Deck 9: Behavior Therapies

Question 1

Systematic desensitization is a treatment method based on the principles of:

A)exposure and extinction.
B)operant conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)modeling.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

With regard to her cat phobia,Dawn's behavior therapist most likely did which of the following first?

A)Developed an anxiety hierarchy
B)Taught Dawn how to relax
C)Took a detailed family history
D)Recorded baseline data

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Having Dawn count of the number of times,during a one week period,that she started conversations with strangers is an example of:

A)a behavior analysis.
B)a baseline record.
C)assertion training.
D)therapist control.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

To be called a "negative reinforcement," an event must be shown to:

A)increase the probability of any response.
B)decrease the probability of a maladaptive response.
C)increase the probability of a response that produces the removal of a noxious stimulus.
D)decrease the frequency of problem behaviors caused by the introduction of punishment.

Question 5

In treating Dawn's intense anxiety toward meeting strangers,her therapist most likely did which of the following first?

A)In vivo desensitization
B)Systematic desensitization
C)Role playing
D)Collected baseline data

Question 6

Which of the following was used to reduce Ricardo's anxiety toward computers?

A)Chaining
B)Response generalization
C)Shaping
D)Stimulus generalization

Question 7

The therapeutic method of systematic desensitization is believed to work by means of:

A)counterconditioning.
B)paradoxical intentions.
C)implosion.
D)reactive inhibition.

Question 8

Systematic desensitization typically consists of which three primary steps?

A)Relaxation training,construction of anxiety hierarchies,and pairing gradual exposure to objects of anxiety with relaxation
B)Development of anxiety hierarchies,stress management,and self-monitoring
C)Selection of reinforcers,pairing gradual exposure to objects of anxiety with relaxation,delivery of reinforcements based on a schedule
D)Exposure to anxiety provoking objects or situations,relaxation training,reinforcement

Question 9

After seeing a snake on the lawn,a child with a phobic fear of snakes becomes afraid of grassy areas.This new fear could be ascribed to:

A)operant conditioning.
B)contingent reinforcement.
C)discrimination learning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 10

In the last sentence of the paragraph,which of the following is most likely occurring?

A)Modeling
B)Prompting
C)Shaping
D)Reinforcement

Question 11

Darren,Christopher,and Jack are behavior therapists.Which of the following are they most likely to agree upon?
A)An empirical approach

A)The value of the therapeutic relationship
B)The treatment methods to be used
C)The research design to be employed

Question 12

From a behavioral perspective,what was the unconditioned stimulus in Freud's case of Little Albert?

A)A horse
B)A dog
C)A loud noise
D)An accident

Question 13

At the most fundamental level,behavior therapy assumes that:

A)maladaptive psychological defenses can be replaced with new defenses.
B)symptoms are caused by abusive early relationships.
C)individuals are free to determine their own lives and make behavioral choices accordingly.
D)problem behavior is learned and can be unlearned.

Question 14

A gradual decrease in an unconditioned response due to repeated exposure to the eliciting stimulus is called:

A)sensitization.
B)disinhibition.
C)habituation.
D)extinction.

Question 15

A therapist has hypothesized that a child has learned to dislike certain foods because she was made to eat them in the presence of cigarette smoke that produced nausea in the child.If such learned aversions occurred,the smoke would have acted as:

A)an operant.
B)an unconditioned stimulus.
C)a negative reinforcement.
D)a conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

In conjunction with relaxation training,Dawn's visualization of a series of scenes involving cats is an example of:

A)assertiveness training.
B)classical conditioning.
C)in vivo desensitization.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 17

Dawn's therapist is likely to treat her anxieties:

A)from least intense to most intense.
B)from most intense to least intense.
C)consecutively.
D)concurrently.

Question 18

Systematic desensitization involves the pairing of:

A)an unpleasant response with a negative stimulus.
B)a feared stimulus with relaxation response.
C)contingency management with reinforcement.
D)flooding with direct exposure.
The following six questions refer to the following paragraph.
Dawn has been in psychotherapy for about two months.Her initial presenting symptoms were moderate anxiety toward large black cats and an intense anxiety toward meeting strangers.She claimed that as a child her older sister's friend would taunt her with a large black cat.From that point forward she has been deathly afraid of cats.In overcoming her fear of cats,Dawn visualized being near a pet store,then walking into a pet store,then walking by kittens,then standing in front of kittens,then holding a white kitten,then holding a black kitten,then holding a large white cat,then holding a large black cat.Dawn experienced repeated anxiety when visualizing holding a black kitten.In overcoming her anxiety toward meeting strangers,Dawn counted the number of times,during a one week period,that she started conversations with strangers.Additionally,Dawn and her therapist acted out possible encounters with strangers.

