Deck 5: Person-Centered Therapies

Question 1

According to Rogers,life's basic motivational force is _________ and we _________.

A)a tendency toward actualization; acquire it during our first five years of life
B)a tendency toward actualization; are born with it
C)unconditional positive regard; acquire it during our first five years of life
D)unconditional positive regard; are born with it

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Transference is regarded by Rogers' person-centered therapy as:

A)central to the therapeutic process.
B)an unnecessary construct that can undermine a real client-therapist relationship.
C)a necessary,but not sufficient,conditions of therapy.
D)a manifestation of self-actualization.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

With respect to anxiety and defenses,which of the following therapies is most likely to say that the therapist's task is not to desensitize anxiety,but rather to sensitively listen to the client's expression of anxiety?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Gestalt therapy
D)Person-centered therapy

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Rogers' notion of a therapist's genuineness:

A)refers to unconditional positive regard.
B)is the most important therapist characteristic.
C)is the ability of the therapist to listen actively.
D)involves caring confrontations of client's defense against feelings.

Question 5

No matter what Ed says,his client-centered therapist is consistently and empathically showing concern for him.This is most likely to lead to which of the following:

A)an increase in conditions of worth and unconditional self-regard.
B)a decrease in conditions of worth and unconditional self-regard.
C)an increase in conditions of worth and decrease in unconditional self-regard.
D)a decrease in conditions of worth and increase in unconditional self-regard.

Question 6

Rogers' notion of unconditional positive regard refers to:

A)the therapist's ability to like the client with whom they are working.
B)the therapist's unconditional acceptance of all client behavior.
C)the client's ability to accept and like who they are.
D)the therapist's acceptance of a client's feelings and personhood.

Question 7

A central goal of person-centered therapy is to:

A)promote hardier defense mechanisms.
B)help clients live up to the ideals that they have introjected.
C)encourage clients to look at themselves more objectively and realistically.
D)promote congruence between the person's experienced self and ideal self.

Question 8

In contrast to existential therapies,humanistic therapies assert:

A)that anxiety and guilt are irrelevant to the therapeutic task.
B)that accurate empathic understanding of the client's subjective experience is key to the therapy process.
C)the notion of an innate self-actualizing potential.
D)that a nondirective approach is best.

Question 9

Homer's father believed that the only way to be happy is to have one's poetry published.Homer is now working feverishly to publish his poems in order to feel good about himself.This is an example of:

A)conditions of worth.
B)conditional positive regard.
C)learned self-regard.
D)learned worth.

Question 10

The most important facilitative factor in person-centered therapy is:

A)the therapist's ability to make accurate reflections.
B)the extent to which a client is attuned to his or her immediate experience.
C)the willingness of the client to work through unresolved conflicts.
D)the therapeutic relationship.

Question 11

(1)My folks are really on my back.(2)I'm really enraged about how my brother is treating me,and I want to feel better.(3)I used to feel unwanted at home.(4)I feel OK about coming to therapy.Which of the following would be the most likely order of expression of these thoughts and feelings in a session of client-centered therapy?

A)1,3,4,2
B)2,4,1,3
C)3,1,2,4
D)4,2,3,1

Question 12

According to client-centered theory,the therapist would do all of the following in raising client consciousness EXCEPT:

A)act as a surrogate information-processor.
B)control the content of therapy.
C)control the process of therapy.
D)organize the patient's information making it more fully available to awareness.

Question 13

The most important action(s)that client-centered therapists can take to help patients overcome denying their emotions is:

A)empathetic reflection of feelings.
B)genuineness.
C)self-expression of emotions.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 14

From a client-centered perspective,the locus of evaluation,the source of evidence for values,is most likely found:

A)in an individual's parents.
B)in society.
C)within an individual's significant other.
D)within the individual.

Question 15

Regarding catharsis,which of the following therapies would most likely say that when feelings are described early in a therapy session,they are past experiences external to oneself?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Gestalt therapy
D)Person-centered therapy

Question 16

Jean is telling his psychotherapist how he loves his new girlfriend,finds his new job challenging,and is experiencing some minor feelings of anger toward his new neighbors.Jean's therapist responds empathetically to his expression of irritation.Jean's revelations are an example of:

A)a corrective emotional experience.
B)emotional displacement.
C)how patients control the content of therapy.
D)how the therapist controls the content of therapy.

