Deck 14: Multicultural Therapies

Question 1

When discussing the role of culture for a theory of personality that underlies multicultural therapy,the textbook authors assert that:

A)culture is the most important determinant of personality.
B)there is no widespread theory of personality,but diverse perspectives rooted in different cultures.
C)cultures have clear boundaries and values that support the development of culture-specific theories of personality.
D)culture is largely invisible and only subtly influences personality development.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

For the text authors,the phrase "browning of America" refers to:

A)the demographic shift towards a higher proportion of minorities in the U.S.population.
B)the taking away of White power and privilege by minority groups.
C)the widespread adoption of Browning's multicultural theory of therapy.
D)the dramatic increase in inter-racial marriages over the past 30 years.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The opening to the Multicultural Therapy chapter includes one Dutch family's experience of a family therapy session with American family therapy pioneer,Carl Whitaker.The family reportedly experienced Whitaker's interventions as disrespectful and unhelpful.The central implication of this vignette is that:

A)family therapy does not work very well with Northern European families.
B)Dutch upper-middle-class families respond more positively to Dutch therapists.
C)all therapists should work to avoid the presumptive error of importing their culture's system of psychotherapy into a therapy with people of another culture.
D)therapists from one culture should not provide therapy for clients from other cultures.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Among immigrants,rates of psychopathology are generally:

A)higher.
B)lower.
C)equal to the general population.
D)unknown.

Question 5

According to culture-sensitive therapy,the most likely problem manifestation in adult immigrant minority clients is usually:

A)acting out behaviors.
B)psychosomatic complaints.
C)substance abuse.
D)both B and C.

Question 6

Acculturation refers to:

A)the process of role reversal between male and female immigrants.
B)the problems faced by immigrants with language,customs,and social role hierarchies.
C)the unintentional expressions of prejudice that lead to discrimination.
D)the cultural modification of an individual or group by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.

Question 7

Rates of hypertension among African Americans and Hispanic Americans:

A)are lower than the general population due to higher levels of minority group cohesion and support.
B)are equal to the general population despite increased stress.
C)are elevated compared to the general population and have been linked to the stress of prejudice and discrimination.
D)immigrants are lower than in their native countries due to improved economic opportunities.

Question 8

The largest and fastest growing minority group in the United States is:

A)African Americans.
B)Asian Americans.
C)Latino/Hispanic Americans.
D)Native Americans.

Question 9

The impact of culture on psychological health is primarily mediated by:

A)socioeconomic resources.
B)culture-bound syndromes.
C)low self-esteem associated with minority group status.
D)acculturation.

Question 10

While most White Americans truly believe they are not racist,their behavior seems to suggest otherwise.In addition to tolerating structural inequalities,experimental studies have documented that up to _____% of Whites demonstrate unconscious racism.

A)25
B)40
C)65
D)80

Question 11

The Asian-American population of the United States is projected to reach what percent by mid-century?

A)5%
B)10%
C)13%
D)19%

Question 12

Among the most salient aspects of culture highlighted in the text is:

A)ethnicity.
B)socioeconomic status.
C)family size and composition.
D)Susto.

Question 13

Considerable evidence suggests that disparities in health care provision to people from majority and minority groups is primarily related to:

A)cultural relativism.
B)social and political factors such as institutionalized racism and ethnic stereotypes.
C)the myth of uniformity that one size fits all.
D)the stress of acculturation.

Question 14

A primary source of conflict within minority families,particularly among parents and children,is:

A)unconscious racism.
B)acculturation.
C)substance abuse and dependence.
D)language barriers.

Question 15

Unexamined and unintentional expressions of prejudice and discrimination is known as:

A)unconscious racism.
B)myth of uniformity.
C)internalized racism.
D)racial inequity.

Question 16

The text authors cite survey research that shows the rate of explicit anti-Black and anti-Hispanic attitudes among non-Black Americans and non-Hispanic Whites is just over:

A)25%.
B)40%.
C)50%.
D)65%.

Question 17

Among several data that support the value of multicultural therapies are the changing demographics of the United States.For example,based on current rates of immigration and birth,it is predicted that people of color will become a majority by the year:

A)2015.
B)2025.
C)2050.
D)2065.

