Deck 3: Social Perception: Perceiving and Understanding Others

Question 1

Many times,attempts at deception are thwarted because of facial expressions.

A)irrepressible
B)basic channel
C)stereotypical

Answer 1

irrepressible

Question 2

An example of interchannel discrepancy during deception would be .

A)blinking very often
B)showing one expression quickly followed by another
C)smiling more frequently and broadly than would be expected in a given situation
D)managing one's facial expressions well while not making much eye contact
E)using pronouns such as "I" or "we" very frequently

Answer 2

managing one's facial expressions well while not making much eye contact

Question 3

One indication of possible deception occurs when inconsistencies exist between different types of nonverbal cues,such as facial expression and posture.These inconsistencies are known as .

A)interchannel discrepancies
B)microexpressions
C)cultural inconsistencies

Answer 3

interchannel discrepancies

Question 4

There are basic emotions that get represented on the human face.

A)five
B)seven
C)three

Question 5

Jerome is playing poker with his buddies and is losing badly.It seems that everyone at the table knows when he is bluffing,just by watching his eyes.Jerome needs to learn to monitor his and his when he plays poker.

A)exaggerated expressiveness; microexpressions
B)interchannel expressions; frequency of microexpressions
C)interocular movements; interchannel expressions
D)interchannel expressions; rate of blinking
E)rate of blinking; frequency of eye contact

Question 6

Erin's boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant.Erin notices that he can't seem to sit still during the meal,and is constantly rubbing his left knee,scratching an itch,or pulling his earlobe.This type of body language usually indicates .

A)emotional arousal
B)correspondent inference
C)nothing; it cannot be interpreted without more information
D)some sort of physical ailment
E)deception

Question 7

There are five basic channels of nonverbal communications.These are .

A)facial expressions,eye contact,body movements,posture,and touching
B)touching,eye contact,body movements,vocal tone,and facial expressions
C)body movements,facial expressions,posture,attributions,and vocal tone
D)body movements,posture,facial expressions,eye contact,and attributions
E)posture,facial expressions,eye saccades,body stillness,and touching

Question 8

When touching is considered appropriate,it often produces reactions in the person being touched.

A)positive
B)surprise
C)hostile

Question 9

Nonverbal cues are often deemed to be irrepressible because they are .

A)difficult to control
B)only useful when we are trying to determine if someone likes us
C)unrelated to our feelings
D)unimportant sources of information
E)consciously controlled

Question 10

Certain facial expressions are recognized as representing underlying emotions in different cultures.

A)the same basic; many
B)different; many
C)overlapping/ambiguous; many

Question 11

On her way to work one morning,Samantha was cut off by a driver who was weaving in and out of traffic,tailgating slower moving cars,racing through yellow lights,and generally driving rather erratically.According to recent research,Samantha should probably because .

A)stare the other driver down; she will become more aggressive towards others unless she confronts the true source of her discomfort
B)slow down in front of the driver,if this can be done safely; this will allow the driver time to calm down and begin driving more safely
C)pretend to call the police on your cell phone; Samantha will be able to intimidate the other driver
D)stare the other driver down; the driver will eventually turn his attention elsewhere
E)avoid making eye contact with the driver; the driver might interpret Samantha's eye contact as an act of aggression

Question 12

In general,we in our detection of deception.

A)do only a little better than chance
B)don't perceive others as being trustworthy
C)we feel the need to be polite
D)often confront people directly
E)often give up trying

Question 13

Suppose we are trying to discern whether an individual is lying based on his or her verbal and nonverbal information and cues.Which of the following statements BEST describes how well we will be able to judge whether this individual is lying?

A)We are able to pay equal attention to the individual's verbal and nonverbal information and cues.
B)It is very unlikely that we could judge whether the individual is lying based on either verbal or nonverbal information or cues.
C)We cannot attend to both verbal and nonverbal cues at the same time without experiencing cognitive overload.
D)We are more likely to pay attention to his or her nonverbal cues and,thus,determine if he or she is lying.
E)We will probably pay more attention to her or his verbal cues and,in doing so,will have difficulty determining any deception.

Question 14

Emblems convey .

