Deck 27: Applied, Practicing, and Medical Anthropology

Question 1

Decisions about whether a proposed change would benefit a target population

A) are normally made by a project's sponsors, with little or no input from consulting anthropologists.
B) are not ethically required before a program is implemented.
C) are entirely up to the target population.
D) are not always easy.

Answer 1

are not always easy.

Question 2

According to the code of ethics adopted by the Society of Applied Anthropology in 1948,

A) there is no need to include the target community in planning a study.
B) anthropologists should not do research on applied questions unless specifically asked to do so by the people affected.
C) the first responsibility of the anthropologist in the field is to his sponsors, second to himself or herself, and third to the people being studied.
D) the target community should be included as much as possible in the formulation of policy.

Answer 2

the target community should be included as much as possible in the formulation of policy.

Question 3

Which is not a phase of applied anthropology?

A) research into the life ways of a particular group
B) assembling relevant knowledge
C) assessing the likely social and environmental impact of particular plans
D) implementing and monitoring the program and its effects

Answer 3

research into the life ways of a particular group

Question 4

Practicing anthropologists often work on specific projects that aim to improve people's lives, usually by trying to

A) convince governments to adopt specific programs.
B) convince the target population of the benefits of the project.
C) improve the economy of the target population.
D) change behavior or the environment.

Question 5

Which field of anthropology is devoted to solving crimes?

A) forensic
B) archaeology (but only crimes of the past)
C) biological anthropology
D) ethnology

Question 6

What do many researchers in anthropology and the other social sciences do about social problems?

A) conduct surveys
B) conduct basic research
C) make hypotheses
D) test hypotheses

Question 7

Many medical anthropologists now argue that the biomedical paradigm itself needs to be understood as part of

A) biocultural synthesis.
B) Western attitudes.
C) the society.
D) the culture.

Question 8

Which term refers to the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group?

A) biomedical paradigm
B) biocultural synthesis
C) ethnomedicine
D) biomedicine

Question 9

Anthropologists who call themselves applied or practicing anthropologists are not usually employed in which setting?

A) charitable foundations
B) universities
C) public interest law firms
D) profit-seeking corporations

Question 10

Many of the ideas and practices of medical researchers and practitioners are influenced by

A) politics.
B) money.
C) society.
D) culture.

Question 11

As a profession, applied or practicing anthropology is explicitly concerned with

A) conducting basic research.
B) testing hypotheses.
C) making anthropological knowledge useful.
D) suggesting solutions to social problems.

Question 12

Large-scale programs of planned change can also have an impact on the archaeological record. Recovering and recording the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it is called

A) archaeological management (AM).
B) cultural repository excavation (CRE).
C) cultural resource management (CRM).
D) archaeological resource management (ARM).

Question 13

Applied or practicing anthropologists may be involved in all of the following except

A) assembling data relevant to a program.
B) assessing the likely social and environmental impact of particular plans.
C) monitoring the effects of a program.
D) Applied anthropologists may be involved in all of the above.

Question 14

The ethics of applied anthropologists requires that

A) only pure research can be applied to a particular problem.
B) the anthropologist must not take any action that is harmful to the interests of the community.
C) the anthropologist in charge of the project balances the needs of his employer with those of the local community.
D) the anthropologist working with a community must answer to the needs of his or her employer.

Question 15

Which term refers to the system in which physicians are trained?

A) biomedical paradigm
B) biocultural synthesis
C) ethnomedicine
D) biomedicine

Question 16

Applied anthropology in the United States developed

A) out of anthropologists' personal experience with disadvantaged people in other cultures.
B) as a result of a directive by the American Anthropological Association.
C) as younger scholars with a more developed sense of social responsibility replaced the older generation.
D) with the creation of the Society of Applied Anthropology.

Question 17

Of the following, which is not a difficulty in instituting planned change?

A) resistance by the target population
B) psychological barriers to the planned change
C) social barriers to planned change
D) the use of local channels of influence

Question 18

What is the major reason anthropologists are hired by nonacademic organizations?

A) to enlighten others about different cultures
B) to help people get along with each other
C) to help solve practical problems
D) to help solve environmental problems

Question 19

What factors do medical anthropologists think we need to consider if we are to reduce the suffering in human life?

A) cultural and social
B) cultural and political
C) biological and social
D) biological and political

Question 20

Which term refers to the type of applied work required in connection with many programs funded by government or private agencies?

A) forensic anthropology
B) social impact studies
C) cultural resource studies
D) basic research

Question 21

While it is important to understand that anthropologists have studied people who are disadvantaged, to do more requires

A) basic research to allow us to understand how a condition can be successfully treated.
B) a great deal of money to be spent within the culture.
C) nothing, because is could lead to harmful consequences.
D) comparing them with successful cultures to see what went wrong.

Question 22

Anthropologists have many ethical responsibilities and the most important is

A) to the academic institution in which they teach.
B) to the foundation which pays for their fieldwork.
C) to those who are being studied.
D) to the students who read their books.

Question 23

Which are perhaps the most important medical practitioners in societies lacking full-time occupational specialization?

A) priests
B) shamans
C) physicians
D) sorcerers

Question 24

What may have an overall harmful effect on nutrition?

A) small-village horticulture
B) foraging
C) intensive agriculture
D) commercial or cash crops

Question 25

Which illness is thought of as involving economic deprivation?

