as the United States indicates that the intellectual development of children in high-quality child-care centers is:

A) generally not as good as that of children raised at home by their parents.
B) almost always better than that of children raised at home by their parents.
C) at least as good as that of children raised at home by their parents.
D) not as good for children of low-income parents but better for children of higher-income parents, compared to that of children raised at home by their parents.

Question 68

What is a measure that uses information on parents' income level, education level, and occupation to assess economic hardship experience by families?

A) Federal Poverty Level
B) Socioeconomic Status
C) Economic Opportunity Index
D) Household Economic Status

Question 69

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States with employed mothers experience nonparental care by the time they are 5 years of age?

A) 23 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 86 percent

Question 70

Maria's family lives below the poverty level. Which of the following is likely true of Maria?

A) She is at elevated risk for mental health issues.
B) Even if her family rises above the poverty level, she is likely to remain at elevated risk for mental health issues compared to her peers who remained below the poverty level.
C) She is less likely to suffer from asthma.
D) She lives in a family that encourages her curiosity.

Question 71

The children of unmarried teenage mothers are:

A) found to be more aggressive and less intellectually advanced.
B) not affected in the long run.
C) found to have difficulties that are directly caused by their mother's single status and age.
D) affected more by their mothers' limited vocalizations than by her limited financial resources.

Question 72

The research on child care and preschool would lead to which of the following conclusions?

A) Children are better cared for at home.
B) Children are better cared for in child-care settings.
C) Children are better cared for in preschool settings.
D) Children are better cared for in whatever setting is responsive to their developmental needs.

Question 73

Family child care is an arrangement in which:

A) care is provided in the child's own home.
B) care is provided in someone else's home.
C) care is provided by a relative.
D) care is provided in a licensed child-care program.

Question 74

Across the world, studies have shown that parents who live close to subsistence levels adopt controlling parenting patterns for economic and safety reasons. This is support for what basic concept from the text?

A) Authoritative patterns of parenting are key to children's development and adjustment.
B) Poverty has many direct effects on the development of children.
C) Autonomy and independence are essential social competencies.
D) To fully explain developmental outcomes, there is a need to examine development and parenting practices within a broad developmental niche.

Question 75

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States lives in poverty?

A) 5 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 21 percent
D) 40 percent

Question 76

Children who attend child-care centers in the United States tend to be more:

A) polite.
B) dependent on adults.
C) independent of adults.
D) compliant with adults.

Question 77

In the United States, compared with children who do not receive child care, children receiving child care tend to be less:

A) self-sufficient.
B) independent.
C) socially knowledgeable.
D) agreeable and compliant with adults.

Question 78

The intellectual development of children in child care:

A) has not been studied.
B) may be accelerated for low-income children.
C) is never as good as when children are cared for at home.
D) is normal for middle-class children but below normal for low-income children.

Question 79

A recent study by Suniya Luthar and Bronwyn Becker of middle-school students living in one of the most affluent suburban communities in the United States revealed:

A) lower levels of depression, but more so among boys.
B) equally high levels of depression among boys and girls.
C) high levels of depression, especially among girls.
D) relatively low levels of substance abuse.

Question 80

Tom Luster and his colleagues compared "more successful" and "less successful" children of adolescent mothers. Which of the following characteristics of the mother was NOT associated with successful children?

A) living with a male partner
B) living in more desirable neighborhoods
C) being unemployed
D) having received more years of education