A)that the person is ill-at-ease
B)a specific meaning within a given culture
C)a specific meaning across different cultures
D)a low level of emotional arousal
E)that a person is cognitively aroused

Question 15

What is the relevance of Aronoff,Woike,and Hyman's 1992)research on the dancing styles of key characters in classic ballet to the study of body language?

A)Large-scale body movements and postures often inform us about others' emotions or traits.
B)Body movements and postures tend to be informative only if we are within 10 feet of the person in question.
C)This research has no relevance to the study of body language.
D)Body movements must agree with verbal signals in order to be interpreted.
E)In most cases,we're able to make flawless judgments about others' intentions based on their body movements.

Question 16

The process whereby we seek to know and understand others is called ,and frequently makes use of .

A)social awareness; not really caring about people
B)social attribution; impression management
C)social perception; nonverbal communication
D)social consistency; correspondence bias
E)social discovery; verbal communication

Question 17

Jackie took longer to reply to certain questions,and the pitch of her voice rose considerably; these aspects of her gave away that that she was lying.

A)linguistic style
B)nonverbal cue
C)lack of affect

Question 18

Jason has been told that he should make sure to shake hands with the interviewer when he applies for a job,and that this handshake should be firm,vigorous,and last a long time.According to recent research Chaplin et al.,2000),if Jason follows this advice,the interviewer may think that Jason is .

A)slightly disagreeable but very outgoing
B)relatively shy and highly conscientious
C)outgoing and willing to try new things
D)a bit neurotic and somewhat outgoing
E)attempting to ingratiate himself with the interviewer

Question 19

All of the following describe characteristics of a microexpression EXCEPT .

A)they are fleeting facial expressions lasting a few tenths of a second
B)they appear on the face very quickly after an emotion-provoking event
C)they are generally difficult to control
D)they are difficult to suppress
E)they usually do not reveal a person's true feelings

Question 20

Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat.When she showed it to her husband,she asked if he liked it.Without hesitation,her husband responded by saying "Yes.It is beautiful." Before he spoke,however,a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second.This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as .

A)a macroexpression
B)a microexpression
C)a discrepant interchannel

Question 21

The extent to which different people react to a given situation in the same general way is known as .

A)noncommon effects
B)consistency
C)consensus

Question 22

The theory of describes how we use others' behavior as a basis for inferring their stable dispositions.

A)causal inference
B)correspondent inference
C)implicit personality

Question 23

Jeremy has started to ask his wife,who is also his business partner,to attend important business functions and meetings in order to help him determine when others are being deceptive when negotiating business deals.Jeremy believes that his wife will be able to use her "women's intuition" to detect falsehoods and deceptions more easily and accurately than he can.What should Jeremy know about recent social psychology research in this area?

A)In general,men are better than women at sending and understanding nonverbal communications except when deception is involved.
B)In general,men and women are fairly equal at sending and understanding nonverbal communications,even when deception is involved.
C)In general,women are better than men at sending and understanding nonverbal communications,especially when deception is involved.
D)In general,men are better than women at sending and understanding nonverbal communications,especially when deception is involved.
E)In general,women are better than men at sending and understanding nonverbal communications,except when deception is involved.

Question 24

We are likely to attribute another person's behavior to internal causes when consensus is ,consistency is ,and distinctiveness is .

A)low; high; low
B)high; high; low
C)low; low; low

Question 25

Jen and all of her friends are afraid of her neighbor's dog.However,Jen is not afraid of any other dog.The attribution that follows from this information is .

A)a mixed one Jen's behavior stems from internal and external causes)
B)a specific one
C)unable to be determined based on the information given
D)an external one about the dog)
E)an internal one about Jen)

Question 26

The process by which individuals seek to understand why others behave as they do is known as .

A)causal misdirection
B)impression management
C)attribution

Question 27

Though women appear to be better than men at using nonverbal communication in general,they are no better at .

A)detecting deception
B)reading facial expressions
C)remembering hairstyles

Question 28

The theory of correspondent inference suggests that .

