Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The zygote consists of:

A) a single cell.
B) three layers of cells.
C) an interdependent group of cells.
D) a ball of about 100 identical cells.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Implantation of the blastocyst occurs in the:

A) ovary.
B) fallopian tube.
C) cervix.
D) uterus.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

One characteristic of cleavage is that:

A) chromosomes migrate into adjacent cells.
B) zygotes migrate into adjacent cells.
C) cells all divide simultaneously.
D) cells do not all divide at the same time.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:

A) zona pellucida.
B) cleavage.
C) meiosis.
D) implantation.

Question 5

Mitotic division of the zygote begins within how many hours after conception?

A) 2 hours
B) 8 hours
C) 24 hours
D) 72 hours

Question 6

Fertilization of the zygote and the first mitotic cleavages occur in the:

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) fallopian tubes.
D) cervix.

Question 7

Which period of prenatal development begins at conception?

A) fetal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) chromosomal

Question 8

The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?

A) embryonic, germinal, fetal
B) germinal, embryonic, fetal
C) fetal, embryonic, germinal
D) germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 9

"Totipotent stem cells" are those that:

A) can become different sorts of neural cells only.
B) can become tissue cells of any type but cannot give rise to an entire organism.
C) can become an entire organism, or any type of tissue cell.
D) serve a dedicated purpose and cannot develop into other forms.

Question 10

Newborns have more advanced auditory capabilities than visual capabilities. This is an example of:

A) heterochrony.
B) heterogeneity.
C) pluripotentiality.
D) totipotentiality.

Question 11

The fertilized egg, which is about 1/175 of an inch at conception, is called the:

A) ovum.
B) zygote.
C) gamete.
D) embryo.

Question 12

In the process of ____________, the multicellular mass becomes attached to the uterus.

A) regeneration
B) implantation
C) differentiation
D) gestation

Question 13

On its way to the ____________, the zygote travels through the ____________.

A) ovaries; uterus
B) uterus; fallopian tube
C) ovaries; fallopian tube
D) uterus; ovaries

Question 14

The length of time from conception until birth is typically ____________ days.

A) 252
B) 266
C) 280
D) 294

Question 15

The prenatal period of development is important to developmental theorists because:

A) they now understand the mechanisms by which the undifferentiated cells of the zygote first become the blastocyst and then the multitude of cells present at birth.
B) it serves as a model for development during all subsequent periods.
C) it has helped prove that epigenesis is a faulty explanation for mechanisms that drive developmental change.
D) the rate of growth during the period of prenatal development predicts later physical development.

Question 16

Heterochrony refers to:

A) the developing organism's change from the zygote to the embryo.
B) continuity in development.
C) cleavage, or the initial mitotic division of the zygote.
D) the different rates of change for different parts of the developing organism.

Question 17

Approximately what percentage of pregnancies end before women recognize they are pregnant?

A) 88 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 45 percent

Question 18

During cleavage, cells do not all divide at the same time. This difference in rates of change is referred to as:

A) heterochrony.
B) totipotency.
C) heterogeneity.
D) meiosis.

Question 19

The first week of prenatal development after conception is called the:

A) germinal period.
B) menstrual period.
C) embryonic period.
D) conceptual period.

Question 20

Variability in the levels of development of different parts of the organism at a given time is called:

A) heterochrony.
B) heterogeneity.
C) pluripotentiality.
D) totipotentiality.

Question 21

The first step of the process of differentiation is the separation of the inner cell mass into two layers, the ____________ and the ____________.

A) endoderm; mesoderm
B) endoderm; ectoderm
C) mesoderm; ectoderm
D) mesoderm; placenta

Question 22

The ____________ period lasts for approximately 6 weeks after implantation.

A) chromosomal
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 23

A cell's environment provides information that regulates the:

A) genes that activate.
B) genes that remain inactive.
C) duration of the embryonic period.
D) location of implantation.

Question 24

The umbilical cord:

A) connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta.
B) carries the mother's blood to the embryo or fetus.
C) is formed from the layer of cells called the endoderm.
D) protects the embryo or fetus from being knocked about as the mother moves.

Question 25

Which of the following develop from the part of the inner cell mass called the mesoderm?

A) digestive organs
B) bones and muscles
C) brain and spinal cord
D) inner and outer layers of skin

Question 26

What is the primary function of the umbilical cord?

A) to cushion the organism as the mother moves about
B) to support the organism's bone development
C) to transport blood between the embryo and the placenta
D) to regulate the developing organism's temperature

Question 27

The structure that provides the fetal contribution to the placenta is the:

A) chorion.
B) amnion.
C) umbilicus.
D) uterine lining.

Question 28

Epigenesis is the process by which:

A) new forms of the zygote appear as a result of meiosis.
B) the zygote divides into four cells.
C) the multicellular mass becomes implanted in the uterus.
D) new forms of the zygote emerge from the interactions of the preceding form and its current environment.

