Deck 18: Diet and Health

Question 1

The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as

A)antigens.
B)antibodies.
C)synergisms.
D)immunoglobulins.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The acronym AIDS stands for

A)altered individual defense system.
B)aortic infected dystrophic syndrome.
C)acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
D)aneurysm internal development system.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT among the functions of the T-cells?

A)Recognition of antigens
B)Production of antibodies
C)Release of killer chemicals
D)Suppression of the immune response when appropriate

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What term describes an event,such as a GI infection,that results in decreased nutrient absorption,which in turn results in inability to synthesize sufficient immune cells and immune factors,thereby leading to increased susceptibility to another GI infection?

A)Synergistic
B)Antagonistic
C)Enteroimmune recirculation
D)Reinforced negative nutrition spiral

Question 5

The diseases most common today include all of the following EXCEPT

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)tuberculosis.
D)heart disease.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT among the common cell types that make up the immune system?

A)P-cells
B)B-cells
C)T-cells
D)Phagocytes

Question 7

The process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria is known as

A)bactocydosis.
B)phagocytosis.
C)cytotoxicosis.
D)immunoglobinemia.

Question 8

Approximately how many people in North America have HIV or AIDS?

A)100,000
B)550,000
C)1.5 million
D)3.3 million

Question 9

What percentage of cells of the body are white blood cells?

A)0.01
B)0.1
C)1
D)10

Question 10

Kimmy is a curious 4-month-old baby who is just learning how to crawl.On Monday she came across some large dust particles underneath the couch,which caused her to sneeze and develop a runny nose and a cough.Two weeks later she came across more dust from the same place.Which of the following aspects of immunity allows Kimmy's body to remember how to respond to this dust again?

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)Beta cells
D)Spleen cells

Question 11

Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases EXCEPT

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)kwashiorkor.
D)hypertension.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT among disorders influenced strongly by genetics?

A)AIDS
B)Diabetes
C)Hypertension
D)Atherosclerosis

Question 13

What are cytokines?

A)Scavengers of the immune system
B)Specialized antibodies that retain B-cell memory
C)Specialized proteins that activate responses to infection
D)Highly specific cells that attack only one type of antigen

Question 14

Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does NOT bear a relationship to diet?

A)Cancer
B)Heart disease
C)Diabetes mellitus
D)Pneumonia and influenza

Question 15

Which of the following is a feature of AIDS?

A)It has no cure
B)Its prevention depends on good nutrition
C)It cannot pass from mother to infant during breastfeeding
D)It is among the 10 leading causes of death in the United States

Question 16

Immunoglobulins are produced primarily by

A)T-cells.
B)B-cells.
C)antigens.
D)phagocytes.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT among the most important organs of the immune system?

A)Spleen
B)Muscle
C)Lymph nodes
D)Thymus gland

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV or AIDS?

A)HIV but not AIDS is curable
B)AIDS develops from HIV infection
C)Optimal nutrition can prevent but not cure HIV
D)Since the 1990s,the death rate from HIV and AIDS has increased markedly

Question 19

Of the ten leading causes of illness and death,how many are associated directly with nutrition?

A)1
B)4
C)7
D)10

Question 20

HIV is known to be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated body fluids from all of the following sources EXCEPT

A)saliva.
B)blood.
C)semen.
D)vaginal secretions.

Question 21

By what age do most people first have well-developed arterial plaque?

A)30
B)40
C)50
D)60

Question 22

Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis.She eats a diet high in fat,smokes,and doesn't exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days.Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains.Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack.Which of the following would be the most definitive predictor of this suspicion?

A)Platelet count
B)C-reactive protein concentrations
C)LDL cholesterol serum concentrations
D)HDL cholesterol serum concentrations

Question 23

A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed

A)angina.
B)a stroke.
C)a vascular event.
D)metabolic syndrome.

Question 24

Which of the following is a feature of atherosclerosis?

A)It is reversible by resveratrol
B)It is improved by high blood homocysteine levels
C)It is characterized by infiltration of platelets in the arterial wall
D)It is worsened by elevated blood high-density lipoproteins

Question 25

In the development of plaque,what is thought to be responsible for oxidation of LDL cholesterol during the inflammatory phase?