A)behaviors that are freely chosen are better indicators of our underlying personality traits than are behaviors that are caused by external factors
B)inconsistent behaviors indicate our underlying personality traits
C)all behaviors,whether freely chosen or caused by external factors,show something of our underlying personality traits
D)to show our underlying personality,our behaviors must be both indistinct and inconsistent
E)behaviors that are inconsistent with our stated goals and objectives are caused by our underlying personality traits more than by external factors

Question 29

Typically,information about others tends to be most informative when there is are).

A)only one distinct reason supporting its occurrence
B)no apparent reason supporting its occurrence
C)the number of reasons supporting its occurrence doesn't matter
D)many reasons supporting its occurrence
E)inconsistent information coming from two or more channels of communication

Question 30

Which statement BEST describes the attribution process?

A)The process by which we seek to understand the causes of the behavior of others and ourselves.
B)The process by which we focus attention inward for reflection.
C)The process by which we combine information about others into unified impressions of them.
D)The process by which we attempt to shift blame away from ourselves.
E)The process by which we seek to understand our own feelings,traits,and motives.

Question 31

Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work,and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly,outgoing person.In fact,Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time,but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank's customers periodically.Abbie's perception of Kayla is mistaken because of .

A)a discounting error
B)the correspondence bias
C)idiosyncratic behavior

Question 32

Noncommon effects .

A)are effects that can be caused only by a combination of two or more factors
B)are effects that can be caused by only one specific factor
C)are effects that can be caused by one of several different factors
D)are unusually weak indicators of underlying personality traits
E)cannot be explained by correspondent inferences

Question 33

Participants in an experiment who were exposed to someone who lies in an interview were to in a later conversation.

A)more likely; lie
B)less likely; lie
C)more likely; blame the interviewee
D)more likely; find fault with lies of exaggeration
E)less likely; speak without speaking mistakes

Question 34

Mr.Nguyen,a 53-year-old accountant,has just been rejected for a job at a small bank that he believes he was qualified for.He later hears from a friend that the hiring manager was biased against older job applicants.Mr.Nguyen's self-esteem is likely to .

A)first increase,then decrease because of several possible external and internal attributions that can be used to explain his rejection
B)increase slightly because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection
C)decrease slightly because he can make an internal attribution as to the cause of his rejection
D)remain unchanged because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection
E)first decrease,then increase because of several possible external and internal attributions that can be used to explain his rejection

Question 35

We might think that a waiter who flirts with a customer does so because he likes to flirt if we notice that other waiters avoid flirting with that customer.This best represents the concept of .

A)noncommon effect
B)consensus
C)consistency

Question 36

The extent to which a person's reaction to a particular event differs from their reaction to similar other events is an indication of .

A)distinctiveness
B)consistency
C)consensus

Question 37

One reason for the correspondence bias is that .

A)we tend to focus our attention on the situation faced by an individual rather than on the individual and his/her behaviors
B)we tend to use a self-serving bias in explaining others' actions
C)we tend to weight situational factors more heavily than individual factors when trying to understand someone's behavior
D)we tend to focus our attention on the individual and his/her behaviors,not on the situation that the individual is in
E)we tend to think heuristically about external causes of behavior and rationally about internal causes of behavior

Question 38

We are MOST likely to believe that the behaviors of others is suggestive of their when it is seen to .

A)stable traits; be socially desirable
B)external influence; have occurred in the presence of others
C)socially undesirable traits; have occurred without choice
D)stable traits; be socially undesirable
E)socially desirable personality; have occurred outside the presence of others

Question 39

Although Sarah could afford any car she wants,she drives an ageing Volkswagen.Sam,Sarah's friend,thinks that this choice says something about Sarah's personality.Sam clearly agrees with .

A)the theory of augmenting and discounting
B)the theory of correspondent inference
C)social comparison theory

Question 40

In general,women are better than men at reading body language,in part because .

A)of the way women are socialized in Eastern society
B)of the weaker attentional abilities that women have
C)of men's stronger ability to send nonverbal signals
D)their lower status may have made it essential in human evolutionary history
E)men are socialized to pay attention only to spoken language in Western society

Question 41

Our tendency to attribute our own positive outcomes to internal causes and negative outcomes to external causes is known as .

