Deck 8: Perceiving Motion

Question 1

A mouse "freezes" when it sees a cat nearby. This assists the mouse's survival because

A) being motionless reduces the attention-attracting effect of motion.
B) being motionless reduces the chance that the cat will see the mouse against the background.
C) being motionless reduces both the attention-attracting effect of motion, and the chance that the cat will see the mouse against the background.
D) none of these; "freezing" does not affect the cat's hunting ability.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. The Corollary Discharge Theory predicts this because

A) there is an IDS, but not a CDS.
B) there is no IDS, but there is a CDS.
C) there is no IDS and no CDS.
D) none of the these; the corollary discharge theory cannot explain this event.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Larsen et al. (2006) showed that the activation of brain areas is

A) higher in the MT area when viewing apparent motion than perceiving real motion.
B) higher in the MT area when viewing real motion than perceiving apparent motion.
C) similar when viewing apparent motion and real motion.
D) higher in the MST when viewing real motion than viewing induced motion.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not a signal used posited in the Corollary Discharge Theory?

A) Image displacement signal
B) Ciliary signal
C) Motor signal
D) Corollary discharge signal

Question 5

Which of the following is true about the corollary discharge theory?

A) It can explain why you see a bird moving in flight when you are following it with your eyes.
B) It has much behavioral support, but no physiological support yet.
C) It has little behavioral support, but the comparator has been found in the IT cortex.
D) It can explain why an afterimage seems to be stationary as you move your eye to different fixation points.

Question 6

Mira gently pushes on her eye with her finger. Because her eye muscles push against the force of her finger, which keeps the image in the same location, she perceives the visual scene

A) to be jiggling.
B) to be stationary.
C) to have exaggerated depth.
D) to be "shrinking."

Question 7

The vertigo case of R.W. not only provided evidence for the corollary discharge theory, it revealed the importance of the______ in producing CDS.

A) MT area
B) PPA
C) STS
D) MST area

Question 8

As Dore runs through the park, the flow signals that he is moving and not the environment. Gibson calls this

A) local disturbances in the optic array.
B) deletion in the optic array.
C) the global optical flow.
D) the bioptic flow.

Question 9

R.W., the man who had vertigo when he moved his eyes, had cortical damage that eliminated

A) corollary discharge signals.
B) image movement signals.
C) cortical magnification.
D) binocular cell firing.

Question 10

In addition to describing movement detection in terms of the environment, researchers have proposed different ways to detect movement from a physiological perspective. The Reichardt detector is one solution. Which of the following is the greatest weakness of the Reichardt detector?

A) It only explains motion detection for images that cross the receptors.
B) It only explains how eye movements can be accounted for in motion detection.
C) It only is able to detect lateral movement of stimuli.
D) It operates using excitatory and inhibitory signals.

Question 11

Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, he perceives

A) no movement, because his eye muscles can't move.
B) no movement, because the scene is stationary.
C) movement, because there is a CDS and an IDS.
D) movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS.

Question 12

Tom is watching Terri walk across the room. According to Gibson, Tom perceives Terri

A) to be moving because her image is moving across his retina.
B) to be stationary because the background is stationary.
C) to be moving because of a local disturbance in the optic array.
D) to be moving because the background texture is moving across his retina.

Question 13

Movies: _______ :: Waterfall illusion: _____________.

A) apparent movement; induced movement
B) real movement; apparent movement
C) movement aftereffects; stroboscopic movement
D) apparent movement; movement aftereffects

Question 14

The condition of the patient of Zihl, et al., who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, is called

A) prosopagnosia.
B) akinetopsia.
C) stroboscopia.
D) amblyopia.

Question 15

The ______ signal is sent to other areas of the brain relaying the message that a signal has been sent from the motor cortex to the eye muscles. It is analogous to using the "cc" (copy) function in an email.

A) Image displacement
B) Ciliary
C) Motor
D) Collorary discharge

Question 16

The patient of Zihl et al., who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, had

A) no problems pouring a cup of coffee.
B) no difficulty crossing a street.
C) difficulty following dialogue.
D) some social inconvenience, but it was not life-threatening.

Question 17

Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of

A) figure-ground segregation.
B) binocular disparity.
C) induced movement.
D) the waterfall illusion.

Question 18

Brian looks at the moon and some clouds at night. He perceives the moon moving through the clouds. This is an example of

A) induced motion.
B) the stroboscopic effect.
C) the Reichardt effect.
D) the Shedlock effect.

Question 19

According to Corollary Discharge Theory, movement is perceived when

A) there is a disturbance in the global optic array.
B) the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal and image displacement signal simultaneously.
C) the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image displacement signal alone.
D) the comparator finds dissimilarities between the local and global optic arrays.

Question 20

Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" used in advertising, is based on

A) apparent movement.
B) movement aftereffects.
C) "waterfall" effects.
D) motion agnosia.

Question 21

_________ is a technique that has been used to temporarily disturb brain area functioning in humans.

A) Lesioning
B) Ablation
C) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
D) Orbital Magnetic Gyration (OMG)

Question 22

The connection between MT neurons and movement perception has been supported by

A) lesioning studies.
B) microstimulation studies.
C) both lesioning and microstimulation studies.
D) neither lesioning nor microstimulation studies.