A)Free radicals
B)Beta-blockers
C)P-reactive protein (PRP)
D)Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A

Question 26

Which of the following blood pressure readings first signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?

A)110 over 50
B)120 over 70
C)130 over 80
D)140 over 90

Question 27

Which of the following may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

A)BMI of 26
B)Low LDL-cholesterol levels
C)High HDL-cholesterol levels
D)High C-reactive protein levels

Question 28

The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot that broke away from arterial plaque is termed

A)an anginism.
B)an embolism.
C)circulatory hypoxia.
D)a de-plaquing event.

Question 29

Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet?

A)Age
B)Gender
C)Heredity
D)Low HDL level

Question 30

The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called a(an)

A)aorta.
B)plaque.
C)aneurysm.
D)diverticula.

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of gender and coronary heart disease?

A)There are fewer deaths from CHD in women than in men
B)At every age,men have a higher risk for CHD
C)The rate of CHD suddenly accelerates after menopause
D)After age 55,aging becomes a risk factor for CHD in men but not women

Question 32

For which of the following chronic diseases are dietary risk factors least involved in its development?

A)Cancer
B)Obesity
C)Diabetes
D)Atherosclerosis

Question 33

A person's level of C-reactive protein appears to be a strong predictor for

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)a heart attack.
D)HIV progression.

Question 34

The most common form of cardiovascular disease is

A)stroke.
B)atheromatous disease.
C)coronary heart disease.
D)hypertensive aneurism.

Question 35

Tiny,disc-shaped bodies in the blood that are important in clot formation are called

A)T-cells.
B)C-cells.
C)plaques.
D)platelets.

Question 36

What is the term given to the accumulation of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develops in the artery walls?

A)Plaques
B)Angina streaks
C)Arterial thickening
D)Pre-thromboemboli

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT among the diet-related risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A)Obesity
B)High sugar intake
C)Glucose intolerance
D)High blood cholesterol

Question 38

What disease accounts for the majority of deaths in U.S.women?

A)Diabetes
B)Lung cancer
C)Breast cancer
D)Coronary heart disease

Question 39

Which of the following is a characteristic of arterial plaque?

A)Size of the plaque is not as important as composition
B)Stabilization of the plaque occurs with moderate intake of alcohol
C)The amount of C-reactive protein in the plaque is a marker for high risk
D)The rough surface of plaques promotes neutrophil aggregation and antigen formation

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT among markers for inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A)CRP
B)Ephedra
C)Lp-PLA (2)
D)LDL cholesterol

Question 41

Which of the following is a feature of blood triglycerides and risk for coronary heart disease?

A)High triglyceride levels are now designated as a major risk factor
B)Elevated triglycerides are not an independent risk factor
C)High triglyceride levels correlate strongly with high HDL levels,which is a predictor for low risk
D)Triglyceride concentrations are low in very-low-density lipoproteins,which correlate with risk for metabolic syndrome

Question 42

Which of the following describes a known association with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A)In men,CHD begins 10-15 years earlier than in women
B)Women who take estrogen to reduce the risk for osteoporosis are at significantly higher risk for CHD
C)Men with blood cholesterol levels in the borderline-high range account for up to 10% of all deaths from CHD
D)Women younger than 45 years of age tend to have higher LDL cholesterol than do men of that age,but this difference disappears after menopause

Question 43

Among the following,which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol?

A)Begin drug treatment
B)Consume a high-protein diet
C)Consume large amounts of fish and fish oils
D)Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight

Question 44

Stefan was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.He is very scared about this new diagnosis because no one in his family has ever had it and he hasn't ever heard of it.His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counseling on his modifiable risk factors.Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with Stefan?

A)What medications to take
B)How to improve his atherogenic diet
C)How to slow down his aging process
D)How to map out his family tree,identifying all relatives with heart disease

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT among the factors that would lead a person with high blood pressure to develop the metabolic syndrome?

