Deck 14: The Cutaneous Senses

Question 1

Which of the following body parts has the lowest two-point threshold?

A) Fingertips
B) Palms
C) Forehead
D) Upper arm

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The mechanoreceptors primarily responsible for feeling the vibrations from an electric toothbrush are _________ because these receptors contain an "onion-like" series of layers.

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) Merkel receptors
C) Ruffini cylinders
D) Meissner corpuscles

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by

A) using fMRIs in humans.
B) lesioning S1 areas in the monkey.
C) using somatosensory-evoked potentials in monkeys.
D) stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking where they felt body sensations.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The Meissner corpuscle is associated with

A) sensing vibrations.
B) sensing fine texture.
C) controlling handgrip.
D) sensing fine details.

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding body mapping in the somatosensory cortex?

A) Body maps only appear in S1.
B) Body map regions are proportionate to the actual size of the body parts.
C) Body maps appear in both the frontal and parietal lobes.
D) Body maps appear in S1 and S2.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a mechanoreceptor?

A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Ruffini cylinders
C) Merkel receptors
D) Chancellor cells

Question 7

The fibers from the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway go to the

A) lateral geniculate nucleus.
B) medial geniculate nucleus.
C) ventrolateral nucleus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 8

The receptive fields of cortical S1 neurons are

A) larger for the fingers than for the forearm.
B) larger for the fingers than for the hand.
C) smaller for the fingers than the forearm.
D) the same size for the fingers as for the hand.

Question 9

The density of the ______ on the fingertips than on the palms.

A) Merkel receptors is higher
B) Krausse end bulbs is higher
C) Merkel receptors is lower
D) Pacinian corpuscles is lower

Question 10

The function of the skin is

A) warning the individual of possible injury.
B) preventing body fluids form escaping.
C) protecting the organism from bacteria and chemical agents.
D) all of these are functions of the skin

Question 11

The nerve fibers in the spinal cord go in

A) the medial lemniscal pathway only.
B) the spinothalamic pathway only.
C) the geniculostriate pathway only.
D) both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway.

Question 12

Ian Waterman was able to sense pain and temperature because his _______ pathway was intact, but could not feel touch and limb position because of damage to his ____ pathway.

A) lemniscal; spinothalamic
B) spinothalamic; lemniscal
C) homuncular; lemniscal
D) spinothermal; spinothalamic

Question 13

The mapping of the body on the somatosensory cortex can be represented as the

A) homunculus.
B) anosmia.
C) epidermis.
D) pachyderm.

Question 14

The _______ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.

A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Ruffini cylinders
D) Merkel receptors

Question 15

Which of the following stimuli have been used to test tactile acuity?

A) Gratings
B) Letters
C) Two-point stimuli
D) Letters, gratings, and two-point stimuli have all been used.

Question 16

Jan is a right-handed violin player - she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is

A) equal to the area for the fingers on her right hand.
B) equal to the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
C) larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
D) smaller than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.

Question 17

The somatosensory system

A) is the same as the cutaneous sensory system.
B) is comprised of cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and kinesthesis.
C) is not activated when reading Braille.
D) is not important for motivating sexual activity.

Question 18

The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of

A) sensory substitution.
B) Braille projection.
C) cortical magnification.
D) the analgesic inversion principle.

Question 19

Experience-dependent plasticity has been found to occur for

A) the somatosensory system only.
B) the auditory system only.
C) only the auditory and somatosensory systems
D) the somatosensory, auditory, and visual systems.

Question 20

The ___________ are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a hand-held massager.

A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Ruffini cylinders
D) Merkel receptors

Question 21

The phrase "multimodal nature of pain" refers to

A) pain that occurs from too much heat or too much cold.
B) pain that occurs from sounds that are too loud and skin stimulation that is too intense.
C) sensory and emotional components of pain.
D) real and imagined sources of pain.

Question 22

Neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus in the thalamus have

A) center-surround receptive fields
B) ill-defined receptive fields.
C) no receptive fields.
D) grating-like receptive fields.

Question 23

Moving your finger across a textured surface can produce vibrations that are interpreted as texture. These vibrations are defined as

A) parietal cues.
B) temporal cues.
C) spatial cues.
D) olfactory cues.

Question 24

The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of

A) temporal cues and spatial cues.
B) temporal cues and olfactory cues.
C) spatial cues and auditory cues.
D) temporal cues and parietal cues.

Question 25

Which if the following is an "exploratory procedure" identified by Lederman and Klatzky?

A) Enclosure
B) Pressure
C) Contour following
D) All of these are EPs.

Question 26

The phenomenon of "phantom limb" is difficult to explain using the _______ of pain.

A) direct pathway model.
B) gate control model.
C) both gate control and direct pathway models.
D) neither; both gate control and direct pathway models can explain phantom limb.

Question 27

When you try to identify a three-dimensional object by touch alone, and are allowed to have control over your hand and finger movements, you are using

A) passive touch.
B) haptic perception.
C) azimuth perception.
D) magnification touch.