Question 29

The germinal period of prenatal development ends with:

A) birth.
B) the first cell division.
C) implantation in the uterine wall.
D) the formation of the major organ systems.

Question 30

An early example of the interaction between biology and the environment is:

A) epigenesis.
B) heterochrony.
C) cleavage.
D) differentiation and reintegration.

Question 31

The first organized responses of the developing organism to the environment occur during which period?

A) implantation
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 32

The structure that transports nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the embryo is called the:

A) amnion.
B) chorion.
C) umbilical cord.
D) mesoderm.

Question 33

The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:

A) amnion.
B) ectoderm.
C) umbilicus.
D) uterine lining.

Question 34

Which of the following structures is the last to appear?

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) trophoblast

Question 35

The embryonic period lasts for approximately ____________ weeks after implantation.

A) 1
B) 6
C) 38
D) 40

Question 36

The placenta acts as a(n):

A) barrier and filter.
B) amnion and chorion.
C) fluid cushion for the developing organism.
D) ectoderm.

Question 37

The cephalocaudal pattern of development refers to which pattern of body development?

A) from the middle of the organism to its periphery
B) from the head down
C) from the periphery of the organism to its middle
D) upwards from legs and feet

Question 38

The umbilical cord is filled with a substance called:

A) Baldwin's effect.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) uterine waste.
D) Wharton's jelly.

Question 39

During gestation, the digestive system develops from the layer of cells called the:

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) trophoblast.

Question 40

The outer layer of cells in early embryonic development is called the ____________. This layer gives rise to the outer surface of the skin, the nails, part of the teeth, the lens of the eye, and the nervous system.

A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) chorion

Question 41

The proximodistal pattern of development refers to which pattern of body development?

A) from the middle of the organism to the periphery of the organism
B) from the head down
C) from the periphery of the organism to the middle of the organism
D) upwards from the feet

Question 42

During the ____________ period, the human organism increases in weight from about .02 pounds to about 7.1 pounds.

A) conceptual
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 43

According to the proximodistal pattern of prenatal development, which should develop first?

A) a hand
B) the upper arm
C) the lower arm
D) the spinal cord

Question 44

Toward the end of gestation, the fetus can hear:

A) very little, since the uterus is a quiet place.
B) only the sounds of the mother's heart and her digestive system.
C) very little, since the sense of hearing is poorly developed until after birth.
D) the sounds of the mother's body and some sounds from the outside world.

Question 45

At what age does fetal response indicate an ability to detect light?

A) 20 weeks after conception
B) 26 weeks after conception
C) 38 weeks after conception
D) at birth

Question 46

Why is the seventh month sometimes referred to as the "age of viability"?

A) The fetus's external sex characteristics are visible.
B) The fetus now has almost all of the nerve cells that it will ever have as a person.
C) The fetus has doubled in weight.
D) The fetus's lungs are capable of breathing air.

Question 47

Dr. Max has just told Felicity that her fetus's arm buds appear to be developing before its leg buds. This is an example of what pattern of development?

A) proximodistal
B) epigenetic
C) cephalocaudal
D) zygotic

Question 48

Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) embryonic-fetal
D) differentiation and reintegration

Question 49

At what point in development does the umbilical cord take shape?

A) 10-15 days
B) third week
C) fifth week
D) seventh week

Question 50

Over the course of the fetal period of development, which of the following occurs?

A) Each organ system increases in complexity.
B) The heart begins to beat.
C) The genetic sex of the organism becomes established.
D) The three major divisions of the brain-the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain-begin to differentiate.

Question 51

Because of the early maturation of the vestibular system, the fetus probably senses ____________ as early as five months following conception.

A) pain
B) sound
C) motion
D) tastes

Question 52

By the end of the ____________ month, the lungs of the fetus are capable of breathing air.

A) third
B) fifth
C) seventh
D) ninth

Question 53

The form of external genitalia is determined by the presence or absence of:

A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) a Y chromosome.
D) teratogens.

Question 54

What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?

A) the presence or absence of the Y chromosome
B) the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
C) the secretion of hormones by the ovaries
D) the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones

Question 55

Which of the following illustrates the cephalocaudal pattern of prenatal development?

A) The arms develop earlier than the legs.
B) The arms develop earlier than the hands.
C) The sex organs are among the first to be formed.
D) The spinal cord is formed earlier than are the shoulders.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome for female embryos that produce high levels of testosterone?

A) greater preference for masculine-typed activities in childhood
B) slower brain growth during the fetal period
C) development of external genitalia that show characteristics of both sexes
D) no changes in the gonadal ridges when testosterone is present

Question 57

Fetuses presented with light have been found to:

A) show no response.
B) change their heart rate.
C) decrease their movement.
D) increase their sucking rate.

Question 58

During gestation, the arm forming earlier than the hand illustrates which pattern of development?

A) epigenetic
B) proximodistal
C) cephalocaudal
D) preformationist

Question 59

Structural differences between the genders occur:

A) at conception.
B) during the first month of life.
C) during the seventh week of life.
D) at birth.

