Deck 10: Theoretical and Applied Psychology After the Great War

Question 1

In Piaget's system, these are the two sides of the process of adaptation or learning:

A) reading and writing
B) putting together and taking apart
C) conscious and unconscious
D) assimilation and accommodation
E) abstract and concrete

Answer 1

assimilation and accommodation

Question 2

In the Vygotsky's system, the difference between a child's learning progress with help or guidance and learning achievement without guidance of an adult is called:

A) early intelligence
B) late intelligence
C) zone of intellectual disparity
D) learned intelligence
E) zone of proximal development

Answer 2

zone of proximal development

Question 3

Overall, the results of the Army Testing Project brought significant changes to the way the military selected and placed its recruits.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In a 1937 survey, 84 percent of Americans favored sterilization of "habitual criminals" and the "hopelessly insane"

Question 5

Based on the results of the Army Testing Project, psychologists could keep a serviceman off the battlefield simply because his IQ was high.

Question 6

Founded in 1917, this was one of the first research institutions designed to study the behavior and skills of ordinary children under everyday conditions:

A) Chicago Institute
B) Boston Clinic
C) Geneva Institute
D) Fairfax Station
E) Iowa Child Welfare Station

Question 7

This was a theoretical discipline and a social movement to promote innovations and create conditions under which individuals could pursue their professional and educational goals without excessive stress, unhealthy conditions, and inefficient educational techniques:

A) progressive society
B) industrial psychology
C) social engineering
D) mental hygiene
E) personality theory

Question 8

Piaget's theory emphasized the child's aggressive behavior and its casues.

Question 9

Jean Piaget introduced the concept of the "intelligence quotient" as a principle of measurement for intelligence tests.

Question 10

Vygotsky's observations over parent-child interactions led him to a conclusion about an active and adaptive role of the child's adjustment to the changing conditions and demands of life.

Question 11

This was an approach initiated by Allport who argued that personality consists of a potent collection of qualities or traits.

A) psychotechnics
B) trait theory
C) qualities theory
D) evolutionary theory
E) collection theory

Question 12

Any positive effect of properly organized work relationships on workers' productivity and satisfaction is called the:

A) Iowa effect
B) Chicago effect
C) Hawthorne effect
D) Alpha effect
E) Beta effect

Question 13

The main orientation of early 20th century psychology in India and Pakistan was mostly theoretical and philosophical.

Question 14

A series of experiments conducted at a manufacturing plant in Chicago and initially designed to investigate the effects of several improved working conditions on factory productivity are called:

A) Chicago experiment
B) Chicago politics
C) Iowa Welfare Station experiment
D) Hawthorne experiment
E) Alpha and Beta

Question 15

A field that attempts to explain knowledge (scientific knowledge in particular) from the standpoint of knowledge's history is called:

A) linguistics
B) genetic epistemology
C) psychotechnics
D) zone of proximal development
E) accommodation

Question 16

In collaboration with the National Research Council, the Western Electric Company conducted research at its Hawthorne manufacturing plant in Chicago.

Question 17

The names of two tests for the US Army recruits during World War I were:

A) Army Alpha and Army Beta
B) Army A and Army B
C) Binet and Stanford-Binet
D) language and math
E) memory and comprehension

Question 18

This term was coined by German psychologist William Stern and stood for the branch of applied psychology directed toward treatment of human problems:

A) psychological engineering
B) gestalt therapy
C) psychotechnics
D) Stern therapy
E) positive psychology

Question 19

Researchers and practitioners as well as the general public in the United States in the early 20th century believed that human intelligence was biologically determined.

Question 20

By 1928, only five percent of the APA members were women.

Question 21

Conducting the Hawthorne experiment, Mayo and his colleagues found that physical conditions of the factory, such as illumination or noise, played some role but not the most important one. A more important factor was:

A) salary size
B) benefits in addition to salary
C) personal satisfaction at the workplace
D) ability to study after work
E) opportunity to purchase health care plans

Question 22

Early Chinese psychology in the 20th century was heavily influenced by:

A) Russian doctors
B) Japanese scholars
C) Vietnamese therapists
D) Indian scholars
E) Turkish healers

Question 23

Henry Goddard believed that the test, which he had translated from French, could be used to test the arriving immigrants.

A) Charcot
B) Piaget
C) Vygotsky
D) Binet
E) Yerkes

Question 24

In 1933, Kurt Lewin made a stop in Moscow to meet, among other reasons, with Vygotsky and discuss mutual research interests.

Question 25

On the basis of measurements of the Army Testing Project, psychologists wanted to create categories of the recruits according to their:

A) moral values
B) physical strength
C) mental abilities
D) visual thresholds
E) mental dysfunctions

Question 26

French psychologist Gustave Le Bon believed, for instance, that people acquire constructive instincts and moral values as soon as they join a crowd.

Question 27

Jean Piaget believed that transitions between developmental stages are gradual.

Question 28

Overall, both Piaget and Vygotsky have influenced a major shift in developmental psychology toward the senior adult-centered approach.

Question 29

Jean Piaget concluded that children think and make judgments using different thinking principles compared to older children and grownups.

Question 30

Critics of the Iowa Station studies underlined that the researchers:

A) had committed serious methodological errors
B) were unprepared to a long winter
C) studied only boys
D) studied only girls
E) studied only adults and very few children

Question 31

Vygotsky is remembered as a founder of the field called:

A) evolutionary psychology
B) clinical psychology
C) special education
D) experiential introspection
E) cognitive anthropology

Question 32

Principles of social perception received further development in the studies by Leon Festinger, the author of the theory of cognitive dissonance, one of the most recognizable theories in social psychology today.

Question 33

Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to:

A) assist John Watson
B) co-author a book with Sigmund Freud
C) study behaviorism
D) obtain a PhD in psychology in 1943
E) obtain a PhD in psychology in 1920

Question 34

William Stern compared psychotechnics to engineering. To be successful, engineers should know physics. Likewise, specialists in psychotechnics should know:

A) chemistry
B) accounting
C) psychology
D) philosophy
E) psychoanalysis

Question 35

Approximately in the 1920s, American psychologists generally accepted the term character to describe the moral aspect of behavior. Temperament referred largely to:

A) social factors
B) women
C) children
D) biological factors
E) educational influences

Question 36

A particular issue with which the physicians at Ellis Island had to contend during the testing procedure was the identification of:

A) malaria patients
B) strong, athletic men
C) potential officers
D) criminal delinquency
E) mental deficiency

Question 37

Coleman R. Griffith from the University of Illinois, is considered today a founder of sport psychology in the United States. Griffith was among the first professional psychologists to have been hired by a major league sports franchise. Which one?

A) The New York Yankees
B) The Detroit Red Wings
C) The Washington Redskins
D) The Chicago Cubs
E) The Chicago Bulls

Question 38

This Hawthorne experiment gave a significant boost to which method in studying group behavior?

A) interview
B) introspection
C) computer simulation
D) polygraph method
E) brain imaging

Question 39

Muzafer Sherif showed in his experiments how people form or patterns of actions or judgments that influence the behavior of individuals later on.

A) group norms
B) obedience
C) Gestalts
D) perceptual sets
E) thresholds

Question 40

What did Vygotsky considered as a special "tool"," which our ancestors acquired in the process of evolution?

A) the spear
B) speech
C) the sharp object
D) intelligence
E) sense of humor

Question 41

How did Vygotsky understand consciousness?

Question 42

Measurement of mental abilities-the ways people solved problems presented in tests-appeared to many a legitimate and effective method serving an important medical and social function:

Question 43

Although the participation of women in American psychology after the 1920s was increasing, most women choosing a career in psychology faced significant obstacles. Name three of them mentioned in the text.

Question 44

What was an apparent cultural bias of the Army Testing Project?

Question 45

Discuss the main lessons of the Ellis Island psychological testing.

Question 46

What is medicalization of deviance? Explain also using contemporary examples.

Question 47

Which methods did Vygotsky use to test his hypotheses?

Question 48

The Iowa Station researchers believed that any girl or boy should be capable of major improvements in learning and behavior if only this child has:

Question 49

If you were a manager of a sports team (gymnastics or soccer) and had to hire a psychologist to help your team win, would you hire a former athlete with a B.A. in psychology or a psychologist with a graduate degree and only some knowledge of your sport? Explain your choice.

Question 50

Vygotsky believed that the goal of upbringing is not to emphasize a child's inabilities or deficiencies but to pay attention to:

Question 51

Suggest a few practical applications of Vygotsky's idea of the zone of proximal development.

Question 52

The early groundbreaking experiments in social psychology of American psychologist Norman Triplett demonstrated that people perform tasks differently when:

Question 53

What were the main lessons of the Hawthorne experiments?

Question 54

What were the main results of the Army Testing Project?

Question 55

In statewide mental surveys provided by the University of Indiana, psychologists tested all students in several counties and categorized them in three categories:

Question 56

Overall, the goal of mental hygiene was:

Question 57

Allport argued that there was a stable core of traits in every person. This was an earlier assumption that later had grown into the contemporary theory know as: