Deck 4: The Self: Answering the Question Who Am I

Question 1

Nisbett and Wilson 1977)showed that,after an action,we examine our and generate reasons for why we acted a certain way.

A)behavior; often inaccurate
B)feelings; mostly accurate
C)attitudes; highly insightful

Answer 1

behavior; often inaccurate

Question 2

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when .

A)the individual is attempting to understand the reasons for his or her feelings about something important
B)the focus is on unconscious affective factors
C)the individual displays an introverted personality configuration
D)the individual is attempting to predict future feelings about something
E)the focus is on a conscious decision-making process

Answer 2

the focus is on a conscious decision-making process

Question 3

involves using praise of important others as a way to encourage them to like us and approve of us.

A)Ingratiation
B)In-group effect
C)Self-promotion

Answer 3

Ingratiation

Question 4

In joining,or spending time with,and getting to know,a new group of people,it is initially most important to .

A)understand the nuances of speech and "tone" of the group members' interactions
B)be friends with a high-status member of the group
C)be viewed as having something to offer the group
D)have an unclear idea of why you wish to spend time with the group
E)be willing to undergo any initiation exercise you might be asked to undergo

Question 5

,more than ,forms of computer-based communications may lead to misunderstandings regarding .

A)Asynchronous; synchronous; humor and/or sarcasm.
B)Synchronous; asynchronous; empathy and/or affection
C)Synchronous; asynchronous; seductive messages
D)Asynchronous; synchronous; dictionary meanings of some words
E)Synchronous; asynchronous; talking at the same time

Question 6

Whether we wish it or not,Shakespeare admonishes that we are on a stage,and that we're in

A)merely players; presenting ourselves to an observing and potentially changing audience
B)merely players; attempting to manipulate others in the service of our own ends
C)mortal fools; avoiding the appearance of "cluelessness" on a daily basis
D)insignificant specks; playing up our abilities to people less competent
E)glorious headliners; adopting a posture of humility while attempting to get our needs met

Question 7

,Bobby Ray argues,would change his life forever.It is likely that Bobby Ray would be a year later thanas)he would now predict.

A)Winning the lottery; not as happy
B)Having a bad car accident; even less happy
C)Winning the lottery but failing to turn in the ticket on time; angrier
D)Having a bad car accident and having to get around in a wheelchair; less optimistic
E)Having a bad car accident in which a friend was hurt; more guilty

Question 8

The author,while speculating about why she got called a "troll" in a chat room,thought it was because she didn't "know the ropes," but she also displayed some

A)stigma consciousness
B)self-abasement
C)self-enhancement

Question 9

Differences between shy and non-shy people appeared to be online compared to offline because of the of .

A)reduced; absence; visual and auditory feedback
B)increased; absence; encouragement offline
C)reduced; presence; empathy toward shy males by females
D)reduced; absence; physical threat cues from another person
E)increased; absence; comforting contextual cues

Question 10

A readiness to see negative outcomes as due to discrimination is called .

A)stigma consciousness
B)differential treatment
C)prejudice targeting

Question 11

Implying that we are not as good as another person on some dimension may result in and/or .

A)an ingratiation effect; lower our audience's expectations
B)humiliating ourselves; significantly raise our audience's expectations
C)an appearance of insincerity; raise our audience's expectations
D)less self-efficacy; future poor performance on the dimension
E)an appearance of incompetence; drive away competent others

Question 12

The rejection of in-group members who threaten the positive image of the group is known as .

A)the black sheep effect
B)ingratiation
C)the rejective-disjunctive effect

Question 13

In meeting a new roommate,David stresses his studious qualities,an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with,while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself.David is practicing a approach in presenting himself to others.

A)self-verification
B)ingratiation
C)self-enhancement

Question 14

Having been given "acting lessons" to either 1)"try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family," or 2)"put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family," participants in acting condition were more likely to see themselves as having .

A)2; more consistent traits
B)1; more consistent traits
C)2; few consistent traits

Question 15

When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness,we tend to .

A)neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time
B)assume the bad or happy event will change us in some meaningful way
C)assume others will view us differently as the result of some bad or happy event
D)underplay the fact that a bad or happy event will likely change us in meaningful ways
E)forget that others may experience bad or happy events over time,leading us to not be able to make appropriate comparisons

Question 16

As players on a social "stage," we may wish to emphasize some personal aspect to others,as well as to ourselves.This is called .

A)ingratiation
B)self-promotion
C)self-aggrandizement

Question 17

We tend to make attributions for our own behaviors,but attributions for others' behaviors.

A)situational; dispositional
B)dispositional; situational
C)positive; negative

Question 18

When people described themselves as they were five years ago,or as they are today,they saw their past self as more ,and their present self as more .

A)dispositionally guided; situationally variable
B)situationally variable; dispositionally guided
C)socially-challenged; financially-challenged
D)time-management-oriented; content-focus-oriented
E)trait-simple; trait-complex

Question 19

In negotiating a new roommate's perception of his David's)personal qualities,David may agree with his new roommate's self-assessment as an)because it aids David in "selling" David's view of himself as an).Additionally,David may downplay his own .

A)gifted athlete; excellent student; athletic accomplishments
B)gifted athlete; excellent student; accomplishments in other areas
C)gifted "ladies' man"; excellent student; same-sex orientation
D)depressed ne'er-do-well; excellent student; unrealistic optimism
E)son of a wealthy eastern industrialist; financial-aid student; future plan to ask his new roommate for a loan

Question 20

Research suggests that insecurity regarding their presentational skills may differentially lead some people to chronic dependency on online social interactions.This would suggest that online social interaction .

A)is somewhat dangerous for the average person
B)is especially dangerous for younger people
C)is very likely to lead most people to some loss of essential real-world social skills
D)requires people to exercise a common sense balance with face-to-face interactions
E)is not a truly satisfying form of social interaction

Question 21

People's personal identities,and their various social identities,require them to be different people in different contexts.This results .

A)in people having false selves depending on the context
B)in people often having a distorted view of who they "really are"
C)in people often operating from a less-than-principled position
D)in others defining too much of who we are
E)in a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

Question 22

Juan is one of three Brazilian students currently attending a college in Indiana.His roommate,Eric,is one of several thousand Hoosiers attending the same college.As a result,Juan is to be aware of his racial status than Eric is of his at any given time.

A)more likely
B)equally likely
C)more likely when women are present; less likely when men are present
D)less likely
E)more likely when men are present; less likely when women are present

Question 23

George has spent his entire life on the Hopi reservation where he was born.He has won a full scholarship to a large Eastern university.If George goes to the university,he will need to either emphasize his identity as a Native American or distance himself from that identity.If he chooses to emphasize his identity,his self-esteem will probably .

A)be better during the transition to college life
B)decline during the transition to college life
C)remain unaffected by the transition to college life
D)be unaffected initially,then decline after the transition is complete
E)be determined by his scholastic success as he makes the transition to college life

Question 24

When Karen was recently asked to describe herself to her classmates,she spoke about being a student and a member of her class.She pointed out similarities and differences between herself and her fellow students Karen was primarily making comparisons.

A)individual
B)intragroup
C)intergroup

Question 25

Kayla has decided to get a body piercing.Her expectation is that she might well receive by from)her mom's mainstream friends.This will likely cause her to identify with .

A)rejection; more closely; others who have a body piercing
B)acceptance; more closely; others who have a body piercing
C)rejection; less closely; other kids at school
D)rejection; more closely; kids who were forced to give up their body piercing
E)acceptance; more closely; others who reconsidered getting such a piercing

Question 26

In an interaction between two "Pats," Pat,when reminded of gender,is likely to show responses toward a person in need than the other Pat will when reminded of gender.

A)his; less care-oriented; her
B)her; more aggressive; her
C)her; less care-oriented; his
D)his; more macho; his
E)her; about the same level of gender confusion; his

Question 27

Individuals who are the object of prejudice and discrimination .

A)should be encouraged to realize that some possible selves are more positive than others
B)should be encouraged to place an increased emphasis on their racial or ethnic identity
C)should be encouraged to reflect upon negative interracial experiences in order to prevent them in the future
D)should be encouraged to avoid thinking about their racial or ethnic identity
E)should not be encouraged to engage in collectivism

Question 28

George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone.His friend's description included "Tall man,a psychologist,bicyclist" and similar terms.As a result,George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of .

A)indeterminant relationships
B)intergroup comparisons
C)intragroup comparisons

Question 29

The personal-social identity continuum recognizes that .

A)we see ourselves as being more consistent across situations than we really are
B)we can see ourselves differently,depending on circumstances
C)we are part of a number of different social groups
D)we see ourselves primarily as individuals
E)we present many different "selves," depending on the social grouping

Question 30

Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade.The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she .

A)has little interest in considering her future self
B)finds it useful in planning for her future self
C)finds it gratifying to see improvement over time
D)is actually searching for any mistakes she has made over the past decade
E)currently is experiencing many negative life events

Question 31

The personal identity .

A)conceptualizes the self as a member of particular social groups
B)allows us to attribute our successes to external causes
C)conceptualizes the self as a unique individual
D)prevents us from recognizing most discrepancies between our behavior and our attitudes
E)allows us to attribute our failures to external causes

Question 32

Suppose that we might expect to receive prejudice or disapproval for some aspect of ourselves.We may "play down" or subvert that aspect to the extent that .

A)we can hide it,and we are willing to hide it
B)we are willing to assert its importance to our identity
C)acceptance from close others makes it unnecessary to hide it
D)we cannot change that aspect
E)over time,others around us adopt that aspect for themselves

Question 33

People tend to describe themselves in different ways under different circumstances.According to Mendoza-Denton's 2001)research,people who are given prompts that implied a particular social setting tend to describe themselves using terms.

A)relationship-based
B)situationally contingent
C)state-like and specific

Question 34

Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American,but conservative when compared to other college students.These are comparisons.

A)intragroup
B)intergroup
C)shifting standards

Question 35

When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates,he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class.Jeremy was primarily making comparisons.

A)extragroup
B)intergroup
C)individual

Question 36

comparisons are based around attributes with ,but which are to from)group.

A)Intergroup; we may share; other members of our group; contrasted; another
B)Intragroup; we may share; other members of our group; contrasted; another
C)Intergroup; we may differ on; members of another race; similar; another
D)Intragroup; we may differ on; females,if we are male; shared; a male
E)Intragroup; we may share; only individuals we relate to on another attribute; different; a similarly featured

Question 37

Our self-concept varies periodically because .

A)our subjective experience of in-groups and out-groups changes over time
B)we do not experience all aspects of our self-concept simultaneously.
C)our experiences cause subtle changes in our personalities
D)our intergroup comparisons change over time
E)we do not consciously recognize negative aspects of our self-concept

Question 38

In a Crandall study,binge-eating norms in sororities showed that individual members' bingeing habits could be predicted by .A conflict between these behaviors and personal values may initially arise because .

A)knowing their best friends' eating habits; we may be attached to a group before knowing all its norms
B)knowing their best friends' eating habits; our personal values may be compromised due to peer pressure
C)whether their eating was done at the sorority house or in a restaurant/other eating place; our personal values may be compromised due to peer pressure
D)the financial status of a given sorority member; in part,the financial differences between members gave rise to the differential behaviors in the first place
E)knowing a member's pre-sorority eating habits; we may be attached to a group before knowing all its norms

Question 39

Recent research Simon,2004)has noted that linguistic cues can activate certain types of self- concepts.When other people describe us,nouns tend to activate while adjectives and verbs tend to activate .

A)social identities; personal identities
B)self-centered identities; other-centered identities
C)individualistic identities; collectivist identities
D)gender-based identities; cultural-based identities
E)personal identities; social identities

Question 40

Young has argued that an)may come as the result of an inconsistency between a core

A)identity conflict
B)homophobic response
C)organizational breakdown

Question 41

In the United States,gender differences in self-esteem are most pronounced among .

A)White lower class people
B)White upper class people
C)non-White middle class people

Question 42

Henry feels helpless at his job,feels that he cannot control his workday,and feels that he is useless,worthless,and inept.These characteristics would probably mean that Henry has .

A)low self-esteem
B)high locus of control
C)high self-insight

Question 43

When we compare ourselves to others who are less capable,we are engaged in an).

A)downward attribution
B)upward attribution
C)downward social comparison

Question 44

High self-efficacy seems to lead people to employ select),which ultimately results in their obtaining better deals than people low in self-efficacy.

A)more effective negotiation tactics
B)more powerful associates
C)a willingness to ask for a higher price

Question 45

Recent research Dijksterhuis,2004)has shown that subliminal presentations of "I" or "me" with positive trait terms such as "nice" or "smart" will implicit self-esteem and prevent when negative false feedback is given later.

A)reduce; increases to self-esteem
B)reduce; reductions to self-esteem
C)increase; increases to self-esteem
D)increase; reductions to self-esteem
E)first increase,then reduce; all changes to self-esteem

Question 46

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as .

A)self-esteem
B)self-efficacy
C)delusional thinking

Question 47

A study of chronic dieters found that making an initial tempting food item available caused them to a second appealing dish.

A)eat more of
B)eat less of
C)eat the initial item but ignore

Question 48

Recent research has shown that,in young adults,1)consistent early nurturing by parents implicit self-esteem; 2)overprotective early parental behaviors implicit self-esteem.

A)increases; reduces
B)increases; also,unexpectedly,increases
C)unexpectedly reduces; may reduce
D)increases; increases explicit,rather than
E)increases explicit,rather than; reduces both explicit and

Question 49

Self-esteem refers to the .

A)positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself
B)amount of positive emotion that one is experiencing at the moment
C)positive or negative evaluation of one's self by others
D)evaluations of others about the self
E)desire to be liked by others

Question 50

Whenever Mike enters his family's den where the sports trophies that he has won.are on the mantle,his self-esteem is temporarily boosted.This is best described as caused by the fact that .

A)self-esteem is responsive to life events
B)self-esteem is the result of family members' opinions
C)athletic skill is highly prized by males
D)people generally feel better about themselves in their own homes
E)while self-esteem is temporarily boosted,it is very short-lived

Question 51

In Ross and Wilson's interesting experiments,participants who perceived a past self as were likely to be more critical of than when they perceived their past self as .

A)more recent; past mistakes; further in the past
B)more recent; past successes; further in the past
C)further in the past; past mistakes; more recent
D)further in the past; past successes; more recent
E)more recent; rosy expectations of the future; further in the past

Question 52

A person's evaluation of his or her ability to reach a goal is known as .

A)self-concept
B)self-efficacy
C)self-esteem

Question 53

Research indicates that self-esteem can be altered by .For these procedures to work,the individual of the procedures.

A)respondent conditioning; must remain unaware
B)observational learning; must remain unaware
C)classical conditioning; may be either aware or unaware
D)operant conditioning; may be aware
E)observational learning; must remain aware

Question 54

Consider a situation where you had "evil" thoughts about someone,and subsequently,the object of your wish had a bad accident.Research shows you would .

A)be likely to believe at some level that you were somehow responsible
B)take a pledge to have evil thoughts about others whom you admire
C)reject someone else's suggestion that you had anything to do with the accident
D)only feel guilty if you received a call from the object of your wish wanting to be friends
E)resolve to think evil thoughts about others whom you did not like

Question 55

According to social comparison theory,we are most likely to compare our abilities to those of another person when .

A)there is no objective measure to judge ourselves by
B)the other that we are comparing ourselves to belongs to a different group
C)available objective measures may result in decreased self-esteem
D)available subjective measures may result in increased self-esteem
E)the other that we are comparing ourselves to is of a higher status

Question 56

James,Wendy,Evan,Ethan,and Janet are all college seniors who are planning their senior thesis - a requirement for graduation at their school.Given the following situations,who is most likely to complete the thesis first?

A)Janet,who sees herself as a "rebel" because she doesn't always complete work her professors expect of her,but does always learn the materials needed for exams.
B)James,who is the first person in his family to have attended college.
C)Evan,who is unrealistically optimistic about the outcomes he expects and his own abilities.
D)Ethan,who has a relatively low sense of self-efficacy where writing papers is concerned.
E)Wendy,whose older brother finished college last year and serves as a role model for her.

Question 57

Karen admires and respects her psychology professor.She is considering becoming a psychologist herself.Should her professor become a role model for her,Karen may become a psychologist herself if .

A)she overcomes her fear of failure
B)she sees this as an unachievable potential self
C)she distracts herself from this state of self-awareness
D)she sees this as an undesirable potential self
E)she sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self

Question 58

Self-esteem is likely to be LOWEST in .