A) depression
B) susto
C) anorexia nervosa
D) pibloktoq

Question 26

For many diseases, health problems, and death rates, incidence or relative frequency varies directly with

A) ethnic differences.
B) social class.
C) education differences.
D) economic class.

Question 27

In studying the indigenous medicines of the Hausa of Nigeria, what was perhaps the most important part of the findings by Etkin and Ross?

A) 72 plant remedies for malaria
B) 600 plants and their possible medicinal uses
C) 5000 prepared medicines described
D) the importance of diet

Question 28

How culture views health and illness is part of its

A) biomedical paradigm.
B) biocultural synthesis.
C) ethnomedicine.
D) biomedicine.

Question 29

Which is not part of biomedicine's focus?

A) diseases
B) cures for diseases
C) health
D) prolonging life

Question 30

According to __________, illness may be due to something out-of-order in one's social life.

A) biomedicine practitioners
B) personalistic practitioners
C) Hausa ethnomedicine
D) Maya ethnomedicine

Question 31

Which humoral medical system was dominant until it was replaced by the germ theory?

A) Greek
B) European
C) Ayurvedic
D) Chinese

Question 32

In a cross-cultural study of 139 societies, George P. Murdock found that __________ societies did not have the belief that gods or spirits could cause illness.

A) 2
B) 20
C) 10
D) 7

Question 33

William Dressler combined fieldwork methods and hypothesis testing to try to better understand

A) depression.
B) susto.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) pibloktoq.

Question 34

Many cultures have the view that the body should be kept in

A) a cleansed state.
B) an equilibrium.
C) balance with nature.
D) shape.

Question 35

Which term refers to the unique illnesses found in different cultures?

A) epidemic
B) susto
C) folk illness
D) culture bound syndromes

Question 36

Which illness is thought of as a "folk illness"?

A) depression
B) susto
C) anorexia nervosa
D) pibloktoq

Question 37

In societies with occupational specialization, __________ may be asked to convey messages or requests for healing to higher powers.

A) priests
B) shamans
C) physicians
D) sorcerers

Question 38

Lack of adequate nutrition usually results in what conditions for children?

A) mental retardation
B) tooth deformity
C) retarded weight and height
D) lower social and economic standing in their society

Question 39

Which humoral medical system contained six humors?

A) Greek
B) European
C) Ayurvedic
D) Chinese

Question 40

The practitioners who deal with more than the body are sometimes referred to as __________ practitioners.

A) psychiatric
B) personalistic
C) religious
D) spiritual

Question 41

Cultural resource management archaeologists are a vital part of large-scale programs of change because

A) they recover and preserve the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it.
B) they film the program to see the progress.
C) they recover but cannot preserve the archaeological record.
D) they work with the program designers to come up with long-term change solutions.

Question 42

A subfield of anthropology that is getting a lot of attention lately is forensic anthropology because

A) it is devoted to helping solve crimes.
B) it helps to identify human remains.
C) it is becoming the career choice for many new anthropologists.
D) all of the above.

Question 43

What are the differences between disease and illness?

Question 44

What are the difficulties that anthropologists can encounter in trying to institute planned change?

Question 45

What did George Murdock discover in his survey of 139 societies about the cause of illness? How do you explain this?

Question 46

What are the ethical standards which applied-anthropologists follow? Why?

Question 47

When change is trying to be implemented, sometimes there is resistance. The resistance can be very rational when

A) the change will be very beneficial to the recipients.
B) the change won't be beneficial to the recipients.
C) no discussions occur.
D) none of the above.

Question 48

Describe how cultural, social, and psychological barriers may hinder acceptance of beneficial projects by a society.

Question 49

When Western doctors try to diagnose mental or emotional disorders in Western countries, it is difficult. It is more so for them to diagnose in other cultures because

A) of the language difficulties.
B) the medical systems are so different.
C) no one can truly know facts about a culture other than their own.
D) many researchers start with Western categories and try to apply them without first trying to understand native conceptions of mental disorders.

Question 50

How did the Bureau of Indian Affairs and then World War II result in the new field of applied anthropology?

Question 51

Describe the results of Gerald Murray's Haitian project.

Question 52

How important is the understanding of biological and social processes to an understanding of illness?

Question 53

In many parts of the world illnesses are attributed to supernatural forces. This reinforces what we know about

A) the widespread practices of sorcery and witchcraft.
B) the medical profession in general.
C) certain regions of the world and the people's beliefs.
D) the non-religious beliefs held by people.

Question 54

Applied anthropologists have advocated for indigenous healers to work within medical change programs. This is especially true in

A) highly complex societies.
B) isolated areas where indigenous healers are the only source of health care.
C) the cities where the density of the population requires more medical help.
D) all areas because indigenous healers know more about medicine than most doctors.

Question 55

In deciding whether or not a proposed change to a culture would be of benefit, you need to look at

A) the short-term effects.
B) whether the media will show it in a good light.
C) the long-term effects.
D) whether anyone will actually care about the change.

Question 56

Anthropologists who practice medical anthropology do a big service because

A) they study cultural artifacts kept in museums.
B) they study illness and death which are significant events for people.
C) they believe that social factors are not an issue in regards to human suffering.
D) they believe that human suffering should be studied only from a biological point of view.

Question 57

Who is the most important full-time practitioner in the biomedical field? How does this practitioner compare to a shaman?

Question 58

How did the spraying of DDT in Mauritius affect the population and economy of that island nation?

Question 59

What are the social causes of famine? How do they relate to physical causes?

Question 60

What did the Berlins discover about the Maya and the way they treat illness?