Question 60

Which of the following occurs first during the prenatal period of development?

A) The external sexual characteristics become visible.
B) The lower limbs become well developed.
C) The lungs are capable of breathing air.
D) The three major divisions of the brain-the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain-begin to differentiate.

Question 61

Activity during the embryonic and fetal periods appears important in:

A) killing off excess neurons.
B) causing neurons to multiply.
C) slowing neuronal multiplication.
D) affecting the migration of neurons to the correct attachment.

Question 62

Shelly is pregnant with her first baby. Which of the following is NOT a behavioral state that can be identified between 38 and 40 weeks of gestation?

A) quiet sleep
B) active sleep
C) quiet sucking
D) active awake

Question 63

Samantha was extremely stressed and experienced great anxiety while pregnant. Which of the following is NOT an expected outcome in her child?

A) decreased fussiness and fearfulness during infancy
B) increased aggression
C) negative temperamental characteristics
D) lower weight at birth

Question 64

A fetus at eight weeks of gestation will be able to respond to tactile information from all of the following except:

A) itself.
B) the womb.
C) the umbilical cord.
D) the father.

Question 65

When they hear sounds from outside their mother's bodies, fetuses may:

A) move their hands to their ears.
B) increase activity.
C) increase sucking.
D) show a change in heart rate.

Question 66

Felicia is in the seventh month of her pregnancy, and she has noticed a decrease in the amount her baby moves. How should she react to this?

A) She should not be too concerned because the baby is still too small for her to accurately evaluate his/her movements.
B) She should see her doctor immediately as this decrease in movement is a sign that her baby's neural development is at risk.
C) She should not be too concerned because the baby is probably just sleeping.
D) She should not be too concerned because the decrease in movement is a sign that neural pathways are developing.

Question 67

Sondra is in her fourth month of pregnancy. Her husband is concerned because she seems very worried about being pregnant. How should he respond to her?

A) He should ignore her stress because maternal attitudes don't have any impact on fetal development.
B) He should be sympathetic and supportive because her anxiety may influence the neural development of the fetus.
C) He should be pleased because maternal stress promotes positive brain development.
D) He should try to make her feel better but not worry too much because she is past the point that there is any impact of maternal attitudes on fetal development.

Question 68

What is the role played by fetal activity?

A) It assists with normal development of muscles and limbs.
B) It does not play a significant role in fetal development.
C) It does not help the fetus develop, but it assists the parent in monitoring the fetus's development.
D) It helps the skeleton ossify.

Question 69

Babies who hear their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb can be expected to:

A) cry when they hear the story after birth.
B) show no signs of recognizing the story after birth.
C) learn, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story.
D) prefer, after birth, to change their sucking rate in order to hear a new story.

Question 70

Ultrasound technologies reveal that the developing organism becomes active around the ____________ week after conception.

A) 4th
B) 6th
C) 8th
D) 10th

Question 71

Studies have shown that a mother who is under stress secretes hormones, such as ____________, that pass through the placenta and have a measurable effect on the fetus's motor activity.

A) cortisol
B) myelin
C) guanine
D) hemoglobin

Question 72

Children whose mothers do not want them may be ____________ compared to children who are wanted by their mothers.

A) less likely to be breast-fed
B) more likely to be underweight at birth
C) less likely to have school-related problems later
D) less likely to be referred for psychiatric help as teenagers

Question 73

The development of inhibitory neural pathways in the higher region of the brain leads to what characteristic of the fetal period?

A) the beginning ossification of the skeleton
B) the appearance of generalized movements
C) a reduction in activity level
D) differentiation of the three major divisions of the brain

Question 74

Folic acid is important to ensure proper development of the:

A) fetus's bones.
B) fetus's neural tube.
C) fetus's external genitalia.
D) mother's placenta.

Question 75

A fetus will begin to respond to tactile contact from itself as early as the _____ week after conception.

A) 4th
B) 6th
C) 8th
D) 10th

Question 76

When can an expectant mother be able to identify a decrease in fetal movement?

A) between 10 and 20 weeks
B) between 12 and 24 weeks
C) between 24 and 32 weeks
D) between 32 and 44 weeks

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT associated with maternal stress and anxiety for the child during pregnancy?

A) higher scores on tests of behavioral and neurological development
B) low birth weight
C) smaller than average head circumference at birth
D) increased fussiness and fearfulness during infancy

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT coordinated into a system that is essential to an infant's ability to feed?

A) breathing
B) rooting
C) swallowing
D) sucking

Question 79

Which of the following statements concerning the impact of a mother's psychological condition on her developing fetus is true?

A) Unwanted babies weighed more than babies in a control group.
B) Stress during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight babies.
C) There is no evidence that a mother's well-being and stress levels impact her developing fetus.
D) A pregnant woman under stress secretes hormones that interfere with newborns' ability to recognize their mothers' voices.

Question 80

Expectant mothers can typically begin to feel movement at about ____________ months into their pregnancy.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight