Deck 10: Aggression: Its Nature,causes,and Control

Question 1

Provocation is usually met with .

A)retaliation
B)frustration
C)flight

Answer 1

retaliation

Question 2

According to Bandura's social learning perspective,people learn .

A)that aggressive behaviors are always rewarded with desirable outcomes
B)that some groups encourage aggression against their members
C)that aggressive behaviors are never acceptable
D)different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior
E)that aggressive behaviors are always punished in the long run,but rewarded in the short run

Answer 2

different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior

Question 3

In contrast to older models of aggression,modern theories tend to .

A)be less accepted by social psychologists
B)offer an incomplete picture of the origins of human aggression
C)provide a more accurate understanding of human aggression
D)be less complex
E)explain fewer forms of aggressive behavior

Answer 3

provide a more accurate understanding of human aggression

Question 4

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that .

A)frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive
B)both frustration and aggression are innate human drives that cannot be easily controlled or eliminated
C)males aggress against other males in order to obtain access to females
D)frustration causes the activation of our fighting instincts
E)internal states arouse the motive to harm or injure others

Question 5

Drive theories of aggression suggest that .

A)a fighting instinct in human males underlies most forms of aggression
B)males aggress against other males in order to obtain access to females
C)our death wish is redirected outwards towards others,causing aggression
D)the motive to harm or injure others is an innate human drive that cannot be easily controlled or eliminated
E)external conditions arouse the motive to harm or injure others

Question 6

James and William are discussing the last Presidential election.James,a Democrat,has made some very negative comments about Republicans and the way in which the campaign was conducted.William,a life-long Republican,has told James to tone it down,but this seems to encourage James to make even more negative comments.Eventually,William pushes James away and starts to throw a punch.This situation might best be seen as a case of .

A)bullying
B)catharsis
C)provocation

Question 7

According to the general aggression model,repeated exposure to aggressive models in films or video games may increase a person's level of aggressiveness by .

A)weakening the effects of constraining factors on aggressive behaviors
B)encouraging behavioral patterns involved with competitiveness,time urgency,and hostility
C)strengthening knowledge structures such as beliefs,attitudes,and schemas that are related to aggression
D)limiting the availability of incompatible responses
E)increasing the level of physiological arousal to the point at which people tend to seek catharsis

Question 8

According to the general aggression model,situational factors and personal factors can lead to aggressive behavior because of their influence on , ,and .

A)physiological arousal; affective states; cognitions
B)cognitions; affective states; frustration
C)affective states; cognitions; other people
D)affective states; physiological arousal; catharsis
E)catharsis; provocation; cognitions

Question 9

Samantha is frustrated after waiting in a long line for an hour and ultimately shouts at the person in front of her.According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,Samantha is showing aggression due to .

A)the fact that frustration always leads to aggression
B)Samantha's inherent aggressive tendencies
C)the negative affect emanating from her frustration elicited by the person in front of her
D)obvious provocation from others
E)the fact that Samantha was still somewhat excited about something that had happened earlier in the day

Question 10

According to the general aggression model,there are two broad categories of variables that influence aggressive behavior: and .

A)situational factors; personal factors
B)situational factors; incompatible response factors

Question 11

studies track the same participants over a long period of time.

A)Longitudinal
B)Cross-cultural
C)Experimental

Question 12

Exposure to violence on TV or in movies has been shown to .

A)increase aggressive behavior in children,but not in adults
B)increase the probability of aggressive behavior in people who watch them
C)increase aggressive behavior for a short time only
D)have no long-term effects on aggressive behavior
E)decrease aggressive behavior because of the catharsis effect

Question 13

Miller has been watching a very exciting adventure movie at the theater.His heart rate is still a little elevated as he leaves the cinema.Just as he reaches his car in the parking lot,he sees someone accidentally bump his car as they back out of another parking space.Miller becomes extremely agitated and excitedly begins yelling and pounding on the other person's car fender.This extreme reaction to a relatively minor annoyance can best be explained by .

A)the excitation transfer theory
B)a hostile attributional bias
C)the catharsis hypothesis

Question 14

Bandura's social learning perspective on aggression suggests that .

A)people acquire their aggressive behaviors from direct experiences or from observing aggressive models
B)frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive which is usually expressed in socially acceptable ways
C)frustration causes the activation of our fighting instincts
D)the motive to harm or injure others is an innate human drive that cannot be easily controlled or eliminated
E)people are born with aggressive tendencies which are displayed in some social settings

Question 15

A person who has experienced an arousing event .

