Deck 3: Digestion, absorption, and Transport

Question 1

The food flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate is believed by some scientists to promote a unique taste sensation known as

A)sushi.
B)umami.
C)chymos.
D)sashimi.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a sphincter muscle?

A)Anus
B)Cardiac
C)Duodenum
D)Ileocecal valve

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Where is the epiglottis located?

A)Throat
B)Bile duct
C)Pancreatic duct
D)Lower esophagus

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The process by which food is broken down into absorbable components is called

A)digestion.
B)absorption.
C)excretion.
D)mastication.

Question 5

What part of the GI tract prevents a person from choking while swallowing?

A)Mouth
B)Epiglottis
C)Pyloric sphincter
D)Upper esophageal sphincter

Question 6

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

A)Secretes acid into the stomach
B)Secretes hormones into the stomach
C)Prevents the contents of the small intestine from backing up into the stomach
D)Prevents the contents of the small intestine from emptying too quickly into the colon

Question 7

A bolus is conducted past the diaphragm through the

A)epiglottis.
B)stomach.
C)esophagus.
D)large intestine.

Question 8

What is the lumen of the GI tract?

A)The epiglottis
B)The capillaries
C)The inner space
D)The mucosal surface

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of the appendix?

A)It ferments fiber
B)It stores lymph cells
C)It slows down peristalsis
D)It stores preformed stools

Question 10

After swallowing,in what order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract?

A)Jejunum,duodenum,colon,ileum,rectum
B)Jejunum,ileum,duodenum,rectum,colon
C)Stomach,duodenum,jejunum,ileum,colon
D)Stomach,jejunum,duodenum,colon,ileum

Question 11

What is mastication?

A)The act of chewing
B)The act of swallowing
C)The wave-like contraction of the intestines
D)The wave-like contraction of the esophagus

Question 12

What is a bolus?

A)Enzyme that hydrolyzes starch
B)Portion of food swallowed at one time
C)Device used to analyze the contents of the stomach
D)Sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine

Question 13

What structure controls the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?

A)Pyloric valve
B)Ileocecal valve
C)Colonic sphincter
D)Jejunal sphincter

Question 14

Which of the following is a feature of the taste buds?

A)They react only with particles in solution
B)They are located throughout the oral cavity
C)They produce amylase but not pepsin or lipase
D)A single taste bud can sense only one of the basic taste sensations at a time

Question 15

In what organ does the digestion process begin?

A)Mouth
B)Stomach
C)Duodenum
D)Jejunum-ileum

Question 16

Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?

A)Ileum
B)Cecum
C)Jejunum
D)Duodenum

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the basic taste sensations?

A)Hot
B)Sour
C)Salty
D)Bitter

Question 18

Which of the following describes the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract?

A)A vat-like vessel
B)A rigid,solid tunnel
C)A flexible muscular tube
D)A firm,duct-like channel

Question 19

What structure functions to prevent entrance of food into the trachea?

A)Tongue
B)Epiglottis
C)Cardiac sphincter
D)Trachea sphincter

Question 20

What is umami?

A)The flavor of monosodium glutamate
B)The opening between the duodenum and jejunum
C)The intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes fish proteins
D)An intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes dietary nucleic acids

Question 21

Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?

A)Control peristalsis
B)Grind large food particles
C)Secrete digestive juices into the GI tract
D)Control the passage of food through the GI tract

Question 22

During digestion of a meal,how many times does the pyloric sphincter open in 10 minutes time?

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)20

Question 23

What types of enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the proteins in foods?

A)Lipases
B)Salivases
C)Proteases
D)Carbohydrases

Question 24

Which of the following is a feature of peristalsis?

A)It remains quiet between meals when the GI tract is empty
B)It occurs along the GI tract at a constant rate when food is present
C)It involves parallel and circular muscles found in the walls of the intestines but not the stomach
D)It consists of wavelike muscular contractions resulting from alternate tightening and relaxing of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles

Question 25

Which of the following is a description of chyme?

A)The semisolid mass of undigested food that passes through the ileocecal valve
B)A semiliquid mass of partially digested food released by the stomach into the small intestine
C)The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion of the macronutrients
D)A thick,viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices

Question 26

How many sphincters does the anus contain?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 27

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

A)Emulsifies fats
B)Neutralizes stomach acid
C)Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
D)Protects stomach cells from gastric juices

Question 28

What is a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A)Absorbs water
B)Inhibits peristalsis
C)Neutralizes the food mass
D)Creates an optimum acidity

Question 29

What is reflux?

