Deck 7: Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships

Question 1

Proximity is important to attraction because .

A)it allows negative attitudes to dissipate over time
B)repeated exposure tends to produce favorable evaluations
C)areas of similarity can be discovered more easily
D)areas of dissimilarity are less likely to exist
E)observable characteristics become more pronounced

Answer 1

repeated exposure tends to produce favorable evaluations

Question 2

Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation.As such,he would likely .

A)show less emotional involvement in a relationship
B)not express a desire to marry right after college
C)avoid people with undesirable physical characteristics
D)prefer to spend as much time alone as possible
E)avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

Answer 2

avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

Question 3

Mark was eating a wonderful dinner one evening when Jeannine came into the restaurant and sat down next to him while he was finishing this dinner.Later,Mark found that he was attracted to Jeannine.This situation illustrates the operation of an)effect on attraction.

A)mediated variable's
B)an unintentional
C)associated

Answer 3

associated

Question 4

Regardless of the factors leading up to one liking or disliking another individual,those likes and dislikes are determined by one's immediate .

A)proximity
B)affective state
C)need for affiliation

Question 5

Individuals who are in stressful situations frequently experience an increase in their need to affiliate with others in a similar situation.This may be because .

A)affiliation with others in similar situations may increase our sense of belongingness
B)such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons
C)affiliation with others in similar situations may increase our sense of isolation
D)others who are in similar situations may better know what to do
E)such affiliations may provide us with improved coping strategies

Question 6

Angela and Becky are good friends.Carol greatly dislikes Angela but is not acquainted with Becky.Given this information,if Carol sees Angela and Becky interacting,Carol is MOST likely to react to Becky .

A)by having a negative reaction to her
B)by having a positive reaction to her
C)in an indifferent fashion since she is not acquainted with her
D)by trying to develop a friendship with her in order to anger Angela
E)by developing a level of intrigue about her

Question 7

According to a classical conditioning model of attraction,if you saw a funny film with someone,you would .

A)like the person more
B)like the person less
C)think that the person was funny

Question 8

The associated effect that emotions have on attraction can best be explained by .

A)classical conditioning
B)the direct effect
C)nonconscious stereotyping

Question 9

Interpersonal attraction refers to .

A)the degree to which another person helps meet our need for affiliation
B)the attitude one holds about another person
C)the extent to which two people share the same attitudes
D)the positive response we have to those who are similar to us
E)the extent to which repeated exposure to another person is desirable

Question 10

Karen and James are taking the same social psychology class.Karen happened to be standing next to James in the college post office when he received a letter from home that contained an unexpected $50.00.A short time later,James was asked to evaluate Karen as part of a class project.His evaluation of Karen is higher than it otherwise might have been because of .

A)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
B)the power of proximity
C)the associated effect of emotions

Question 11

Joshua happened to be sitting next to Brittany when the professor returned term papers to the class.Brittany received an unexpectedly high grade and the teacher's comments were very flattering to her.Brittany now finds herself liking Joshua a bit more than before.This occurrence is best explained by .

A)the need for affiliation
B)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
C)the associated effect of emotions

Question 12

Individuals can vary in their strength of their need for affiliation as a function of .

A)environmental factors only
B)either their traits or temporary states
C)temporary states only
D)their traits only
E)absolutely nothing,since people do not differ in terms of their strength of their need for affiliation

Question 13

Lisa admired the dress that Shelly was wearing and told Shelly that she looked absolutely stunning in that dress.Shelly felt very positive feelings toward Lisa after that compliment and tended to like her in other circumstances.Lisa had effect on the attraction Shelly felt for her.

A)an associated
B)a direct
C)a correlational

Question 14

People with high scores on explicit measures of the need to affiliate such as questionnaires)are most likely to .

A)form friendships and interact with many people
B)tend to experience social exclusion much of the time
C)spend more time interacting in limited two-person situations
D)prefer to spend much of their time alone
E)prefer to interact primarily with large groups

Question 15

Which of the following professionals are MOST likely to utilize what is known about proximity in their work?

A)Accountants
B)Attorneys
C)Architects
D)Medical doctors
E)Biologists

Question 16

Attraction toward another increases if and decreases if .

A)the other person produces positive affect; the other person produces negative affect
B)the other person invades our personal space; the other person is overly pleasant
C)the other person provides punishment; the other person provides positive reinforcement
D)the other person produces negative affect; the other person produces positive affect
E)we provide positive reinforcement; we provide negative reinforcement

Question 17

Regarding the affect-attraction relationship on social influence,an ad agency is primarily concerned with in order to sell a product.