A)Diuretic use
B)Insulin resistance
C)Abdominal obesity
D)High blood triglycerides

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT among the components in the assessment of a person's 10-year heart disease risk?

A)LDL
B)HDL
C)Total cholesterol
D)Systolic blood pressure

Question 47

What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?

A)HDL
B)LDL
C)HDK
D)VLDK

Question 48

What should be the next course of action for a person who was unsuccessful in lowering LDL or blood pressure by lifestyle changes?

A)Obtain prescription medications
B)Consider coronary bypass surgery
C)Obtain regular nutrition counseling
D)Consider gastric surgery to reduce body weight

Question 49

What is prehypertension?

A)A predictor of stroke risk
B)Slightly high blood pressure
C)A precursor for Syndrome X
D)A component of the metabolic syndrome

Question 50

Since 1960,how have blood cholesterol levels and deaths from CVD among U.S.adults changed over time?

A)A continuous upward trend for both
B)A continuous downward trend for both
C)A fall in cholesterol but a rise in CVD deaths
D)An upward trend for cholesterol but a reduction in CVD deaths

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristic of the metabolic syndrome?

A)Physical inactivity plays a major role in its development
B)Central obesity is thought to play a greater role than other risk factors
C)At least 3 of 5 specific diet-related risk factors must be present for diagnosis
D)The risk factors act synergistically to predict the risk for coronary heart disease

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT among the direct contributors to the metabolic syndrome?

A)Obesity
B)Hypertension
C)Insulin resistance
D)High sodium intake

Question 53

What is the appropriate method of assessing blood lipids to ensure reliable results?

A)Take at least 2 measurements at least 1 week apart
B)Send the patient to 2 different laboratories and average the results
C)Take a fasting and a non-fasting blood sample and average the results
D)Perform a fat tolerance test by having the patient drink a beverage containing 25 g of vegetable oil and obtain blood samples over the next 4 hours

Question 54

Approximately what percentage of people in the United States are believed to have hypertension?

A)10
B)33
C)65
D)100

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT among the features of low-density lipoproteins and coronary heart disease?

A)LDL is more atherogenic than is HDL
B)Excess LDL cholesterol is vulnerable to oxidation
C)LDL-lowering treatments are designed to stabilize arterial plaques
D)Excess LDL cholesterol in the blood is removed by high-density lipoproteins

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT among the associations between smoking and coronary heart disease?

A)Smoking damages platelets
B)Smoking increases blood pressure
C)Smoking as a risk factor for CHD is the same for women and men
D)Cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 36 months

Question 57

Why should the measurement of a person's blood cholesterol be performed at least twice with measurements taken at least one week apart?

A)The person may not be fasting
B)The reliability of laboratory testing instruments for cholesterol is inexact
C)Blood cholesterol concentrations are known to vary significantly day to day
D)The person may have an infection (e.g.,cold)that affects cholesterol concentration

Question 58

A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be

A)polydipsic.
B)insulin resistant.
C)hyperglucagonemic.
D)pancreatic beta-cell deficient.

Question 59

What type of substance is resveratrol?

A)Lipoprotein
B)Antioxidant
C)Soluble fiber
D)Atherogenic promoter

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT among the risk factors for coronary heart disease that can be minimized by behavioral change?

A)Inactivity
B)Smoking
C)Heredity
D)Hypertension

Question 61

Which of the following is a characteristic of factors associated with hypertension?

A)Most people with hypertension have BMIs <25
B)Most people with hypertension are extremely salt sensitive
C)Three to 4 alcohol drinks per day lowers risk for hypertension
D)African Americans develop high blood pressure earlier in life and their average blood pressure is higher than others

Question 62

Which of the following describes a relationship between sodium/salt and high blood pressure?

A)People with chronic kidney disease are less likely to be salt-sensitive
B)Lowering sodium intakes reduces blood pressure only in certain ethnic groups
C)People over 30 years of age with hypertension are most likely to be salt-sensitive
D)Weight loss is often as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure

Question 63

Your aunt Crystal asks you to recommend a diet that will help lower her blood pressure.She is willing to try just about anything.Which of the following choices would be most effective in lowering Crystal's blood pressure?