A)experiences collateral frustration
B)tends to seek out that situation,or similar situations
C)always reduces the tension through aggression
D)tends to avoid that situation and similar situations
E)may transfer that arousal to another situation

Question 16

Sarah was driving home after a particularly difficult day at work when someone cut her off and almost caused her to wreck her car.Still shaken from her near miss,she arrived home to find that her spouse had not yet started dinner,as he had promised to do.Sarah angrily accused him of being "a lazy bum" and started an argument with him.This situation can best be explained by .

A)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
B)a hostile attributional bias
C)the excitation transfer theory

Question 17

According to Bandura's social learning perspective,people learn .

A)which persons or groups are acceptable targets for aggression and what actions justify aggressive behavior
B)that aggressive behaviors are always punished in the long run,but rewarded in the short run
C)that some groups encourage aggression against their members
D)that aggressive behaviors are always unacceptable
E)that aggressive behaviors are always rewarded with desirable outcomes

Question 18

Thanatos is .

A)Baron's idea that evolution is one of several causes of human aggression
B)the basis underlying drive theories of aggression
C)Hilton's idea that males aggress against other males but less so against females
D)Lorenz's idea of a fighting instinct in human males
E)Freud's idea of a death wish that becomes redirected towards others as aggression

Question 19

Widespread effects of media violence appear to be from exposure to media defined as .

A)television,video games,news programs and song lyrics
B)books,video games,television and song lyrics
C)video games,television,nursery rhymes and song lyrics
D)books,television,news program and song lyrics
E)television dramas,song lyrics,and reality TV

Question 20

Behavior that is intended to harm another is known as .

A)Type B behavior
B)Type A behavior
C)aggression

Question 21

The desensitizing effect of violent pornography .

A)encourages individuals to confuse sexuality and aggression
B)reduces the strength of the sex drive in males who view pornographic materials
C)decreases the level of physical arousal associated with viewing pornography
D)reduces the strength of emotional reactions to the mistreatment of sexual victims
E)increases the level of sexual excitement experienced by those who view pornography

Question 22

The hostile expectation bias is .

A)an expectation that other people will behave aggressively
B)anticipated hostility towards others
C)an incompatible response
D)a Type B behavior pattern
E)an expectation that we will become more aggressive

Question 23

The Type B behavior pattern is .

A)marked by the absence of Type A characteristics
B)composed primarily of instrumental aggressiveness and time urgency
C)composed primarily of high levels of competitiveness,hostility,and time urgency
D)found primarily in female members of cultures of honor
E)found primarily in male members of cultures of honor

Question 24

After playing a particularly violent video game for a few hours,Tom became involved in a heated discussion with his roommate.When his roommate suddenly stood up to go to another room,thereby ending the discussion,Tom believed that his roommate was about to attack him.This misinterpretation of his roommate's actions is probably due to .

A)a Type A behavior pattern
B)a hostile expectation bias
C)a Type B behavior pattern

Question 25

Bill,a seventh-grader,is on the playground.Bill has started pushing another student around and has punched him twice when a teacher intervenes.Bill tries to explain his aggressiveness by saying "I was just having fun".This is an example of .

A)instrumental aggression
B)hostile aggression
C)Type B personality

Question 26

Instrumental aggression .

A)occurs when the primary objective is to inflict harm on another individual or group
B)is more frequently used by Type A personalities
C)is sometimes useful in achieving a particular goal or objective
D)is more common among Type B personalities
E)is the result of a strong hostile attributional bias

Question 27

People who tend to think of themselves as being superior to other people in terms of their abilities or qualities,and as being more deserving of respect than others,tend to react strongly to negative feedback,in part because .

A)they believe a different,more stringent set of standard applies to them
B)positive feedback may threaten their self-image
C)negative feedback may threaten their self-image
D)negative feedback may bolster their self-image
E)they believe a different,more relaxed set of standard applies to them

Question 28

Repeated exposure to violent media content leads people to .

A)revert to more immature behavioral patterns
B)develop strong knowledge structures related to aggression
C)engage in behaviors that may escalate into violence
D)develop powerful hand-eye coordination capabilities
E)commit particularly aggressive acts

Question 29

A culture of honor is .