Question 17

The most important function of the person-centered therapist is to:

A)be willing to enter into a real relationship with a client.
B)to identify the obstacles to self-actualization.
C)help client's examine their past relationships and feelings.
D)clarify the client's experiences for them.

Question 18

Regarding anxiety and defenses,a person-centered therapist would most likely say which of the following?

A)Anxiety is a natural consequence of becoming conscious of non-being.
B)Anxiety is not the cause of problems,but rather the result of a divided life.
C)Anxiety is the gap between the now and then,and the here and now.
D)Anxiety's primary purpose as keeping the patient from having to take action and move ahead into the future.

Question 19

The founder of person-centered therapy is:

A)Carl Rogers.
B)Frederick Perls.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Victor Frankl.

Question 20

Mariah has been working 20 hour days in order to get her poems ready for publication.As each poem is completed,Mariah feels quite successful although her body is experiencing tremendous stress.Rogers would cite this as an example of:

A)conditional displacement.
B)a defensive reaction.
C)falsification.
D)both A and B.

Question 21

A psychoanalytic criticism of _________ therapy would be: (1)Rogers has gone too far and concluded that what may be necessary conditions for therapy to proceed are also sufficient conditions for therapy to succeed; (2)theoretically,it is a treatment based on a fuzzy form of extinction; (3)in viewing each individual patient as a unique essence,existential therapists fail to see or treat the family system as a whole; (4)it is a particular type of relationship that has all the elements of an idealized maternal love.

A)behavioral; 1
B)cognitive; 2
C)integrative; 3
D)person-centered; 4

Question 22

Regarding intimacy and sexuality,which of the following statements would be most characteristic of a person-centered therapist?

A)Intimacy occurs between partners who are,or at least become,relatively equal in their levels of congruency.
B)Intimate relationships begin with a commitment to ourselves,not to another.
C)Love and intimacy are not necessary for human existence.
D)We are among the fortunate few if we experience even 15 minutes of intimacy in a lifetime.

Question 23

Regarding impulse control,which of the therapies below would be most inclined to say that the natural organismic valuing process provides inherent regulation over impulses?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Person-centered therapy
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 24

According to person-centered therapy,the ideal individual would be most likely represented by which of the following statements?

A)Ideal clients accept that in spite of all their manipulations to the contrary,they have the inner strength to stand on their own and be themselves.
B)The ideal for the good life is found in a fully functioning,organismically trusting person.
C)The ideal individual is a scientist.
D)The interests of the self and the interests of others are not experienced as being in basic conflict by those who care enough to find completion through cooperation.

Question 25

Regarding adjustment versus transcendence,which of the therapies below would be most inclined to say that once a person is in the process of becoming more congruent,there is no inherent conflict between being an actualizer and being part of society?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Person-centered therapy
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 26

According to Rogers,the therapeutic relationship contains:

A)necessary but not sufficient conditions for therapy.
B)neither the necessary nor the sufficient conditions for therapy.
C)sufficient but not necessary conditions for therapy.
D)the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy.

Question 27

Which of the following therapies would most likely say that to defend against anxiety is to deny the experience from awareness?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Cognitive therapies
C)Emotional flooding therapies
D)Person-centered therapy

Question 28

According to Rogers,the problem of communication is most likely one of:

A)caring.
B)language.
C)patience.
D)talking.

Question 29

According to person-centered therapy,hostility would be most likely represented by which of the following statements?

A)Experiencing hostility is to experience the threat of non-being.
B)Hostility is an irrational consequence of an innate,biological tendency to become aggressive.
C)Hostility is at times our organismic way of rebelling against having to disown parts of our lives in order to be prized by others.
D)Hostility is one expression of the basic will to power.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about responsibility would most likely be made by a person-centered therapist?