A)mentioning the unique aspects of their product
B)arousing positive feelings
C)highlighting a company's business record
D)providing a balanced view about their product to customers
E)associating the product with a particular sound

Question 18

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli,this offers evidence that .

A)there is no evolutionary rationale for why humans would show a high affiliation need
B)there is a decrease in affiliative behavior at the community level
C)there is a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate
D)there is not an automatic response to facial cues
E)there is a psychological basis for the need to affiliate that is present at a very early age

Question 19

When your feelings are negative about something in your environment,and another person just happens to be with you,you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms,illustrating the impact of on attraction.

A)a correlational effect
B)an associated effect
C)a direct effect

Question 20

The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships is known as .

A)the affiliation need
B)the affect-centered model of attraction
C)the proportion of similarity
D)an adaptive response
E)the aversion hypothesis

Question 21

Repeated exposure can lead to negative views of the stimulus if .

A)propinquity effects are not present
B)the repeated exposure occurs without conscious awareness
C)the repeated exposure occurs randomly
D)the need for affiliation is low
E)the stimulus originally evokes negative emotions

Question 22

Suppose Jamie lives in an apartment building.She has the BEST chance to become acquainted with the person who lives .

A)directly above her
B)in any of these locations
C)at the end of the hall on her floor
D)directly across from her
E)directly below her

Question 23

Physical attractiveness is not associated with but is correlated with .

A)kindness; high self-esteem
B)popularity; good interpersonal skills
C)good interpersonal skills; intelligence
D)success; communications ability
E)independence; dominance

Question 24

Being independent and dominant are characteristics that people generally .

A)believe are associated with unattractive men and women
B)believe are associated with attractive men only
C)believe are unrelated to levels of attractiveness
D)believe are associated with attractive men and women
E)believe are associated with attractive women only

Question 25

Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town.They attended the same school and went to the same college,where they took many of the same classes.At first,they were not particularly interested in each other romantically,but over time,they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married.This is best explained by .

A)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
B)the proportion of similarity
C)the mere exposure effect

Question 26

Based on Langlois' work with composite faces,you might say that an attractive face is perceived as than an unattractive one.

A)more familiar
B)more motherly/fatherly
C)less comforting

Question 27

When rating the attractiveness of other people,the greatest degree of agreement between raters occurs when .

A)males are judging the attractiveness of females
B)males are judging the attractiveness of males
C)females are judging the attractiveness of females
D)both genders are judging the attractiveness of males and females
E)females are judging the attractiveness of males

Question 28

Since George,a college student,prefers privacy he should choose to sit .

A)in an area that is not isolated
B)in the back of the room,away from others
C)as close to where the professor is as possible
D)anywhere he likes,since location in the room will not affect his privacy
E)where there are students on both sides of him

Question 29

Tomas is beginning his first year of college.Since one of his goals is to meet people and make new friends in his classes,Tomas would be well-advised to .

A)spend as much time as possible interacting with the instructor
B)sit between other students in his classes whenever possible
C)sit in the back of the room so he can take notes quietly during class
D)sit at the front of the room and on the end of a row
E)periodically cut class and spend the time alone in a nearby park

Question 30

The vast majority of the stereotypes based on appearance are .

A)mostly inaccurate
B)mostly inaccurate for younger people but relatively accurate for older people
C)mostly accurate for men and women
D)mostly accurate for females
E)mostly accurate for males

Question 31

The repeated exposure effect is LEAST likely to generate positive evaluations when .

A)the individual being exposed has a relatively strong need for structure
B)the stimulus initially generates strong negative affect
C)the individual is consciously processing information about the stimulus
D)the individual is not aware that exposure has taken place
E)the repeated exposures cannot be avoided

Question 32

The finding that frequent contact with a mildly negative,neutral,or positive stimulus results in increasingly positive evaluations of that stimulus is known as .

A)an adaptive response
B)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
C)the repeated exposure effect
D)the proportion of similarity
E)the affect-centered model

Question 33

According to Zajonc 2001),we generally respond to a stranger the first time we encounter that person.

A)with concern for our personal safety
B)with at least mild discomfort
C)with open friendliness
D)with curiosity
E)with a mixture of discomfort and friendliness

Question 34

Why would participants in Langlois' experiments rate the average of multiple faces as more attractive then the faces from which they were created?

A)The average face elicits a self-comparison from the participant.
B)The average face is perceived as closer to our schemas of women and men.
C)The average face avoids the stereotypes of any extreme face.
D)The average face is perceived as a whole,whereas the extreme face is perceived in parts.
E)The average face is more likely to have mature features.

Question 35

According to Zajonc 2001),repeated encounters with a stranger generally allows to decrease and to increase.