Question 28

pain subjective intensity : _______ :: pain unpleasantness: ________.

A) Area S1; Area S2
B) real pain; the pain matrix
C) the ACC; Area S2
D) Area S1; the ACC

Question 29

According to the gate control theory of pain, the ______ opens the pain gate by sending excitation to___.

A) Mechanoreceptors; Transmission cells
B) SG+; Nocioceptors
C) SG-; Mechanoreceptors
D) Nociceptors; Transmission cells

Question 30

Neuropathic pain : __________ :: Inflammatory pain: _______.

A) tumor cells; phantom limb syndrome
B) tumor cells; carpal tunnel syndrome
C) carpal tunnel syndrome; azimuth burn
D) carpal tunnel syndrome; tumor cells

Question 31

Pokorny reduced the perceived pain for a burn victim by

A) showing photographs of other burn victims.
B) microstimulating the nocioreceptors in the forearm.
C) discussing the placebo effect with the burn victim.
D) presenting a virtual-reality "game" that involved chasing a spider and grinding the spider in a garbage disposal.

Question 32

Which of the following structures is not part of the pain matrix?

A) amygdala
B) insula
C) ACC
D) SEC

Question 33

Neurons in the monkey somatosensory cortex have been found that

A) respond only to stimuli of a specific orientation.
B) respond only to active touching of a ruler.
C) respond differently under different attention conditions.
D) All of these have been found.

Question 34

Lucy, a heterosexual female, would be able to keep her hand immersed in cold water longer if she was

A) looking at pictures of a refrigerator.
B) looking at pictures of accidents, since she would feel that other people have worse trouble than cold hands.
C) looking a pictures of attractive males.
D) visualizing images of war.

Question 35

Research by Derbyshire et al. (2003) showed that

A) hypnosis does not affect pain perception.
B) hypnosis can affect pain perception, but not the brain activity associated with pain.
C) hypnosis can affect pain perception, and the brain activity associated with pain.
D) activation of nocioceptors is necessary for pain perception.

Question 36

Mika touches a high-curvature stimulus and a lower-curvature stimulus with her fingertip. Which of the following best describes the firing of the mechanoreceptor fibers?

A) The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less for the high-curvature stimulus, but there is no difference in firing for the lower-curvature stimulus.
B) The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less for the lower-curvature stimulus, but there is no difference in firing for the high-curvature stimulus.
C) The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less in both cases, and the pattern of firing is the same in both cases.
D) The receptors right at the point of contact respond the most and the ones further away fire less in both cases, but the pattern of firing is different for the two stimuli.

Question 37

The demonstration in which you perceived the texture of a surface using your pen or another "tool" showed

A) it is difficult to determine texture without directly touching the surface.
B) passive touch is more important than active touch in texture perception.
C) texture gradients are more important for vision than cutaneous senses.
D) that you can use vibrations to perceive the texture of the surface.

Question 38

BobbyDale is asked to use haptic perception to identify a soccer ball. She will most likely use the exploratory procedure(s) of _______________ to identify the soccer ball's exact shape.

A) lateral motion and pressure
B) pressure only
C) enclosure and contour following
D) passive motion and lateral motion

Question 39

Sensory component of pain : ________ :: emotional component of pain : ________.

A) throbbing; dull
B) annoying; sickening
C) frightful; prickly
D) throbbing; annoying

Question 40

In most of our daily experience of touch, we are using

A) passive touch.
B) active touch.
C) two-point touch.
D) two-hand touch.

Question 41

Explain how haptic exploration is used to identify objects.

Question 42

Discuss how cortical magnification and plasticity are related to the cortical mapping of area S1.

Question 43

Discuss four ways that cognitive factors can influence pain perception.

Question 44

What is the duplex theory of texture perception? Describe research that supports this theory.

Question 45

Endorphins

A) are morphine-like substances found in the body.
B) are receptors that are stimulated by extreme temperature on the skin.
C) the active agent in placebos.
D) have no analgesic effects.

Question 46

Discuss research by Osborn and Derbyshire (2010) and Singer et al. (2004) that demonstrate how social situations can affect pain perception.

Question 47

Stroking a participants' leg led to increased activation in S2. Interestingly, S2 activity also increased

A) when participants saw a video of the same leg moving around in isolation.
B) when participants saw a video depicting someone stroking an office supply binder.
C) when participants saw a video of an object moving toward someone's leg.
D) when participants thought about lifting the same leg and moving it around.

Question 48

Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.

Question 49

Based on the finding that ______________________, it is believed that endorphins are linked to pain relief.

A) naloxone injections increase the analgesic effect of endorphins
B) naloxone injections decrease the analgesic effect of endorphins and placebos
C) naloxone injections increase the analgesic effects of placebos
D) placebo injections increase the analgesic effects of endorhins

Question 50

Name and discuss the differences between the four types of mechanoreceptors.