A)home-makers in India
B)career women in England
C)career men in the United States of America

Question 59

Gender differences in self-esteem begin to emerge during .

A)toddlerhood
B)puberty
C)late adulthood

Question 60

An individual's view of the self may to the extent that a reported high self-esteem level implies superiority to others.

A)be associated with lower rates of bullying
B)lead to exhibitionism
C)need to be frequently defended

Question 61

Stereotype threat causes decrements in performance,possibly because .

A)stereotype threat enhances performance
B)stereotype threat decreases stress
C)stereotype threat increases rater bias
D)stereotype threat decreases performance motivation
E)stereotype threat increases anxiety

Question 62

According to recent research,white males performed less well on an "athletic performance task" when they expected to be compared to males.When the same task was called a ,white males performed better when they expected to be compared to .

A)Black; "sports intelligence task"; Black males
B)Black; "feelings about sports task"; white females
C)Black; "sports intelligence task"; other males in general
D)Asian; "body kinesthetic task"; females in general
E)Black; "sports skills task"; Asian males

Question 63

Jackson is a former member of a street gang.He has recently started attending classes at a local community college,has made new friends who don't know about his former gang membership,and is spending time with a girl from an upper-middle-class background.Jackson heard his new friends and his girlfriend make several snide comments about gang members shortly before he took a test in one of the classes he shares with his new friends.In the light of the stereotype threat idea,this situation may cause Jackson to .

A)perform better on the test than he otherwise might have
B)perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have
C)drop out of college and return to his old street life
D)become prejudiced against his new friends and his girlfriend
E)regret that he's never mentioned his former gang membership to his new friends

Question 64

Raza performed very poorly on an essay test in her Social Psychology class.Later,Raza learned that the professor had been particularly harsh in his grading that day because he had just received some upsetting news.Raza's sense of well-being is likely to .

A)be slightly damaged by the negative news,but Raza should recover fairly quickly
B)be protected from the news of the poor grade because she can make an external attribution as to the cause
C)be significantly improved because she can make an internal and stable attribution as to the cause of her poor grade
D)be greatly improved,but only if she can get the professor to reconsider her grade - a grade which she feels is undeserved
E)be seriously damaged by the negative news

Question 65

Allen,a white high-school student,is competing with Kim Jong,an Asian-American student for a spot on the school's mathematics team.Allen is aware of recent research demonstrating that Asian students typically perform better on math problems than do American students.This knowledge could affect Allen's performance because .

A)stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do better
B)stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse
C)stereotype threat can occur among dominant group members only if other members of the dominant group are not present in the audience
D)stereotype threat can not occur among dominant group members
E)stereotype threat can only occur among dominant group members under extremely high levels of stress

Question 66

In an experiment,prior to receiving negative feedback from one of 20 interviewers,female participants were told 1)your interviewer gives everyone a negative evaluation,2)your particular interviewer is sexist,and is only negative toward females,or 3)all 20 interviewers are sexist.Condition was most damaging to participants because were was)seen as evidence of
)

A)3; the 20 sexist interviewers; pervasive sexism
B)2; that one interviewer,in contrast to other interviewers,was sexist and; particular animosity toward females
C)1; that one interviewer was negative toward everyone; the threat posed by one person's bottomless negativity
D)2; the fact that one interviewer gave positive feedback only to males; amplifying the effects of negative feedback for women
E)1; the fact that one interviewer was negative toward everyone; the idea that only one interviewer was necessary in order to injure self-esteem

Question 67

Bradford,a gay man,recently applied for a job as a fifth-grade teacher.Shortly before his second interview with school administrators,which was to include some interaction time with current students,Bradford completed an on-line survey that included questions about his sexual orientation.It was explained that the survey was completely unrelated to the school system,and that the orientation items were being asked by a gay-rights organization.Bradford did not think that he was particularly nervous or anxious during his interactions with the students.Recent research Bosson,Haymovitz and Pinel,2004)suggests that .

A)non-verbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality more salient
B)verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford less self-conscious of his sexual orientation
C)verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford more self-conscious of his sexual orientation
D)non-verbal measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the on-line survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality less important
E)verbal self-report measures and behavioral measures of anxiety are unreliable indicators of an individual's state

Question 68

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team.They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool.Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is.If they compare their performance as team mates and sorority sisters,social identity theory suggests that .