A)beneficial consequences; harmful consequences
B)positive emotions; negative emotions
C)positive emotions; feelings of familiarity
D)feelings of familiarity; feelings of uncertainty
E)negative emotions; positive emotions

Question 36

Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all.Shortly thereafter,this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle,and the song was played over and over,so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song.You would expect Bob to for the song.

A)decrease his liking
B)at first decrease his liking,then increase his liking
C)become neutral in his evaluation
D)increase his liking
E)reevaluate his feelings

Question 37

Researchers have digitally combined multiple faces to create a composite image.This "averaged" face is typically rated as .

A)average in terms of attractiveness
B)less attractive than the faces used to create it
C)unrecognizable
D)either more or less attractive,depending on the faces used to create it
E)more attractive than the faces used to create it

Question 38

Suppose Diane and Mark,as college freshmen,are assigned dorm rooms right next door to each other.Shortly thereafter,they begin dating and after college,they wed.The factor that would be MOST responsible for their initial acquaintance is .

A)need for affiliation
B)shared attitudes and beliefs
C)repeated exposure due to proximity

Question 39

The principle of proximity suggests that .

A)the distance between individuals determines which of their physical characteristics are most likely to be noticed
B)the distance between individuals indicates whether one individual is attracted to another
C)the physical closeness between individuals helps determine the probability that repeated contact will be experienced
D)the distance between individuals determines who can interact with whom
E)the physical closeness between individuals is an indication of mutual attraction

Question 40

Jessica considers herself to be a private individual.Although she is taking college courses and working towards her degree,she doesn't enjoy interacting with her fellow students very much.In order to minimize interactions in the classroom,Jessica should .

A)spend as much time as possible interacting with the instructor
B)sit at the front of the room and near the center of a row whenever possible
C)sit in the back of the room,and either in a corner or at the end of a row whenever possible
D)sit as close to the center of the room as possible
E)make frequent eye contact with her fellow students in order to indicate her lack of interest

Question 41

Research in bars indicates that people are perceived as more attractive by members of the opposite sex at later times of the evening than at earlier times.This is due to .

A)increases in the number of available potential partners
B)less attractive people tend to arrive at social functions at earlier times
C)decreases in the number of available potential partners
D)incremental effects of the alcohol consumed
E)more attractive people tend to arrive at social functions at later times

Question 42

When research participants rate very attractive people on their attractiveness,and then rate strangers on their attractiveness,the strangers are generally rated as less attractive than if those same strangers were rated alone or first.This is known as .

A)the repeated exposure effect
B)the contrast effect
C)appearance anxiety

Question 43

The proportion of similarity is predictive of the degree of attraction between two people .

A)when discussions are between females and females
B)when discussions are between males and females
C)regardless of the importance of the topics they discuss
D)when discussions are of topics that are important to the individuals
E)when discussions are between males and males

Question 44

Apprehension about whether our own physical appearance is adequate and concern about possible negative reactions of other people to our appearance is known as .

A)an adaptive response
B)the proportion of similarity
C)first impression anxiety
D)the repulsion hypothesis
E)appearance rejection sensitivity

Question 45

Information about other people's attitudes are processed by the perceiver to produce the proportion of similarity effect.

A)by multiplying positive affective responses and subtracting negative ones
B)by adding and subtracting positive and negative affective responses
C)in unknown ways
D)by adding positive affective responses,subtracting negative responses,and dividing by total responses
E)in a surprisingly imprecise mathematical way

Question 46

When indications of similar views on various topics are measured,the proportion of similarity is .

A)the ratio of similar views to previously expressed similarity expressed by two people
B)the ratio of total views of similarity and dissimilarity to similar views divided by dissimilar views expressed by two people
C)the ratio of similar views to total views similar + dissimilar)expressed by two people
D)the number of times two people agree with each other divided by the number of times they disagree with each other
E)the ratio of similar views to dissimilar views expressed by two people

Question 47

Attraction between two people is enhanced when .

A)the need for affiliation is particularly strong
B)privacy is of lesser concern to both individuals
C)areas of dissimilarity cause feelings of discomfort
D)areas of similarity outweigh areas of dissimilarity
E)physical proximity cannot be altered

Question 48

The proportion of similarity is an indication of .

A)the strength of the similarity-dissimilarity effect
B)the affect-centered model of attraction
C)the frequency of agreeable communications
D)the likely level of attraction between two people
E)average population level of agreement on selected topics

Question 49

Physical attractiveness is .