Question 19

Reciprocal inhibition is a form of:

A)contingency management.
B)counterconditioning.
C)response generalization.
D)stimulus control.
The following five questions refer to the following paragraph.
Ricardo has just successfully completed behavior therapy for his anxiety in learning how to use a computer and for his tendency to belittle his friends.At the outset of therapy it was discovered that Ricardo would do almost anything to avoid watching catastrophic events on the news.It was also learned that he possessed an immense collection of marbles,which he had been collecting since childhood.His therapist discovered that by having Ricardo watch catastrophic events following Ricardo's belittling of his friends,his performance of this behavior was reduced.In treating Ricardo's computer anxiety,he was given a marble each time he made an approximation toward the terminal response (a marble was given to him first for sitting in front of the computer,then for reading a book for 15 minutes about computers,then for turning on the computer,then for typing a letter on the computer,etc.).Once he learned how to use the computer,his behavior was maintained by giving him,on average,a marble for every hour he worked on the computer.

Question 20

What was done to eliminate Ricardo's belittling behavior?

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Punishment by application
C)Punishment by removal
D)Operant extinction

Question 21

In the ABAB (reversal)research design,which of the following refers to the second A measurement?

A)Again under the influence of the therapeutic intervention
B)During a subsequent period when the intervention is temporally discontinued
C)During the time when the intervention is in effect
D)Prior to intervention

Question 22

Marbles are seen by Ricardo's therapist as being:

A)negative reinforcers.
B)positive reinforcers.
C)rewards.
D)tokens.

Question 23

For lasting effectiveness,perhaps the most important aspect of token economies is:

A)staff cooperation.
B)a desired exchange system.
C)that they be faded out.
D)that they rely on eliminating negative responses.

Question 24

A recent study of the effectiveness of contingency management treatment interventions (i.e.,positive reinforcement for abstinence such as earning prizes)for people with substance abuse problems documented:

A)that antecedent and stimulus control procedures were generally more effective.
B)that contingency management was superior to counterconditioning.
C)considerable success.
D)the benefits of a punishment over positive reinforcement.

Question 25

The change process in modifying Ricardo's computer anxiety and belittling behavior is known as:

A)behavioral education.
B)consciousness raising.
C)contingency management.
D)counterconditioning.

Question 26

Regarding the efficacy of behavior therapy,the major concern with institutional contingency management is:

A)competency of chronic inpatients.
B)generalization.
C)segmentation.
D)token economies.

Question 27

Once again,Christopher is visiting a patient's home.Christopher is most likely performing:

A)behavior analysis.
B)behavior therapy.
C)cognitive techniques.
D)counterconditioning techniques.

Question 28

All of the following are behavioral views of the therapeutic relationship EXCEPT:

A)the relationship in cognitive-behavior modification is more important than that of systematic desensitization.
B)the relationship is important in some of the behavioral treatments.
C)the therapist is more concerned with observing accurately than with responding empathically.
D)the value of the relationship lies in establishing a secure precondition for psychotherapy.

Question 29

The text authors loosely distinguish between several behavioral therapy systems,and suggest that those most likely to be comfortable being called "behavior therapists" will:

A)use counterconditioning techniques.
B)focus on operant conditioning and behavior modification.
C)deny cognitive influences on behavior.
D)conduct highly detailed functional behavioral assessments.

Question 30

Regarding the classical studies on the efficacy of behavior therapy,the vast majority of desensitization studies have been conducted on:

A)clinical populations and involved everyday phobias.
B)clinical populations and involved non-everyday phobias.
C)college students and involved everyday phobias.
D)college students and involved non-everyday phobias.

Question 31

The text's review of meta-analyses of behavior therapies on OCD treatment suggests which of the following?

A)A small effect size
B)A moderate effect size
C)A large effect size
D)Insufficient research to answer

Question 32

In the ABAB (reversal)research design,the person receiving the treatment is measured repeatedly during:

A)the A phases of the study.
B)the B phases of the study.
C)the first A phase and the second B phase of the study.
D)all four phases of the study.