Question 23

In one study, Zacks et al. (2009) recorded someone making a sandwich and asked participants to press a button when they thought one action was complete. The results of the study indicated that _______were indicative of the end of an action.

A) pauses
B) changes in speed
C) changes in hand orientation
D) head movements

Question 24

Freyd (1983) presented two pictures sequentially that implied motion, such as a person jumping off a low wall. In the "same" condition, the second picture was identical to the first; in the "time-forward" condition, the second picture was the jumper closer to the ground; and in the "time-backward condition, the jumper was further from the ground. The observer's task was to respond whether or not the two pictures were the "same" or "different." The response time was longest for

A) the "same" condition.
B) the "time-forward" condition.
C) the "time-backward" condition.
D) both the "same" and "time-backward" conditions.

Question 25

Which of the following stimuli is most likely to show the greatest representational momentum?

A) a house
B) a rocket
C) a coffee mug
D) a banana

Question 26

Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the STS in humans

A) increased the person's ability to perceive biological motion.
B) decreased the person's ability to perceive biological motion.
C) did not affect the person's ability to perceive biological motion.
D) resulted in gender difference in perceiving biological motion.

Question 27

Newsome, Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots' direction of movement increased

A) the MT neuron fired more rapidly.
B) the monkey judged the direction of movement less accurately.
C) the MT neuron fired less rapidly.
D) the MT neuron fired at rates less than the level of spontaneous activity.

Question 28

In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture a fist is located behind a board; in the other, the fist is located in front of the board at the same height. When rapidly alternating between these pictures, what apparent motion would result?

A) The fist would appear to go around the side of the board.
B) The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the board.
C) The fist would appear to smash the board.
D) No apparent motion would occur; it would look like two still pictures.

Question 29

The real world contains instances of continuous motion that somehow are divided up into meaningful units. The point in time when one unit ends and another begins is referred to as the

A) breaking point.
B) segment marker.
C) event boundary.
D) transition period.

Question 30

The perceptual grouping of lights in biological motion has been shown physiologically to occur in the _______ area of the cortex.

A) superior temporal sulcus
B) lateral geniculate
C) premotor
D) anterior intraparietal

Question 31

In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture a person's fist is located behind his head; in the other, the person's fist is located in front of their face at the same height. When slowly alternating between these pictures (less the five times a second), what apparent motion would result?

A) The fist would appear to go around the side of the head.
B) The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the head.
C) The fist would appear to smash the head.
D) No apparent motion would occur because the alternation is too slow.

Question 32

A monkey with an intact MT cortex can detect the direction of moving dots when coherence is ____%, while a monkey that has had the MT cortex lesioned detects the direction of the moving dots when coherence is _____%.

A) 1-2; 10-20
B) 10-20; 1-2
C) 1-2; 1-2
D) 10-20; 1-2

Question 33

In monkeys, real-motion neurons have been located in

A) the extrastriate cortex.
B) the striate cortex.
C) the retina.
E) the brain stem.

Question 34

The __________ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.

A) Kinetic Depth Effect
B) structure-from-motion phenomenon
C) correspondence problem
D) aperture problem

Question 35

Real-motion neurons found in the monkey cortex fire when _____ moves, but do not fire when _____ moves.

A) the eye; a stimulus
B) a stimulus; the background
C) a stimulus; the eye
D) the background; a stimulus

Question 36

The aperture problem is solved by the pooling of responses of a number of V1 neurons. Physiological evidence suggests that this pooling occurs in the ____, a nucleus in the _____stream.

A) MT cortex; dorsal
B) MT cortex; ventral
C) PF cortex; "what"
D) PF cortex; "how"

Question 37

Pack and Born (2001) found that the combining of responses from V1 cells occurs after about ______ after presentation of the moving bars.

A) 1 msec
B) 20 msec
C) 140 msec
D) 900 msec

Question 38

Kourtzi and Kanwisher (2000) used fMRI's to show that "implied motion" stimuli cause

A) greater responses in the MT and MST than "non-implied motion" stimuli.
B) less firing in the MT and MST than "non-implied motion" stimuli.
C) less firing in the amygdala than the "house" pictures.
D) the same amount of firing in the MST as "house" pictures.

Question 39

Describe the case of the woman with akinetopsia. What does this case tell us about the importance of motion perception?

Question 40

A "point-light walker" wears lights on different body locations. When viewed in a dark room, an observer would perceive a(n)

A) person when the point-light walker is not moving.
B) person when the point-light walker is moving.
C) person if just one light on the person is moving.
D) unidentifiable biological organism when the point-light walker is moving.

Question 41

(a) What does Gibson mean by the "optic array"?
(b) Specify how changes in the optic array affect movement perception.

Question 42

Review the evidence for the physiological basis of perceiving biological motion.

Question 43

Describe Freyd's (1983) study of implied motion and the findings of Kourtzi and Kanwisher's (2000) fMRI study of implied motion.

Question 44

What is the aperture problem? How does the visual system "solve" this problem?

Question 45

Discuss three types of illusory motion. Be sure to give an example of each.

Question 46

(a) Describe the major components and principle of the Corollary Discharge Theory.
(b) Describe two behavioral demonstrations that support the Corollary Discharge Theory and specify how the theory predicts the result.