A)Accepting responsibility for one's life is a critical part of being a healthy,mature individual.
B)Becoming responsible means learning again to respond to our natural valuing process rather than to the internalized values of others.
C)Clients are held responsible for troubled lives only if they have been instrumental in creating their personal problems.
D)Patients must accept that they are responsible for shaping their own lives as well as for the impact of their lifestyle on society.

Question 31

Which of the following therapies would most likely say that becoming responsible means learning again to respond to our natural valuing process rather than to the internalized values of others?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Cognitive therapies
C)Emotional flooding therapies
D)Person-centered therapy

Question 32

Regarding control,which of the therapies below would be most inclined to say that control is a problem when individuals attempt to impose their conditions of worth on others?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Gestalt therapy
D)Person-centered therapy

Question 33

According to person-centered therapy,adjustment versus transcendence would be most likely represented by which of the following statements?

A)Alienation is the condition of the mature person as long as society remains insane.
B)Healthy people are committed to helping society transcend its current functioning in order to become a more perfect social system.
C)Once a person is in the process of becoming more congruent,there is no inherent conflict between being an actualizer and being part of society.
D)There is no way to transcend the restraints,injustices,limitations and frustrations of society,trying will inevitably make one emotionally upset.

Question 34

Regarding defenses,which of the following would be a characteristic statement of a person-centered therapist?

A)Anxiety is removed by effectively disputing inappropriate use of labels.
B)Clients use a range of distorting perceptions that process experiences in a manner slanted in favor of maintaining the person's self-concept.
C)Defenses turn our attention away from threats of non-being by pretending to be something we're not.
D)Used to keep forbidden desires from being expressed.

Question 35

Regarding the ideal individual,which of the therapies below would be most inclined to say that the ideal for the good life is found in a fully functioning,organismically trusting person?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Person-centered therapy
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 36

According to a person-centered view of self-esteem,which of the following statements would be most characteristic?

A)A solid sense of self-esteem can be created only by creating a style of life that is of value to the world.
B)One's sense of being OK is central to a healthy existence.
C)Self-esteem is the hard earned response that clients can make only to themselves after struggling to be authentic.
D)The need for self-esteem,referred to as self-regard,is at the center of personal problems.

Question 37

With respect to self-esteem,which of the following therapies would most likely say that the solution lies in expanding our conditions of worth so that we can prize all that we can be and not only who we believe we are supposed to be?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Gestalt therapy
D)Person-centered therapy

Question 38

Which of the following therapies would most likely say that hostility is in part a reaction to being overcontrolled by the restrictive conditions of parental regard?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Gestalt therapy
D)Person-centered therapy

Question 39

According to person-centered therapy,control would be most likely represented by which of the following statements?

A)Attempting to control another is psychologically the most violent thing we can do to another.
B)Control is a problem when individuals attempt to impose their conditions of worth on others.
C)Problems with control result from irrational individuals demanding the world conform to their wishes.
D)Struggles over interpersonal control are frequently struggles over whose defenses will dominate the relationship.

Question 40

Which of the therapies listed would most likely say that the problem of communication is no longer a language problem,but rather it is a problem of caring?

A)Behavior therapies
B)Emotional flooding therapies
C)Person-centered therapy
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the underlying process of motivational interviewing?

A)Assumes the client is well-motivated
B)Regards resistance and defensiveness as client problems
C)Employs specific strategies for building client motivation
D)Regards motivation as the outcome of skillful confrontation of client resistance

Question 42

A meta-analysis of 30 controlled outcome studies showed that motivational interviewing was:

A)less effective than longer treatments but better than no treatment and placebo treatments for addictive disorders.
B)useful in the treatment of addictive behaviors,but of marginal value in the treatment of health- related behaviors.
C)more effective than other longer treatments.
D)as effective as other lengthier and active treatments.

Question 43

In recent comprehensive reviews of client-centered therapy,findings indicate that client-centered therapy is:

A)not consistently superior to no treatment or active placebo treatments.
B)consistently superior to no,active placebo,and cognitive behavioral treatments.
C)consistently superior to no treatment,probably superior to active placebo treatment,and probably inferior to cognitive behavioral treatments.
D)consistently superior to no and active placebo treatments,and as effective as cognitive behavioral treatments for most problems.