Question 33

According to behavior theory,the general value of the therapeutic relationship likely results from:

A)accurate empathy.
B)therapist genuineness.
C)therapist modeling.
D)unconditional positive regard.

Question 34

Sharon has an IQ of 59.Which of the following is most likely to be employed?

A)Classical conditioning
B)Cognitive techniques
C)Contingency management
D)Counterconditioning

Question 35

When applied to the treatment of bulimia,the text authors report on three meta-analytic studies that have revealed that cognitive-behavioral therapy:

A)is more effective than behavior or medication therapy.
B)is less effective than behavior therapy,but more effective than medication therapy.
C)reduces purging,but has a much smaller impact on binge frequency.
D)is equivalent to behavior therapy and raises the question as to what is really different between cognitive-behavioral and behavioral therapy approaches.

Question 36

To get Jennifer to stand up for her rights more in social situations,her behavioral therapy is most likely to have:

A)a more competent rather than less competent model.
B)a more powerful rather than less powerful model.
C)a model of higher status and greater age.
D)multiple models of diverse characteristics.

Question 37

Self-control problems generally involve immediate:

A)negative consequences and long-term negative consequences.
B)negative consequences and long-term positive consequences.
C)positive consequences and long-term negative consequences.
D)positive consequences and long-term positive consequences.

Question 38

Which is probably FALSE regarding the future direction of behavior therapies?

A)Another new explosion of behavioral techniques will occur.
B)Behavior therapy will continue to reflect theoretical developments in experimental psychology.
C)Behavior therapy will move into all branches of health care.
D)Pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavior therapy will become more integrated.

Question 39

The text's review of meta-analyses on self-statement modification for children suggests which of the following?

A)A small effect size
B)A moderate effect size
C)A large effect size
D)Insufficient research to answer

Question 40

The most recent meta-analytic studies of various treatments for panic disorder with and without agoraphobia,in general,concluded that:

A)medication treatments were less effective than cognitive-behavioral and exposure therapies.
B)cognitive-behavioral therapy was inferior to medication treatments and exposure therapies.
C)combined medication and exposure therapy treatments were more effective than cognitive behavior therapy or medication treatment alone.
D)medication,cognitive-behavioral therapy,and combined medication-exposure therapy treatments were not different from each other and all were superior to control conditions.

Question 41

Each of the following is regarded as a major characteristic of behavioral treatments EXCEPT: 1 assessment and evaluation.
2 active and directive nature of interventions.
3 importance of learning.
D)targeting the disorder that underlies symptoms.

Question 42

Small-n research designs consist of:

A)the rigorous study of several clients.
B)placebo control groups.
C)no-treatment control groups.
D)the study of only a few target behaviors.

Question 43

The notion that if a client does the healthy opposite of the problem,the problem will be reduced or eliminated underlies principles of:

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)generalization.
C)symptom substitution.
D)avoidance.

Question 44

Joseph Wolpe was an avid student of Pavlov's innovative research,but his theoretical work on conditioning was more influenced by the work of:

A)Hull.
B)Mowrer.
C)Skinner.
D)Meichenbaum.

Question 45

Current use of the term behavior therapy generally denotes each of the following EXCEPT:

A)methodological behaviorism.
B)conceptual behaviorism.
C)a combination of conceptual and methodological behaviorism.
D)medical behaviorism.

Question 46

The theorist most closely linked to the origins of cognitive-behavior modification is:

A)B.F.Skinner.
B)Joseph Wolpe.
C)Alan Kazdin.
D)Donald Meichenbaum.

Question 47

Each of the following is included in the text authors' Three Cs of behavior therapy EXCEPT:

A)cognitive-behavioral modification.
B)covert behavioral analysis.
C)counterconditioning.
D)contingency management.

Question 48

While behavioral therapies are most fundamentally based on learning theory,it can be said that:

A)Hull's theory is the most widely accepted conceptual foundation.
B)there has never been agreement on which learning theory is at the core of the field.
C)B.F.Skinner's learning theory has by far spawned the largest number of behavioral techniques.
D)Wolpe's approach follows most directly from Mowrer's model of learning.

Question 49

For therapists who believe that all behavior is interconnected by an underlying dynamic conflict,they would be most concerned by which consequence of behavior therapy?