A)not at all influenced by our prior learning experiences
B)characteristics that are evaluated as the opposite of unattractive
C)generally unrelated to grades,evaluations,or other external measures of capability
D)adjudged based on precise cues that are not easy to identify
E)characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful/handsome only

Question 50

People who share similar attitudes and beliefs are to like each other.

A)less likely
B)unlikely
C)more likely
D)neither more nor less likely
E)either more or less likely,depending on other factors

Question 51

Suppose a mayoral candidate by the name of Tony LaGratta is generally viewed as attractive and is taller than his male opponent.Which of the following factors,if any,may be viewed as a negative factor by many voters?

A)Envy particularly from men)of his attractiveness
B)Sympathy for his less attractive opponent
C)His ethnic name
D)Distraction from his qualifications by his attractiveness
E)Most voters are too sophisticated to allow observable characteristics to influence their vote.

Question 52

Of the following famous sayings,the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity-attraction relationship is .

A)a penny saved is a penny earned
B)two many cooks spoil the broth
C)a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
D)opposites attract
E)birds of a feather flock together

Question 53

People often base their voting decisions on stereotypes that are frequently based on .

A)the perception of leadership potential
B)the apparent emotional characteristics of the candidates
C)physical characteristics of the candidates,such as height
D)nonverbal cues related to their post-election behavior
E)the candidates' use of verbal key-words that trigger specific emotions

Question 54

On first meetings,men who are preferred; with subsequent interactions,men who are preferred.

A)exhibit sensitivity and authoritative behaviors; exhibit dominance and sensitive behaviors
B)exhibit competitive and masculine behaviors; exhibit authoritative and submissive behaviors
C)exhibit authoritative and submissive behaviors; exhibit competitive and masculine behaviors
D)exhibit dominance and authoritative behaviors; exhibit sensitivity and prosocial behaviors
E)exhibit sensitivity and prosocial behaviors; exhibit dominance and authoritative behaviors

Question 55

On the basis of the proportion of similar attitudes,of the following individuals,the person we would like the MOST would be the one with .

A)6 similar attitudes and 10 dissimilar attitudes
B)10 similar attitudes and 10 dissimilar attitudes
C)20 similar attitudes and 4 dissimilar attitudes
D)12 similar attitudes and 20 dissimilar attitudes
E)9 similar attitudes and 8 dissimilar attitudes

Question 56

When people rate the attractiveness of a number of faces,two categories generally emerge.These are and .

A)childlike features,with well-groomed hair and an elongated neck; childlike features,with a broad nose and large pupils
B)mature features,with prominent cheekbones and a somewhat pointed chin; mature features,with a slightly open mouth and a somewhat pointed chin
C)childlike features,with large widely spaced eyes and small nose and mouth; mature features,with high eyebrows,large pupils and a big smile
D)childlike features,with large widely spaced eyes and small nose and mouth; childlike features,with relatively small eyes and a larger nose and mouth
E)mature features,with high eyebrows,large pupils and a big smile; mature features,with prominent cheekbones and a somewhat pointed chin

Question 57

The research finding that people tend to respond positively to indications that another person shares their attitudes,beliefs,and interests while they respond negatively to indications that another person differs from them in terms of attitudes,beliefs,and interests is known as .

A)the proportion of similarity
B)the repeated exposure effect
C)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
D)the affect-centered model
E)balance theory

Question 58

Information about dissimilar attitudes and beliefs has effect on attraction than does the same amount of information about similar attitudes.

A)a slightly weaker
B)a slightly stronger
C)a very much weaker

Question 59

Our evaluations of strangers tend to be higher when .

A)there are indications that the stranger's attitudes and beliefs are different from ours
B)there are indications of differences in attitudes and beliefs but similarities in behaviors
C)we know that some beliefs are dissimilar but some attitudes are similar to ours
D)we know that they share attitudes and beliefs that are similar to ours
E)we know that some attitudes are dissimilar but some beliefs are similar to ours

Question 60

The concept of attitude similarity includes similarity of , , ,and .

A)activities; beliefs; attitudes; interests
B)attitudes; beliefs; values; interests
C)attitudes; beliefs; values; behaviors
D)attitudes; backgrounds; values; interests
E)backgrounds; activities; interests; attitudes

Question 61

According to balance theory,imbalance exists when .

A)two people like each other and discover they are similar in some way
B)two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
C)two people dislike each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
D)one person likes the other and the other person dislikes or is neutral towards the first
E)one person dislikes another person,but perceives that person as being similar to a third person whom the perceiver does not like

Question 62

is enough to reduce feelings of being left out in most children.

A)More parental attention
B)One friend
C)For most children,between three and four friends
D)A trait-wise unwillingness to self-blame
E)Merely being in others' general proximity

Question 63

Festinger's 1954)social comparison theory states that .