A)Hard,dry,stools
B)Backward flow of chyme
C)Soft,poorly formed stools
D)The mixture of bile and pancreatic juice

Question 30

Which of the following is a feature of the muscular actions of digestion?

A)Peristalsis begins first in the stomach upon the initiation of the swallowing reflex
B)The colon has the thickest and strongest muscles of the GI organs to withstand the pressure of stool evacuation
C)The jejunum has a third layer of diagonal muscles to enhance contraction and relaxation phases for enhanced digestion
D)Segmentation in the intestines allows periodic squeezing along its length,resulting in momentary reversal of the movement of intestinal contents

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT true about digestion?

A)Salivary glands contribute little to digestion
B)The pyloric sphincter opens about 3 times a minute
C)Saliva contains enzymes that digest sugars,fats,and proteins
D)The liver and pancreas contribute essential fluids to the digestive process

Question 32

What structure separates the colon from the small intestine?

A)Pylorus
B)Ileocecal valve
C)Gastric retainer
D)Rectal sphincter

Question 33

Among the GI tract organs,which has the strongest muscles?

A)Stomach
B)Small intestine
C)Large intestine
D)Cardiac sphincter

Question 34

What is the primary function of the rectum?

A)Controls functioning of the colon
B)Absorbs minerals from waste materials
C)Stores waste materials prior to evacuation
D)Absorbs excess water from waste materials

Question 35

During the process of digestion,at what point does the stomach begin to release chyme?

A)When the fluid to solid ratio is 3 to 1
B)When the chyme is liquefied
C)Within 15 minutes of gastrin release
D)Within 5 to 10 minutes of starting a meal

Question 36

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the

A)reflux restrainer.
B)cardiac sphincter.
C)perihepatic control valve.
D)reverse peristalsis inhibitor.

Question 37

What structure controls the release of material from the stomach to the small intestine?

A)Ileocecal valve
B)Pyloric sphincter
C)Diaphragmatic valve
D)Esophageal sphincter

Question 38

What structure prevents reflux of stomach contents?

A)Pepsinogen
B)Gastric mucosa
C)Upper esophageal sphincter
D)Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 39

What is meant by the term "motility" in reference to the GI tract?

A)The efficiency of lymph transport
B)The ability of the GI tract muscles to move
C)The speed of gastric digestive juice release
D)The speed of pancreatic digestive juice release

Question 40

What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?

A)Chyme
B)Liquid food
C)Gastric mucus
D)Semiliquid mass

Question 41

Which of the following body organs does not secrete digestive enzymes?

A)Liver
B)Stomach
C)Pancreas
D)Salivary glands

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a component of pancreatic juice?

A)Bile
B)Water
C)Lipase
D)Sodium bicarbonate

Question 43

The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as

A)condensation.
B)emulsification.
C)enzymification.
D)phosphorylation.

Question 44

After the pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme in the small intestine,which of the following describes the pH of the resulting mixture?

A)Very acidic
B)Moderately acidic
C)Strongly alkaline
D)Approximately neutral

Question 45

Your cousin Miguel is extolling the virtues of his new dietary supplement.He says that it contains enzymes that will make him healthier,and he asks for your opinion.You assure him that the enzymes

A)will increase the digestibility of the foods he eats.
B)could likely interfere with the enzymes secreted by his pancreas.
C)could likely overload his gastrointestinal tract and lead to diarrhea.
D)are proteins and proteins are destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 46

The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to

A)raise the pH of chyme.
B)lower the pH of chyme.
C)hydrolyze large peptides.
D)provide a little fizz in your life.

Question 47

Which of the following would NOT be acted upon by pancreatic juice secreted into the intestinal tract?

A)Fats
B)Fiber
C)Proteins
D)Carbohydrates

Question 48

An example of an important function of the colon would be its absorption of

A)bile.
B)fats.
C)salts.
D)hormones.

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach?

A)Very acidic
B)Slightly acidic
C)Neutral
D)Slightly alkaline

Question 50

Which part of the GI tract contains highly acidic digestive juices?

A)Colon
B)Ileum
C)Stomach
D)Duodenum

Question 51

Why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach?

A)Mucus inhibits starch breakdown
B)Stomach enzymes are dysfunctional
C)Starch should not be eaten with protein
D)Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment

Question 52

The usual pH of gastric juice is approximately

A)2.
B)4.
C)6.
D)7.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption?

A)It kills bacteria
B)It activates pancreatic lipase
C)It activates a proteolytic enzyme
D)It promotes hydrolysis of dietary protein

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT produced from colonic fermentation of certain fibers?

A)Gas
B)Water
C)Secretin
D)Small fat fragments

Question 55

What substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices?