A)one in which wealth is heavily concentrated among an elite group of leaders
B)one in which militarism is an accepted way of life
C)one in which wealth is easily converted to many different forms
D)one in which cultural norms indicate that aggressive behavior is appropriate and acceptable if one's honor has been insulted
E)one in which honor is the only thing of value for most people

Question 30

Lee just punched a stranger in the face in order to prove to his peers that he was "manly." This is an example of .

A)the Type A behavior pattern
B)displaced aggression
C)the Type B behavior pattern
D)hostile aggression
E)instrumental aggression

Question 31

Suppose Cindy shows a Type A behavior pattern but her husband,Bert,shows a Type B behavior pattern.Given this information,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Cindy is more likely than Bert to show hostile and instrumental aggression.
B)Cindy and Bert are equally likely to show hostile and instrumental aggression.
C)Cindy is less likely than Bert to show instrumental aggression only.
D)Cindy is more likely than Bert to show instrumental aggression only.
E)Cindy is more likely than Bert to show hostile aggression only.

Question 32

After watching many vivid scenes of violent pornography,individuals become hardened or to the pain and suffering of other individuals.

A)emboldened
B)desensitized
C)uninterested

Question 33

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that .

A)the effects of TV are minimal to non-existent
B)media depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression levels in viewers
C)TV programs often constitute an outlet for aggressive affect
D)since TV programs generally lack a frustrating conclusion,it cannot be said that they contribute to aggression
E)research on the effects of TV violence is inconclusive and we can't draw any firm conclusions without additional research

Question 34

People who are high in sensation seeking tend to be aggressive than are others,in part because .

A)equally; they find aggression-eliciting situations to be appealing,but they tend to be somewhat less aggressive than are others
B)more; they focus on long-term consequences of their behavior and are less likely to experience anger and hostility
C)more; they focus on immediate consequences of their behavior and are more likely to experience anger and hostility
D)neither more nor less; there is no relationship between aggression and sensation seeking behaviors
E)less; they focus on immediate consequences of their behavior but are less likely to experience anger and hostility

Question 35

Children either watched an episode of "The Untouchables" or a non-violent TV show.When offered an opportunity to either help or hurt another child who was imaginary,but the kids didn't know that),kids who had watched The Untouchables ,compared to kids who had watched the other show.

A)showed more willingness to hurt the other child
B)showed more aversion to hurting the other child
C)thought it was funny to tease the other child
D)was annoyed at the other child for not watching the episode with them
E)played like they were shooting the other child with a machine gun

Question 36

Hostile aggression occurs .

A)when the hostile attributional bias is too strong
B)when the aggression is used to achieve some other goal
C)when the primary goal is to inflict harm on the victim
D)when catharsis is not achieved
E)when a Type A person encounters a Type B person

Question 37

Matt is easily bored and likes to try new things.He goes sky-diving every chance he gets and is thinking about an upcoming trip to Mexico,where he plans to go cliff-diving.Based on what is known about the relationship between sensation seeking and aggression,we can say .

A)that Matt is likely to be less aggressive than other people
B)that Matt is likely to be more aggressive than other people
C)nothing about Matt,because there is no firm connection between sensation seeking and aggression
D)that Matt is likely to also be narcissistic
E)that Matt is likely to be neither more nor less aggressive than other people

Question 38

Jason always feels like he's pressed for time.As a result,he's chronically in a hurry.He is competitive with others,feeling a strong need to "prove himself" and win at everything he tries.He also tends to be somewhat irritable and aggressively impatient with those who move more slowly than he does or who get in his way.Jason probably has .

A)a Type A personality
B)a Type B personality
C)a Type C personality

Question 39

Cultural norms that support aggressive responses to insults to one's honor developed in response to .

A)the strain associated with large numbers of people not being able to improve their standing in life
B)covert matriarchal power structures underlying the society
C)the stresses of an agrarian style of life
D)wealth being concentrated in forms that could easily be stolen
E)the need to defend large territories against potential invaders

Question 40

Jessie is a Type B person.Jim is a Type A person.Both work out regularly at the gym and are in excellent physical condition.Both have been invited to be contestants on a new reality TV show in which contestants compete for a new car.One of the competitions involves a boxing match.Assuming that all other factors are equal and based on what is known about Type A and Type B personalities,who is most likely to become a contestant on this program?

A)Jessie,because Type B persons are more aggressive than are Type A persons.
B)Jim,because Type A persons are more aggressive than are Type B persons.
C)Both are equally likely to become contestants.
D)It cannot be determined from the information given.
E)None of the above.