A)Katherine should dislike Amy more
B)Amy should dislike Katherine more
C)Katherine should like Amy more
D)neither Katherine's nor Amy's liking for each other should change
E)Amy should like Katherine more

Question 69

Zoë,an attractive blond,is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class,thereby confirming the stereotype of the 'dumb blond'.As a result,Zoë rarely volunteers to solve problems on the board during class.This behavior can best be explained by .

A)stereotype threat
B)performance deficit
C)hindsight bias

Question 70

Thomas has concluded that,on average,he is academically superior to the peers around him.As a result of this comparison,over the next six months,his self-esteem will .

A)be reliably higher
B)be increasingly lower
C)remain high unless his view is challenged by contrary evidence
D)be high unless friends distance themselves from him
E)drop as soon as he stops making the self-serving comparisons

Question 71

Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school's swim team.They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college's swimming pool.Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is.If they compare their performance as individuals,the self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that .

A)neither Katherine's nor Amy's liking for each other should change
B)Amy should like Katherine more
C)Katherine should dislike Amy more
D)Katherine should like Amy more
E)Amy should dislike Katherine more

Question 72

Prior to Taylor and Brown's 1988)important article,it had always been assumed that is a cornerstone of good mental health.

A)being realistic
B)being open and communicative with others
C)a high sense of self-worth
D)feeling fully in control
E)a supportive family of origin

Question 73

The above average effect is .

A)the tendency for above average people to feel positively about themselves
B)thinking that negative social feedback about ourselves is incorrect
C)the tendency to inflate our estimate of others' standing on most social traits
D)thinking that we are above average on most social traits
E)the tendency to think that significant others are above average on most social traits

Question 74

Recent research has demonstrated that women will frequently perform worse on a math test when men are present than when the same test is administered to a female-only group.This finding illustrates .

A)hindsight bias
B)gender differences in math abilities
C)stereotype threat

Question 75

Studies investigating the cultural influences on the self have found that Americans tended to explain their failures as being ,while Chinese students tended to explain their failures as being .

A)someone else's fault; caused by their own flaws
B)caused by their own flaws; someone else's fault
C)due to internal causes; due to external causes
D)unimportant; unfortunate results of bad luck
E)due to their group's insufficient)effort; actually not failures,but really successes

Question 76

Recent research on prejudice suggests that attributing a negative personal outcome to prejudice may be protective of one's self-esteem if ,while it may be harmful to one's overall sense of psychological well-being if .

A)the prejudice is limited in duration; the prejudice is seen as being a fundamental part of the individual
B)the prejudice is seen as pervasive; the prejudice is seen as being limited
C)the prejudice is seen as being limited; the prejudice is seen as pervasive
D)the prejudice is seen as being a fundamental part of the individual; the prejudice is limited in duration
E)the prejudice is seen as being fundamental to the society at large; the prejudice is limited in duration

Question 77

Sylvia,a foreign-exchange student from China,rarely takes credit for her achievements in school,preferring to say that her accomplishments are due to her very good teachers.She usually explains her failures as being caused by her own faults,however.This reflects the importance of .

A)cultural differences in the self-serving bias
B)the self-effacing bias
C)gender differences in the self-serving bias
D)personal resistance to the above average effect
E)the negative influence of overly high self-esteem

Question 78

Betty and Vera are best friends who are both being treated for depression.Betty has come to believe that Vera's case of depression is much worse than her own case.Consequently,Betty is making an) comparison that will likely her self-esteem,and cause her to feel .

A)downward; increase; closer to Vera
B)upward; decrease; somewhat distant from Vera
C)downward; decrease; closer to her other friends
D)downward; increase; increasingly distant from Vera
E)upward; increase; just about the same toward Vera

Question 79

Social identity theory suggests that we will others who perform more poorly than we do on an important task,when our group identity is salient.

A)move closer to out-group
B)move closer to ingroup
C)remain neutral to the ingroup and the out-group
D)distance ourselves from out-group
E)distance ourselves from ingroup

Question 80

As one of a number of ,people are quite willing to avoid responsibility for their failures,but all too willing to accept credit for their successes.

A)self-serving biases
B)downward social comparisons
C)ingroup comparison heuristics