A)Water
B)Mucus
C)Pepsinogen
D)Dietary fats

Question 56

What is an important function of mucus?

A)Helps solubilize bile
B)Stabilizes pancreatic enzymes
C)Enhances absorption of vitamin B₁₂
D)Protects the stomach walls from digestion

Question 57

A solution with a pH of 7 is how many times more alkaline than one with a pH of 6?

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)100

Question 58

What is one function of the gallbladder?

A)Stores bile
B)Produces bile
C)Reabsorbs water and salts
D)Performs enzymatic digestion

Question 59

What is the fate of any enzymes that are present in the foods we eat?

A)Hydrolyzed in the GI tract
B)Absorbed intact by the stomach
C)Absorbed intact by the small intestine
D)Passed through the GI tract and excreted in the stool

Question 60

After someone chews and swallows a portion of food,what becomes of the salivary amylase in the stomach?

A)It is inactivated by gastric juice
B)It continues to hydrolyze starches
C)It binds to pepsin and catalyzes proteolytic activity
D)It passes into the duodenum where the alkaline pH stimulates carbohydrase activity

Question 61

What vessel carries blood from the liver to the heart?

A)Aorta
B)Hepatic vein
C)Thoracic duct
D)Hepatic portal vein

Question 62

Which of the following nutrients requires the least amount of digestion?

A)Starch
B)Calcium
C)Animal fats
D)Animal proteins

Question 63

After sitting through a two-hour lecture in math,your stomach is growling.You have just learned about surface area and its role in mathematics.Your classmate points out that surface area is also an integral part of the absorption of nutrients

A)due to the makeup of the gastric mucosa.
B)due to the relatively large size of food protein molecules.
C)through the presence of the enormous number of villi and microvilli.
D)resulting from the large size of pancreatic enzymes on which nutrients become digested.

Question 64

What is the first vessel to receive absorbed water-soluble vitamins?

A)Hepatic vein
B)Mesenteric vein
C)Mesenteric artery
D)Hepatic portal vein

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of stools?

A)Water
B)Fiber
C)Starch
D)Bacteria

Question 66

Which of the following classes of nutrients requires the least amount of digestion?

A)Lipids
B)Proteins
C)Vitamins
D)Carbohydrates

Question 67

Which of the following is an important function of the intestinal villi crypts?

A)Synthesis of chylomicrons
B)Secretion of juices into the small intestine
C)Synthesis of fragments of fat for use by the colon
D)Transport of fat-soluble nutrients into the circulation

Question 68

To assist the process of digestion and absorption,it is usually best to

A)eat several snacks per day so the system is not overwhelmed.
B)combine different food types to enhance the absorption process.
C)avoid eating meat and fruit at the same meal to prevent competition.
D)take enzyme pills or powder periodically so the system can rest and rejuvenate.

Question 69

What is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

A)Crypt
B)Villus
C)Microvillus
D)Macrovillus

Question 70

Which of the following is a function of the intestinal microvilli?

A)Secretion of bile salts
B)Secretion of digestive acid
C)Transport of nutrient molecules
D)Transport of pancreatic enzymes

Question 71

Which of the following is a significant property of dietary fiber?

A)Inhibits protease activity
B)Promotes water retention of stools
C)Inhibits large intestinal contractions
D)Promotes vitamin excretion in stools

Question 72

When nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system,what organ is first to receive them?

A)Liver
B)Heart
C)Lungs
D)Kidneys

Question 73

What is the function of bile?

A)Emulsifies fats
B)Initiates digestion of protein
C)Enhances absorption of complex carbohydrates
D)Protects the stomach and small intestine from the action of hydrochloric acid

Question 74

Which of the following products of digestion is NOT normally released directly into the bloodstream?

A)Fats
B)Minerals
C)Vitamin C
D)Carbohydrates

Question 75

Exchange of oxygen,nutrients,and waste materials takes place across the walls of small vessels called

A)ducts.
B)venules.
C)arterioles.
D)capillaries.

Question 76

What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?

A)Villi
B)Cilia
C)Mesenteric vessels
D)Vascular projectiles

Question 77

Which of the following is generally NOT digested but does stimulate intestinal muscle contractions?

A)Bile
B)Fiber
C)Starch
D)Amylase

Question 78

The hepatic portal vein empties into the

A)liver.
B)heart.
C)pancreas.
D)hepatic vein.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells?

A)Diffusion
B)Transmigration c Active transport
D)Facilitated diffusion

Question 80

Which of the following are found on the microvilli and function to break apart small nutrients into the final products of digestion?

A)Mucus
B)Micelles
C)Enzymes
D)Hormones