Question 41

Time of day is related to criminal activities,with more aggressive crimes being committed in the evening than during the middle part of the day.In part,this is because of the relationship between time of day and .

A)temperature
B)the fact that more non-leisure time is available during mid-day hours
C)the fact that more leisure time is available in the evening hours
D)the wake-sleep cycle
E)ambient lighting

Question 42

Recent research indicates that there is a relationship between temperature and aggression.As temperatures increase .

A)nonviolent crimes,such as burglary and car theft,decrease
B)violent crimes,such aggravated assault and homicide,decrease
C)nonviolent crimes,such as burglary and car theft,also increase
D)crimes such as rape at first increase,then decrease
E)violent crimes,such as aggravated assault and homicide,also increase

Question 43

Programs that are intended to reduce bullying in schools or in prisons .

A)can be effective if a 12-step program is used as the basis for treating the problem
B)are more effective in collectivist societies than they are in individualistic societies
C)are rarely effective in any but the most unusual set of circumstances
D)can be effective if bullying is recognized as a serious problem and organizations take strong and appropriate steps to correct it
E)are usually a waste of resources because bullying does not represent a serious problem

Question 44

Among children,girls who bully others are motivated by .

A)their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression and their desire to exercise power over others only
B)their desire to win the approval of members of the opposite sex,their desire to be part of a "tough" group,their usually frustrated)desire to exercise power over others,and their desire to engage in risky or exciting behaviors
C)their desire to exercise power over others,their desire to part of a "tough" group,and their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression
D)their desire to part of a "tough" group,and their desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression only
E)their desire to exercise power over others and their desire to part of a "tough" group only

Question 45

Workplace aggression includes .

A)any form of behavior by which individuals seek to harm others in the workplace
B)hostile verbal or nonverbal behavior that is directed towards subordinates
C)only those forms of aggressive behavior that are intended to inflict some harm on a particular victim
D)only covert aggressive behavior in which the victim cannot identify the source of the attack
E)only those forms of aggressive behavior that are intended to achieve some particular goal

Question 46

Laboratory studies of the relationship between temperature and aggression have demonstrated that .

A)low temperatures reduce aggression
B)very high temperatures reduce aggression
C)neither high nor low temperatures influence aggression
D)low temperatures increase aggression
E)moderately high temperatures reduce aggression

Question 47

One form of aggressive workplace behavior includes those behaviors that have typically been conceptualized as "workplace violence".This type of aggression is known as .

A)expressions of hostility
B)overt aggression
C)hostile aggression

Question 48

of prison inmates are exposed to bullying episodes each week.

A)50%
B)75%
C)10%

Question 49

What is the relationship between gender and aggression?

A)Women are more likely than men to engage in any kind of aggressive behavior.
B)Men are more likely to engage in direct aggression; women are more likely to engage in indirect aggression.
C)Both genders are equally likely to engage in direct aggression,but women are more likely to engage in direct aggression.
D)Men are more likely than women to engage in any kind of aggressive behavior.
E)Both genders are equally likely to engage in direct aggression,but men are more likely to engage in indirect aggression.

Question 50

Among children,boys who bully others are motivated by .

A)a desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression and to gain the respect and admiration of others
B)a desire to hold power over others and to lessen negative feelings associated with depression
C)a desire to be seen as part of a "tough" group and to lessen negative feelings associated with depression
D)a desire to lessen negative feelings associated with depression and to increase their popularity among members of the opposite sex
E)a desire to hold power over others and a desire to be seen as part of a "tough" group

Question 51

Bullies tend to believe .

A)that people's behavior is strongly influenced by the situation or by external events
B)that aggression against those who provoke them will bring respect from others
C)that the bully's victim can stop the bullying if they want to badly enough
D)that other people can be trusted after a dominance hierarchy is firmly established
E)that people act as they do because of lasting characteristics of the individual

Question 52

Higher levels of aggression are associated with alcohol because .

A)alcohol is ordinarily consumed in mixed-gender settings,and the presence of females tends to make males more aggressive
B)alcohol increases activity in the amygdala and other brain structures involved with our emotions
C)alcohol reduces one's ability to process certain kinds of information and changes one's reactions to unexpected behaviors by others
D)alcohol is ordinarily consumed under crowded conditions where provocations,such as jostling and bumping,are more likely to occur
E)cultural norms in Western societies encourage those who consume alcohol to become at least somewhat belligerent

Question 53

One common form of aggressive workplace behavior includes expressions of hostility,which are .