Question 44

Which of the following will likely be the most important future direction for person-centered therapy?

A)Person-centered therapy will need to,and likely adapt to,areas such as child therapy and couple and family therapy.
B)Person-centered therapy will need to,and likely adapt to,the area of health psychology.
C)Person-centered therapy will need to maintain an openness to active and integrative interventions.
D)Person-centered therapy will need to provide training for medical professionals in a consumer-oriented and holistic health care system.

Question 45

Conceptually,Motivational Interviewing is most closely related to which of the following systems of psychotherapy:

A)psychoanalytic therapy.
B)person-centered therapy.
C)cognitive therapy.
D)existential therapy.

Question 46

Motivational Interviewing was initially advanced for which of the following?

A)Eating disorders
B)Criminal behavior/offenders
C)Addictions
D)Severe anxiety disorders (OCD,PTSD)

Question 47

In the largest psychotherapy outcome study ever completed,Project MATCH (1993,1997)revealed that:

A)briefer MET was more effective than the lengthier Twelve Step program,and as effective as Cognitive Behavioral treatments for all kinds of substance abusing clients.
B)at long-term follow-up,briefer MET was as effective as the lengthier Twelve Step program,but less effective than Cognitive Behavioral treatments for alcoholic clients.
C)Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Training was more effective for highly motivated alcohol dependent clients,while the briefer and newer MET was more effective for all kinds of less motivated substance abusing clients.
D)briefer MET was just as effective as lengthier and more established Twelve Step and Cognitive Behavioral treatments for alcohol dependent clients.

Question 48

Based on early studies of the efficacy of treatment of problem drinkers over time,Miller concluded that which of the following were central components of any effective brief therapy?

A)Empathy and reflective listening
B)Behavioral self-control methods
C)Confrontation and interpretation
D)Self-help books

Question 49

Motivational Interviewing has been applied in each of the following ways EXCEPT:

A)early phase treatment to enhance motivation for change.
B)crisis intervention.
C)a brief,stand-alone treatment.
D)integration into other therapy systems to decrease ambivalence and resistance.

Question 50

A brief,directive client-centered approach to promoting behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence is known as:

A)reality therapy.
B)existential therapy.
C)motivational interviewing.
D)person-centered therapy.

Question 51

The process of facilitating the clinical use of an evidence-based treatments is called:

A)dissemination.
B)implementation.
C)leveraging.
D)process research.

Question 52

In motivational interviewing,therapists work to develop a motivational discrepancy between which two things?

A)Present behaviors and desired goals
B)Self-statements and evidence of problem behavior
C)Denial and acceptance of problem label
D)Self-efficacy and therapist advice

Question 53

Rogers' notion of positive regard is closest to which Motivational Interviewing skill?

A)Accurate empathy
B)Affirmation
C)Authenticity
D)Acceptance

Question 54

Direct comparisons between person-centered/nondirective treatments and cognitive,behavioral,or interpersonal therapies after controlling for researcher allegiance (Cuijpers et al.,2008)for the treatment of mild to moderate depression found that nondirective therapies were:

A)slightly more effective.
B)slightly less effective.
C)much less effective.
D)much more effective.

Question 55

In contrast to psychotherapy outcome research,psychotherapy process research focuses on:

A)the extent to which a therapist applies person-centered methods.
B)the interactions between client and therapist.
C)the effectiveness of therapy.
D)the frequency and duration of therapy sessions over treatment.

Question 56

Based on numerous reviews of the literature,most psychotherapy researchers would most likely conclude that empathy,warmth,and genuineness are:

A)not necessary,sufficient,or facilitative.
B)not necessary,definitely sufficient in some cases,and always facilitative.
C)usually necessary,not sufficient,sometimes facilitative.
D)neither necessary or sufficient,but typically facilitative for most clients.

Question 57

Both Rogers and Miller emphasized which of the following facilitative conditions as the single strongest therapist determinant of successful therapy?