A)noncommon effects
B)implicit personality theory
C)the self-serving bias

Question 42

People who suffer from depression tend to attribute their failures to and their successes to .

A)lasting external causes; lasting external causes
B)temporary external causes; lasting internal causes
C)lasting internal causes; lasting external causes
D)lasting internal causes; temporary external causes
E)temporary internal causes; lasting internal causes

Question 43

Trista's teacher just returned student essays to the class.Trista's teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper and given Trista an A+ on the assignment.Trista is likely to believe because of .

A)her grade reflects an error on the teacher's part; the fundamental attribution error
B)her grade reflects both her ability level and her teacher's ability; rational thinking
C)her grade reflects the true quality of her work; the self-serving bias
D)her grade reflects her true ability level; the correspondence bias
E)her grade reflects her teacher's skills as a teacher; the actor-observer effect

Question 44

The tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from dispositions even in the presence of clear situational causes is called the .

A)correspondence bias
B)availability bias
C)correlational bias

Question 45

Our tendency to perceive the actions of others as caused by their dispositions or personality rather than perceiving the cause of their actions as the situation they are in is known as .

A)a self-serving bias
B)perceptual salience
C)correspondence bias

Question 46

Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to recognize more of the situational determinants of behavior than are members of individualistic cultures.As a result,members of collectivist societies are .

A)somewhat less likely to make the fundamental attribution error
B)a great deal more likely to make the fundamental attribution error
C)unaware of the fundamental attribution error
D)somewhat more likely to make the fundamental attribution error
E)able to avoid the fundamental attribution error completely

Question 47

Chelsea and Anita are both required to give a speech supporting a woman's right to abortion on demand in a public-speaking class.Anita believes that Chelsea gave her speech because she is a strong supporter of the right-to-choose movement.Anita is neutral on the topic and only gave her speech because it was assigned.Anita's belief about Chelsea is probably a result of .

A)explicit theory formation
B)the actor-observer effect
C)the discounting principle

Question 48

We tend to adjust our attributions to take account of situational constraints on our own behavior .

A)not at all - we don't adjust our attributions.
B)to a lesser extent than we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior
C)to about the same extent as we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior
D)sometimes more and sometimes less than we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior
E)to a greater extent than we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior

Question 49

The "fundamental attribution error" refers to our tendency to .

A)overestimate the role of situations in causing our own behavior
B)assume that we can do no wrong
C)overestimate the role of dispositions in causing others' behavior
D)overestimate the role of others in causing our own behavior
E)overestimate the role of situations in causing others' behavior

Question 50

The self-serving bias .

A)tends to be stronger in Western cultures that emphasize individual accomplishments
B)tends to be weakest in Western cultures that emphasize individual accomplishments
C)tends to be unrelated to cultural factors such as are found in collectivist or individualistic societies
D)tends to be stronger in cultures that emphasize group harmony and group outcomes
E)tends to be limited by gender differences in socialization

Question 51

Research evidence tends to indicate that social perception .

A)is sometimes accurate and sometimes flawed because of our implicit theories
B)has very restricted accuracy,because there are just too many attributional errors
C)can be quite accurate,despite attributional errors
D)is not at all accurate,because of the many attributional errors
E)will never be very accurate until all attributional errors are eliminated

Question 52

Christine has been charged with murder because,after years of physical and mental abuse,she shot and killed her boyfriend.Her attorney has advised Christine against accepting a plea-bargain deal offered by the prosecution because he thinks Christine's jury will probably include several people who have emigrated from Japan and China - strong collectivist societies.Christine,a student of social psychology,agrees with her attorney because .

A)members of collectivist societies tend to give greater weight to situational causes of behavior and less weight to dispositional causes
B)members of collectivist societies tend to give less weight to situational causes of behavior and greater weight to dispositional causes
C)members of individualistic societies tend to give greater weight to situational causes of behavior and less weight to dispositional causes
D)members of individualistic societies tend to give less weight to situational causes of behavior and greater weight to dispositional causes
E)members of collectivist societies tend to be more lenient on women than are members of individualistic societies

Question 53

A motivational model for the self-serving bias suggests that we attribute success to internal factors because we .