A)behaviors that are intended to allow one to reach a desired goal or outcome before another employee does so
B)behaviors that arise from a Type A personality configuration
C)behaviors that are generally considered to be "workplace violence",such as physical assault or destruction of property
D)primarily verbal or symbolic behaviors,such as talking behind someone's back or belittling their opinions
E)behaviors that are intended to obstruct or impede someone's job performance

Question 54

One difference between bullies and their victims is that bullies ,while victims .

A)tend to have higher self-esteem than their victims; tend to have lower self-esteem than do bullies
B)are more likely to suffer anxiety attacks; believe they can trust others once dominance and authority has been established
C)believe that others act the way they do intentionally or because of lasting characteristics; perceive others as behaving the way they do due to external stimuli
D)believe they can trust others once dominance and authority has been established; tend to be manipulative and ruthless when they can get away with it
E)are more likely to suffer anxiety attacks; tend to display more feminine characteristics

Question 55

A bully's victim .

A)usually has less power than the bullies
B)usually sees aggression as an unreasonable approach to solving problems
C)usually can stop the bullying behavior if desired
D)usually has higher self-esteem than others
E)usually is overly trusting of other people

Question 56

One common form of aggressive workplace behavior is based on efforts to impede someone's job performance.This type of workplace aggression is known as .

A)obstructionism
B)expressions of hostility
C)hostile aggression

Question 57

A behavioral pattern in which one person is chosen as the target of repeated aggression by one or more others is known as .

A)displacement
B)frustration aggression
C)bullying
D)provocation
E)incompatible aggression

Question 58

Victims who are bullied repeatedly and brutally may react by .

A)pleading with their peers to help them to end the bullying
B)reporting the problem to the police
C)committing suicide
D)trying to sue the bullies
E)lashing out at the parents of the bullies

Question 59

James and George both work as line mechanics at a small manufacturing company.They used to be friends,but a long-running disagreement has soured their friendship.One day,James noticed that George had forgotten to put away an expensive piece of testing equipment that he had signed out of the tool room.While no one was watching,James intentionally dropped the testing equipment in an effort to break it.This is an example of .

A)overt aggression
B)an expression of hostility
C)instrumental aggression

Question 60

Joey works in the mailroom of a large corporation.One of his duties is to distribute the mail to the department heads in two different office buildings.One manager angered Joey by making a negative comment about the mail facility's management.Ever since,Joey makes sure to deliver this person's mail last,and is frequently a day late in delivering important documents to this particular manager.Joey's behavior is an example of .

A)hostile aggression
B)obstructionism
C)an expression of hostility

Question 61

When given an opportunity to decide how much punishment should be delivered to individuals convicted of different crimes,research has shown that most people are more strongly influenced by and much less strongly influenced by .

A)beliefs about the fairness of the judicial system; beliefs about the appropriateness of prison sentences
B)information about the ease or difficulty involved in detecting a crime; beliefs about how much punishment is deserved
C)beliefs about how much punishment is deserved; information about the ease or difficulty involved in detecting a crime
D)beliefs about the deterrent effect of the punishment on other individuals; beliefs about whether forgiveness is merited
E)beliefs about removing dangerous people from society in order to protect others; beliefs about how much punishment is deserved

Question 62

When an adult was shown being aggressive towards a Bobo doll,children were likely to be aggressive toward the doll than when the adult was not aggressive).

Question 63

The four conditions that must be met for punishment to be effective are , , ,and .

A)it must be delayed for a brief period of time; it must be relatively likely to occur; it must be mild; and it must be perceived by recipients as deserved
B)it must be delayed for a brief period of time; it must be relatively likely to occur; it must be mild; and it must be perceived by all parties to the punishment as deserved
C)it must be delayed for a brief period of time; it must be relatively likely to occur; it must be strong; and it must be perceived by recipients as deserved
D)it must be prompt; it must be certain to occur; it must be strong; and it must be perceived by recipients as deserved
E)it must be delayed for a brief period of time; it must be certain to occur; it must be strong; and it must be perceived by recipients as deserved

Question 64

Punishment involves .

A)the delivery of positive reinforcements to individuals when they engage in specific behaviors
B)the delivery of aversive consequences to individuals when they engage in specific unwanted behaviors
C)the substitution of one target for aggressive behavior for another
D)exposing individuals to a stimuli which causes them to experience affective states incompatible with aggression
E)the delivery of negative reinforcements to someone when they engage in specific behaviors

Question 65

Excitation transfer theory suggests that physiological arousal typically dissipates relatively .