A)Response that avoid or terminate anxiety
B)Generalization
C)Counterconditioning
D)Symptom substitution or return

Question 50

As Jarrod became increasingly depressed,he withdrew from his relationships,had difficulty being engaged in his daily routines,and seemed to avoid once pleasurable activities.While his avoidance behaviors seemed at first to provide relief,they also contributed to worsening depression.Behavior therapists would most likely emphasize which of the following to break his cycle of depression?

A)Behavioral activation
B)Stimulus control
C)Contracting
D)Biofeedback

Question 51

Each of the following statements is true about behavioral activation EXCEPT:

A)behavioral activation is a counterconditioning technique.
B)behavioral activation has been shown to be an active process in CBT.
C)behavioral activation primarily involves assertion training.
D)behavioral activation often initially involves twice weekly sessions and/or participation of significant others.

Question 52

All behavior therapy offers to people seeking happiness and harmony in a dehumanizing world is a bunch of gimmicks and techniques.This is a criticism that would be leveled by:

A)contextual therapies.
B)humanistic therapies.
C)integrative therapies.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 53

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Counterconditioning is based on respondent conditioning.
B)Behavior modification is based on operant conditioning.
C)Stress inoculation is one example of cognitive-behavior modification.
D)Reciprocal inhibition conflicts with counterconditioning.

Question 54

Most of the classic behavioral research on self-control procedures suggests:

A)a loss of gains made at follow-up.
B)continued improvement at follow-up.
C)inconclusive research to answer.
D)they are equal to placebo treatment.

Question 55

In place of quality research,we get quantity.Which of the following theoretical viewpoints would have this criticism of behavior therapy?

A)Contextual therapies
B)Humanistic therapies
C)Integrative therapies
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 56

Numerous behavioral techniques fall under the broad category of counterconditioning.Which of the following would NOT be an example of counterconditioning?

A)Behavioral activation
B)Contingency management
C)Systematic desensitization
D)Stimulus control

Question 57

Research suggests that the efficacy of biofeedback is:

A)less effective than progressive muscle relaxation.
B)equally effective as progressive muscle relaxation.
C)more effective than progressive muscle relaxation.
D)there is insufficient research to answer.

Question 58

Baseline measures of target behaviors are generally emphasized by behavior therapies for what purpose?

A)To determine whether the therapy is contributing to any change
B)To understand how symptoms are related to the underlying disorder
C)To indicate to the patient right from the outset that the focus will be on their behavior and not underlying problems
D)To precisely define the treatment methods

Question 59

Who defines what is adaptive and what is maladaptive behavior? This criticism of behavior therapy is leveled by:

A)contextual therapies.
B)cognitive therapies.
C)integrative therapies.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 60

A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)and panic disorder showed that:

A)relaxation training and cognitive therapy produced similar outcomes for GAD,but relaxation training showed better results for panic disorder.
B)cognitive therapy was superior to relaxation training for panic disorder,but relaxation training was more effective for GAD.
C)relaxation training and cognitive therapy showed similar results in treating GAD,but cognitive therapy was more effective in treating panic disorder.
D)cognitive therapy and relaxation training were equivalent in their effectiveness for both GAD and panic disorder.

Question 61

A 21-year-old female student engages her college's counseling center for treatment of symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder,including excessive worry,sleep disturbance,and irritability over the past six months.Based on the meta-analytic research evidence,which of the following therapy approaches is most likely to prove effective?

A)Relaxation training or cognitive therapy
B)In vivo desensitization or assertiveness training
C)Learned optimism or hypnosis
D)Psychodynamic therapy or modeling

Question 62

A 22-year-old male employed in a competitive entry-level finance job is constantly worried about having another panic attack.He's struggled privately with panic attacks for several years,but his current work demands have made his old coping skills obsolete and he seeks therapy for his panic disorder.Based on meta-analytic research,which treatment approach will likely be most effective in helping him?

A)Behavioral activation
B)Learned optimism
C)Assertiveness training
D)Cognitive therapy

Question 63

A recent meta-analysis of 31 studies (Malouff et al.,2007)that examined the efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems found each of the following EXCEPT:

A)problem-solving therapy was significantly more effective than an attention placebo.
B)problem-solving therapy was significantly more effective than other active treatments.
C)assigning homework seemed to increase the effectiveness of problem-solving therapy.
D)problem-solving therapy was significantly more effective than no treatment.