A)tend to repress thoughts of failure
B)are boosting our self-esteem
C)generally expect to fail and attribute expected outcomes to internal factors
D)are less aware of external influences on our own actions
E)are limiting our self-esteem

Question 54

If you engage in magical thinking,you are making an)to for an event that has occurred in the external world.

A)irrational attribution; your thoughts
B)rational attribution; a distant actor
C)irrational attribution; an external cause
D)emotion-based attribution; a cognitive explanation
E)a culturally-biased explanation; an individual

Question 55

We tend to perceive our own behavior as stemming largely from perceive the behavior of others as stemming largely from factors.

A)dispositional; situational
B)situational; situational
C)situational; dispositional

Question 56

Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps,and thinks to herself,"What a clumsy person!" Five minutes later,though,Mary trips on the same flight of steps,and says to an onlooker,"It's very icy today!" This is an illustration of the .

A)actor-observer effect
B)self-serving bias effect
C)blame avoidance principle

Question 57

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to occur in .

A)Korea
B)Australia
C)India

Question 58

Our tendency to believe that our own behavior reflects external causes and that other people's behavior reflects internal causes is known as .

A)the actor-observer effect
B)explicit theory formation
C)the fundamental attribution error

Question 59

Collectivist cultures,such as in China or Korea,tend to emphasize to a greater extent than do Western cultures,such as the United States or Great Britain.

A)intelligence and loyalty to the group
B)group membership and conformity
C)group membership and nonconformity
D)individualism and nonconformity
E)individualism and conformity

Question 60

One possible explanation for the self-serving bias is the motivational model,which states that the self-serving bias is caused by .

A)our expectations of failure in any given situation
B)our expectations of success in any given situation
C)our rational thought processes
D)our correspondence bias
E)our need to protect and enhance our self-esteem,or our social desirability bias

Question 61

Research from the cognitive perspective on impression formation suggests that we form our impressions of other people in part by .

A)averaging available information about them
B)discounting some information if we suspect impression management is a factor in the other person's presentation of themselves
C)subtracting our known biases from our initial impressions
D)adding discrete pieces of information about them
E)multiplying available information and adding an importance factor that depends on the situation

Question 62

Jeremy has always been a very eloquent speaker and speech-writer.For his college oratory class Jeremy was recently required to write and deliver a speech in support of capital punishment.Although Jeremy is strongly opposed to the death penalty,he wrote and delivered a very powerful speech in support of the death penalty.As a result,his professor and several students now believe Jeremy actually supports the death penalty.Why might this be the case?

A)The professor and students must have been persuaded to support capital punishment by Jeremy's speech.
B)The professor and students implicitly believe that only someone who really hold a particular opinion can persuasively write or speak about it.
C)The professor and students themselves must strongly support capital punishment and see Jeremy as a potential ally in their beliefs.
D)Eloquence and persuasiveness are fundamental aspects of Asch's central and peripheral traits theory.
E)The theory of correspondent inference suggests that most people will accept Jeremy's position as his own if certain conditions are not met.

Question 63

Early research conducted by Solomon Asch suggests the presence of central traits,which are .

A)relatively unimportant characteristics that interact with each other to determine our overall impression of another person
B)clusters of traits that we use to try to understand and explain the behavior of another person
C)traits that strongly encourage the self-serving bias
D)traits that strongly color the way we interpret other aspects of another person
E)traits that have a relatively weak effect on our overall impression of another person

Question 64

Our personal beliefs about the way that certain traits occur together are known as .

A)explicit trait theories
B)implicit personality theories
C)peripheral trait theories

Question 65

People use a number of different techniques to try and manage the impression they make on others.These techniques generally fall into one of two broad categories: and .

A)social formation; impression perception
B)self-enhancement; other-enhancement
C)self-enhancement; other-detraction

Question 66

Research currently indicates that there are two major components involved with our impressions of other people.These are and .

A)abstractions; implicit theories
B)categorical judgments; competence
C)exemplars; abstractions

Question 67

consists of the efforts individuals make to create favorable first impressions on others.

A)The augmenting principle
B)Distinctiveness
C)Impression management

Question 68

A relatively heavy cognitive load has the effect of making introverts,but not extroverts, in an impression management situation.