Question 66

Teasing may be interpreted in a hostile way in a collectivist culture than in an individualistic one.

Question 67

Abusive supervision consists of .

A)behaviors that are generally considered to be "workplace violence",such as physical assault or destruction of property
B)behaviors that are intended to allow a supervisor to reach a desired goal or outcome before a subordinate does so
C)behavior in which supervisors frequently direct hostile verbal and nonverbal behavior toward subordinates
D)primarily verbal or symbolic behaviors,such as talking behind a subordinate's back or belittling his or her opinions
E)behaviors that are intended to obstruct or impede a subordinate's job performance

Question 68

When media violence is viewed,a bias is created.

Question 69

Seeking revenge may harm both the one seeking revenge and the one against whom vengeful actions are taken.This is because .

A)revenge prevents the occurrence of catharsis
B)seeking revenge may lead to an increase in hostile attributional bias
C)revenge limits the kinds of cognitive processes a person can use while seeking revenge
D)seeking revenge is generally considered unethical in most societies
E)revenge may lead to an upward spiral of retaliation,revenge,and further retaliation

Question 70

Although several factors contribute to workplace aggression,one particularly important factor that has been identified in several research studies is perceived unfairness.This is because .

A)people frequently seek revenge on those who have slighted them in the past
B)people are highly stressed because of the current trend towards downsizing and outsourcing
C)people experience intense anger and resentment when they feel that they have been treated unfairly
D)organizations are impersonal structures that cannot directly support employee efforts to improve their position
E)organizations generally mistreat many of their employees as a matter of course

Question 71

Provocation is any action that tends to trigger aggression in the recipient when that action is perceived as arising from intent.

Question 72

The idea that providing angry persons with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will lead to a reduction in their tendencies to engage in more harmful kinds of aggression is .

A)the drive theory
B)the incompatible response technique
C)the catharsis hypothesis
D)the instrumental technique
E)the displacement theory

Question 73

Exposure to strengthens beliefs,expectations,and other cognitive processes related to aggression,which leads to increased aggressive behavior.

Question 74

Watching violent may encourage adoption of myths about rape.

Question 75

William supervises seven advertising agents.He holds monthly staff meetings in which he briefs the agents on upcoming projects and seeks verbal status reports on ongoing projects.He also solicits creative ideas from his staff at these meetings.Every time Jessica who has blonde hair),the newest member of the staff,offers an opinion or an idea,he makes fun of what she has said.He frequently comments on how dumb she is and says he doesn't understand how she got her job.He sometimes makes "dumb blonde" jokes at her expense.This is an example of .

A)instrumental aggression
B)hostile aggression
C)abusive supervision

Question 76

A behavior pattern includes high levels of competitiveness,time urgency,and hostility towards others.

Question 77

Forgiving others is associated with .

A)increased victimization of others and higher self-esteem
B)higher self-esteem for members of a culture of honor and increased aggression by those who are forgiven
C)higher levels of negative affect and lower levels of self-esteem
D)higher self-esteem and lower levels of negative affect
E)increased bullying of others and increased catharsis

Question 78

The catharsis hypothesis suggests that providing people with an opportunity to express aggressive impulses in a safe manner will decrease their tendencies to engage in unacceptable forms of aggressive behavior.What does research on this hypothesis demonstrate/suggest?

A)Catharsis is effective with adults but not with children.
B)Catharsis is effective with children but not with adults.
C)Catharsis decreases inappropriate aggressive behavior.
D)Catharsis has no effect on aggressive behavior.
E)Catharsis may actually increase aggressive behavior.

Question 79

Karen is the senior administrative assistant for a mid-level manager at a large research organization.She is generally supportive of the coworkers in her department,but she strongly dislikes one particular person.She frequently points out this person's faults to her supervisor and never misses an opportunity to report on any negative comments this person may make about the workplace or other employees.As a workplace expression of hostility,Karen's behavior is best characterized as .

A)overt aggression
B)hostile aggression
C)incivility

Question 80

The benefits of forgiveness are stronger .

A)for aggressive acts committed by strangers than for family members
B)for relatively minor aggressive acts
C)for the person who receives forgiveness than for the person who forgives
D)for relationships to which we have a strong commitment
E)for relationships to which we have a weak commitment