A)Eliminating the use of table salt altogether
B)Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day
C)Substituting all table salt use throughout the day with Mrs.Dash seasoning product
D)Including 3 servings of skim milk and 10 servings of fruits and vegetables a day plus restricting sodium to 2 g/day

Question 64

Strategies to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in people who drink include limiting daily alcohol intake to

A)1 drink for both women and men.
B)1 drink for women and 2 for men.
C)2 drinks for both women and men.
D)2 drinks for women and 4 for men.

Question 65

What is the magnitude of the increase in risk for CVD for a person with a blood pressure reading of 140/80 compared with the optimum blood pressure?

A)20%
B)40%
C)75%
D)100%

Question 66

What is the best predictor for risk of a stroke?

A)Blood pressure
B)LDL-cholesterol
C)HDL-cholesterol
D)Trans-fatty acid intake

Question 67

Approximately what percent of people with high blood pressure are sensitive to salt?

A)5-10
B)15-25
C)30-50
D)100

Question 68

Which of the following statements describes a risk factor for high blood pressure?

A)Three alcohol drinks per day increases the risk for developing high blood pressure
B)Most people are genetically sensitive to sodium and will develop high blood pressure from excess salt intake
C)Ninety-five percent of people under 50 years of age with high blood pressure respond favorably to low salt intake
D)Ninety-five percent of people with high blood pressure who restrict salt intake show a significant decrease in blood pressure

Question 69

To lower a high blood cholesterol level,all of the following are recommended EXCEPT

A)consume 2 servings/week of fish.
B)consume 300 mg or less of cholesterol per day.
C)lower the saturated fat intake to <7% total energy.
D)decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy.

Question 70

What happens to the risk for CVD for a person with a blood pressure of 120/90?

A)It is halved
B)It is doubled
C)It is unchanged
D)It is reduced by 25%

Question 71

The DASH diet was developed to lower the risk for

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)hypertension.
D)metabolic syndrome.

Question 72

Among the following lifestyle changes,which is least effective at reducing blood pressure?

A)Adopting the DASH eating plan
B)Limiting daily alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks
C)Reducing body weight to achieve a BMI of less than 25
D)Performing physical exercise for 30 minutes per day,5 days a week

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT among the risk factors that predict the development of hypertension?

A)Age
B)Race
C)Salt intake
D)Family background

Question 74

The DASH diet is actually the acronym for

A)Dramatic Alternatives to Solving HIV.
B)Diabetes and Sodium Hyperglycemia.
C)Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
D)Disorders-Associated Severe Hyperlipidemias.

Question 75

How does obesity increase the risk for developing hypertension?

A)Obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to higher blood pressure
B)The excess fat pads surrounding the kidneys impair blood flow to these organs and lead to a higher output of renin
C)Sodium intake in obese people significantly exceeds the recommended intake,thereby predisposing them to higher blood pressure
D)Higher lipoprotein lipase activity in obese people triggers the angiotensin cascade,leading to increased peripheral resistance to blood flow

Question 76

Which of the following is the most likely reason that a blood pressure reading should be repeated before confirming a diagnosis of hypertension?

A)The person reacted emotionally to the procedure
B)Blood pressure measuring devices often give inaccurate readings
C)The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too tightly on the arm
D)The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too loosely on the arm

Question 77

Peripheral resistance is affected primarily by the resistance of

A)the ventricles in the atria.
B)blood flow in the arterioles.
C)the carotid arterial flow in the brain.
D)blood flow in the portal venous system.

Question 78

In the measurement of blood pressure,the units are expressed as

A)cm of silver.
B)cm of depth.
C)mm of plaque.
D)mm of mercury.

Question 79

The percent risk of developing hypertension later in life when the blood pressure is normal at age 55 is

A)0.
B)10.
C)50.
D)90.

Question 80

Peripheral resistance of blood flow is calculated as

A)heart rate divided by pulse rate.
B)cardiac output times blood pressure.
C)ejection volume times stroke volume.
D)blood pressure divided by cardiac output.