A)people compare their attitudes and beliefs with each other because this increases the likelihood of finding others who share those attitudes and beliefs
B)people compare their attitudes and beliefs with each other because this helps to avoid states of imbalance or nonbalance
C)people compare their attitudes and beliefs with each other because this is the only way we can evaluate our accuracy and normality
D)people compare their attitudes and beliefs with each other because this produces conservational validation
E)people compare their attitudes and beliefs with each other because this is a necessary step towards achieving balance

Question 64

One of the few ways works well is between a with respect to interactions.

A)complementarity; male and female; dominance/submission
B)similarity; female and female; management styles
C)complementarity; male and female; athletic/non-athletic
D)complementarity; male and male; extraversion/introversion
E)similarity; female and female; views on fairness

Question 65

According to balance theory,balance is achieved when .

A)two people like each other and discover they are similar in some way
B)two people dislike each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
C)two people dislike each other and discover they are similar in some way
D)two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
E)one person likes the other and discovers a similarity between himself and another person without checking to see if his perception is shared

Question 66

According to balance theory,balance results in ,while imbalance results in ,and nonbalance results in .

A)a positive emotional state; indifference; a negative state
B)a negative emotional state; a positive state; indifference
C)indifference; a positive emotional state; a negative state
D)a negative emotional state; indifference; a positive state
E)a positive emotional state; a negative state; indifference

Question 67

Marisa has relationships with men in which she feels worthy,but inevitably has low expectations of the relationship,leading her to fear genuine closeness.Marisa has a attachment style.

A)dismissing
B)preoccupied
C)fearful-avoidant

Question 68

The degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships is referred to as her or his .

A)attachment style
B)mother-infant bonding
C)basic attitudes toward interactions

Question 69

From an evolutionary perspective,an adaptive response is .

A)any behavioral tendency that diminishes the odds of others' reproductive success
B)any physical characteristic or behavioral tendency that enhances the transmission of cultural information to successive generations
C)any behavioral tendency that enhances the odds of survival
D)any physical characteristic or behavioral tendency that enhances the odds of reproductive success
E)any physical characteristic that diminishes the odds of others' reproductive success

Question 70

The idea that opposites attract is called .

A)complementarity
B)similarity
C)dissimilarity

Question 71

The idea that enemyship exists as a type of well-known relationship in some cultures is an example of how .

A)relationships are not context-free expressions of human nature
B)enemyship is in the mind of the individual
C)social norms may act to prevent overt enmity
D)such relationships only exist in clan or family settings
E)we should always keep our enemies close to us

Question 72

A person with a preoccupied attachment style is said to have a self-image and interpersonal trust.

A)negative; high
B)positive; low
C)negative; negative

Question 73

Family members other than a child's mother in that child's social development.

A)have little influence
B)influence a child in a variety of ways
C)have a more wholesome influence if they have similar personality styles
D)should interact alone with a child
E)have more influence if they are near the age of the child

Question 74

When researchers asked students to say which traits were most important for their ideal person to have,across a spectrum of different types of relationships,they named and as the two most important.

A)trustworthiness; cooperativeness
B)extraversion; trustworthiness
C)intelligence; humor

Question 75

Flattery often works with respect to attraction because of the rule of .

A)reciprocity
B)ingratiation
C)similarity

Question 76

According to balance theory,nonbalance exists when .

A)two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
B)two people discover they are dissimilar in some way but neither like nor dislike each other
C)one person likes the other and the other person dislikes the first
D)two people dislike one another
E)one person likes the other and the other person is neutral towards the first

Question 77

A frequent shared illusion in a romance is .

A)that you and your partner are meant for each other
B)that love will solve all problems
C)a dream of marriage and family life
D)talking about problems will inevitably lead to resolution
E)that the other person is all you really need

Question 78

A person's attachment style throughout his or her life.

A)may change with relationship experience
B)will remain stable
C)becomes no discernible style after age 35
D)is accentuated with age
E)will become less pronounced after one has children

Question 79

One universal factor in close relationships is .

A)friendship
B)interdependence
C)enemyship

Question 80

Consistent with the repulsion hypothesis,if you meet someone with whom you share one similar and one dissimilar attitude,you will be MOST likely to .

A)ignore the information about your similar and dissimilar attitudes until you have an opportunity to ask your other friends if they know this individual
B)determine whether you like or dislike the person on the basis of the relative importance you assign to the dissimilar/similar attitudes
C)show increased liking for the person even though you may have some concern about your point of dissimilarity
D)focus on the dissimilarity as a basis to not like the individual in question
E)like the person,but only as a casual acquaintance