A)fidget more than without the load
B)perform better than without the load
C)perform worse than without the load

Question 69

Recent research suggests that impression management can work against an individual if .

A)impression management techniques provide accurate information about the individual using them
B)the individual using these techniques selects an inappropriate target for impression management
C)the individual using these techniques displays an inappropriate interest in another person
D)impression management techniques are overused or ineffectively used
E)impression management techniques are used only for social purposes,such as dating

Question 70

An exemplar of a particular trait is .

A)a concrete example of behaviors that are consistent with the particular trait
B)previously formed abstractions that form the basis for our impressions of others
C)a schema that represents our understanding of behaviors related to a particular trait
D)a mental summary that is abstracted from repeated observations of another person's behavior
E)stylized expressions and body movements that convey the meaning of a trait

Question 71

Recent research indicates that our initial impressions of another person are formed primarily from .

A)exemplars
B)distinctive behaviors
C)abstractions

Question 72

An abstraction about a particular trait is .

A)stylized expressions and body movements that convey the meaning of a trait
B)a mental summary that has been abstracted from many observations of others' behavior
C)a schema that represents our understanding of behaviors related to a particular trait
D)previously formed exemplars that form the basis for our impressions of others
E)a concrete example of behaviors that are consistent with the particular trait

Question 73

Self-enhancement involves ,while other-enhancement involves .

A)efforts to increase an individual's appeal to others; efforts to make the other person feel good
B)efforts to increase an individual's appeal to others; efforts to in crease the other person's self-esteem
C)efforts to make the individual feel good; efforts to increase an individual's appeal to others
D)efforts to increase others appeal to us; efforts to increase our self-esteem
E)efforts to increase the individual's self-esteem; efforts to in crease the other person's self-esteem

Question 74

Asch defined "central traits" as those traits that .

A)were located near the middle of our cognitive structure for attitudes
B)were located near the middle of a list of traits
C)were crucial for making cognitive decisions about the other traits
D)were formed by our implicit personality theories
E)were crucial in shaping the overall impression of a stranger

Question 75

One therapy that is based on changing attributions of depressed people involves .

A)channeling negative emotion into positive emotion
B)changing the way that depressed people make attributions about success and failure
C)the client transferring depressive affect from themselves to the therapist
D)channeling negative emotion from depression into action
E)understanding the underlying childhood events that lead to the depression

Question 76

Mike is applying for a job in advertising.While he is out to dinner with the interviewer,Mike pulls out and lights an expensive cigar and offers one to the interviewer).Mike is using what tactic to increase his chances of getting the job?

A)self-enhancement
B)induction
C)other-enhancement

Question 77

Impression formation is .

A)the process by which we regulate our own behavior in order to achieve a particular goal
B)the process by which particular facial expressions are used by particularly effective public speakers
C)the process by which we attempt to make favorable first impressions on others
D)the process by which we form impressions of others
E)the process by which implicit personality theories are recognized.

Question 78

The self-defeating pattern of attributions exhibited by many depressed individuals can successfully be treated by therapies that .

A)encourage people to blame themselves for all negative outcomes and to avoid taking credit for successful outcomes and to avoid
B)encourage people to take credit for significant others' accomplishments and to blame themselves for negative outcomes
C)encourage people to examine the roots of their depression that can be found in their repressed urges,inner conflicts or traumatic childhood events
D)encourage people to view some successes and failures as due to external factors that they can control to some extent
E)encourage people to take credit for successful outcomes and to avoid blaming themselves for all negative outcomes

Question 79

Recent research indicates that as we gain more experience with an individual our impressions of that person are formed primarily from .

A)idiosyncratic behaviors
B)abstractions
C)distinctive behaviors

Question 80

Suppose Yolanda has four highly favorable traits and three highly negative traits; in contrast,Harriet has two highly favorable traits and one highly negative trait.Based on this information,who possesses more highly favorable traits when we AVERAGE this available information?

A)Yolanda
B)Harriet
C)Neither.The negative traits offset the positive traits.
D)Yolanda and Harriet would have an equal amount of highly favorable traits
E)It is impossible to determine this based on the given information