Question 64

A very large meta-analysis (Didden et al.,1997)on the treatment of problem behavior of people with mental retardation found that:

A)conduct of a functional analysis provided did not improve treatment outcome.
B)contingency management procedures were more effective than other procedures.
C)stimulus control was by far the most effective behavior intervention of the 64 studied.
D)use of a formal behavioral analysis made treatments longer and more complicated to implement.

Question 65

Which of the following is true about the efficacy of biofeedback?

A)Studies have been mixed in terms of its benefits compared to placebos.
B)It is generally less effective than headache monitoring or relaxation therapies.
C)Biofeedback is equally effective with or without home training.
D)It produces medium effect sizes in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches.

Question 66

The most recent large meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy,medication,and combined treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia revealed each of the following EXCEPT:

A)behavior and medication therapy were superior to no treatment and placebo control.
B)adding cognitive methods to behavior therapy nearly doubled treatment effectiveness.
C)behavior therapy was as effective or more effective than medication pharmacotherapy.
D)adding cognitive methods to behavior therapy seemed to provide additional benefits for reducing depression associated with panic.

Question 67

Meta-analytic comparisons of behavioral activation and cognitive therapy for depression have shown which of the following?

A)Cognitive therapy works better than behavioral activation.
B)Behavioral activation works better than cognitive therapy.
C)Behavioral activation works better for women,while cognitive therapy works better for men.
D)Both therapies show equivalent outcomes.

Question 68

In a recent two-year follow-up study comparing the outcomes of behavioral activation,cognitive therapy,and medication in the treatment of depression,it was found that: 1 behavioral activation was superior to cognitive therapy.
2 cognitive therapy was superior to behavioral activation.
C)behavioral activation and cognitive therapy produced similar outcomes.
D)medication treatment proved longer lasting than both behavioral activation and cognitive therapy.

Question 69

One meta-analysis (Griffith et al.,2000)of the effectiveness of contingency management in reducing drug use showed that:

A)smaller but more frequent reinforcers led to better treatment results.
B)medium sized and delayed reinforcers led to better treatment results.
C)larger and more immediate reinforcers led to better treatment results.
D)the size and interval of reinforcers had no impact on treatment results.

Question 70

The behavior therapies include a wide range of methods.Siev and Chambless' (2007)meta-analytic study of the effectiveness of relaxation training and cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety and panic disorders supports which of the following broad conclusion?

A)There is specificity of treatment to disorder.
B)Regardless of the disorder,all behavioral treatments work about the same.
C)Cognitive therapy is always better than other approaches.
D)Relaxation training works,but is less effective than other methods.

Question 71

Relaxation training is a well-studied behavioral intervention used to treat a variety of clinical symptoms.Meta-analysis has documented:

A)large effect sizes for all problems and symptoms studied to date.
B)medium effect sizes for health-related symptoms like headaches.
C)small effect sizes for nonsurgical samples with hypertension and insomnia.
D)larger effect sizes for pre- and post-surgical patients than nonsurgical patients.

Question 72

Several meta-analyses have produced similar findings about the effectiveness of contingency management in reducing use of various drugs,including tobacco.Their findings show that contingency management is:

A)not very effective in reducing drug use (e.g.,based on a low overall effect size).
B)highly effective in changing drug use (e.g.,based on a very large overall effect size).
C)moderately effective for reducing most drug use,but less so for tobacco.
D)most effective in reducing tobacco use,and minimally effective with other (hard)drugs.

Question 73

A recent meta-analysis of behavioral parent training (Fletcher et al.,2011)showed which of the following effects?

A)A large positive effect on mothers' parenting,but a smaller effect on fathers
B)A surprisingly large positive effect on fathers' parenting,but a smaller effect on mothers' parenting
C)An equally large effect on both mothers' and fathers' parenting practices
D)Minimal effects on both mothers' and father's parenting practices

Question 74

Behavioral activation is a behavior therapy method that entails increasing exposure to the positive consequences of alternate (healthy)behavior.This method is an example of which process of change?

A)Stimulus control
B)Counterconditioning
C)Contingency management
D)Self-liberation

Question 75

A 34-year-old male is starting therapy for depression,which he has endured for several years.His therapist would most likely decide to employ which of the following behavior therapies,which research has shown to be effective in the treatment of depression?

A)Behavioral activation
B)Assertiveness training
C)Relaxation training
D)Covert sensitization