A)Asking open questions
B)Positive regard
C)Empathy
D)Genuineness

Question 58

The single strongest therapist determinant of successful therapy is:

A)empathy.
B)support for self-efficacy.
C)warmth.
D)motivational enhancement.

Question 59

Effective means of supporting dissemination and implementation of evidence based therapies include:

A)writing books or publishing articles.
B)giving talks and workshops.
C)providing workshops and feedback.
D)providing workshops,feedback and coaching.

Question 60

There is _________ empirical support for Rogers' facilitative conditions as necessary and sufficient conditions of personality change.

A)little
B)moderate
C)substantial
D)overwhelming

Question 61

Meta-analyses of Motivational Interviewing have shown that for clients from ethnic minority groups,clinical effects are:

A)smaller.
B)equivalent.
C)larger.
D)more variable.

Question 62

The full acceptance of another person is related to which of the following conditions?

A)Genuineness
B)Unconditional positive regard
C)Empathy
D)Reflective listening

Question 63

Meta-analyses have documented that,compared to untreated individuals,Motivational Interviewing produced which of the following effect sizes in 2-3 sessions?

A)Small
B)Medium
C)Large
D)Very large

Question 64

Compared to 12-session CBT coping skills training at longer-term follow-up,MI was more effective with patients who were:

A)initially less motivated to change.
B)initially more motivated to change.
C)diagnosed with less complex psychological disorders.
D)diagnosed with more complex psychological disorders.

Question 65

Meta-analyses have shown that across a range of target problems,the effect sizes comparing Motivational Interviewing to control groups:

A)remain stable over time.
B)increase over time.
C)decrease over time.
D)vary dramatically.

Question 66

Meta-analysis has shown that person-centered therapies are:

A)as effective as other treatments for adults,but less effective than CBT for youth.
B)as effective as other treatments for children and adolescents,but less effective than CBT for adults.
C)equally effective for children,adolescents,and adults after controlling for investigator allegiance.
D)no better than no treatment for children and adolescents,but equally effective for adults.

Question 67

Project MATCH found that compared to established 12-Step and CBT treatment for alcohol-dependent clients,the briefer form of Motivational Interviewing:

A)was less effective.
B)was equally effective.
C)was more effective.
D)showed early but not sustained effects.

Question 68

Average treatments of 100 minutes of Motivational Interviewing for adolescents and adults have shown:

A)a stronger impact on substance abuse problems than smoking.
B)a stronger impact on smoking than substance abuse problems.
C)an equivalently strong impact on substance abuse problems and smoking.
D)a stronger impact on substance abuse problems than smoking among adults only.

Question 69

Meta-analyses have documented that,compared to untreated individuals,MI produced small effect sizes in only _____ session(s).

A)1
B)2-3
C)4-6
D)7-10

Question 70

When Motivational Interviewing is added to another established therapy,like CBT,effect sizes over time:

A)vary dramatically depending on the target population.
B)decrease.
C)increase.
D)remain stable.

Question 71

Which of the following humanistic therapies has the most outcome data supporting its efficacy?

A)Existential-integrative
B)Person-centered
C)Motivational interviewing
D)Positive psychotherapy

Question 72

After controlling for researcher allegiance effects,meta-analysis of humanistic therapy's effectiveness concluded that humanistic therapies are generally:

A)about as effective as other major approaches to therapy.
B)less effective than other major approaches to therapy.
C)more effective than other major approaches to therapy.
D)less influenced by allegiance effects than other therapies.

Question 73

What percentage of Motivational Interviewing patients are likely to do better than those receiving other established therapies despite being shorter and less expensive than alternative treatments?

A)2-15%
B)21-34%
C)55-67%
D)81-92%

Question 74

The tendency for psychotherapy researchers to favor their preferred treatment is known as:

A)the Dodo bird verdict.
B)dissemination bias.
C)the allegiance effect.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 75

Research has demonstrated that Rogers' conditions for successful psychotherapy are:

A)both necessary and sufficient.
B)neither necessary nor sufficient.
C)necessary but not sufficient.
D)sufficient but not necessary.