Question 18

The text authors caution psychotherapists to avoid the belief that all members of a group will share the same characteristics.This belief is referred to as:

A)the myth of uniformity.
B)the myth of racial identity.
C)reference group orientation.
D)the myth of cultural universality.

Question 19

A major focus in culture-sensitive therapy is problems with:

A)control.
B)meaning in life.
C)rules for living.
D)self-esteem.

Question 20

Among Mexican and Latin American cultures,the belief that a traumatic event causes the soul to leave the body and requires ritual healings to call the soul back into the body is known as:

A)Ataques de nervios.
B)Latah.
C)Windigo.
D)Susto.

Question 21

Smith et al.'s (2006)meta-analysis of multicultural education in the mental health professions documented that:

A)curricula based on theory and research were no more effective than those interventions that were not derived from theory or research.
B)it had a very limited impact on outcomes.
C)it was associated with positive outcomes,particularly if grounded in theory and research.
D)it was most effective in the context of single,specific courses rather than add-ons in all courses within a training curriculum.

Question 22

Liberation psychotherapy (Friere,1970,1973)was essentially:

A)a consciousness-raising therapy.
B)a therapy that promoted catharsis related to historical and contemporary oppression and discrimination.
C)an action-based therapy that challenged established social structures that maintained the subordinate status of minority cultures.
D)a therapy that focused on the acculturation of Latinos in America.

Question 23

Which of the following statements would be LEAST consistent with a culture-sensitive therapy view of the therapeutic relationship?

A)Establishing the therapeutic relationship is one of the most challenging aspects of the treatment.
B)Ideally,a treatment strategy is culturally consistent with the patient's expectations and background.
C)It is essential that the therapist explain what will happen in the context of therapy,what is expected of the client,and what the therapist will provide.
D)Since clients' problems are rooted in their culture,the therapist must help clients become more "Americanized."

Question 24

Given that nearly 18% of households in the United States are not primarily English-speaking,the use of translators often becomes a consideration in treating patients from minority groups.Research has shown that use of translators:

A)reduces premature termination.
B)facilitates the therapeutic relationship.
C)is stressful for family members.
D)is associated with misdiagnosis (usually more severe).

Question 25

Multicultural therapies most often emphasize and use which processes of change?

A)Stimulus control and contingency control
B)Consciousness raising and choosing
C)Social liberation and catharsis
D)Counter-cultural conditioning and reevaluation

Question 26

Among the practical differences between multicultural and more traditional therapists is that multicultural therapists:

A)rarely practice individual therapy.
B)often reach out to and develop a client's network of change agents .
C)prefer social activism to psychotherapy.
D)rely on multicultural group formats so that clients from different cultures can learn from each other.

Question 27

Working to identify a client's acculturated identity,which may include norms of the dominant culture and rejection or denigration of aspects of their own culture,is likely to be part of which therapeutic process?

A)Consciousness raising
B)Catharsis
C)Choosing
D)Interpersonal conflicts

Question 28

Pretreatment patient preparation refers to:

A)letting the client know the gender,race and ethnicity of the therapist with whom they are scheduled to meet.
B)providing the patient with information about rates of engagement and termination in therapy,and urging patients to stay with the therapist long enough to build an alliance.
C)preparing clients for the possibility that they may be asked to invite their family members or other members of their cultural group to the therapy session.
D)the use of a variety of strategies to help clients clarify their expectations and therapist-client roles in therapy.

Question 29

Culturally sensitive consciousness raising often includes:

A)how the dominant culture may have oppressed the client and influenced their self-views.
B)a client's expression of suppressed anger over discrimination.
C)a client's redefinition of themselves in terms of the dominant culture.
D)active interventions to secure social justice.

Question 30

At the intrapersonal level,the root of many minority clients' distress is:

A)their experience of being victimized by an oppressive and discriminatory dominant culture.
B)underlying feelings of hostility toward the dominant culture.
C)anxiety about conflicting minority group and prevailing cultural norms.
D)loss of intimacy and failures of communication.

Question 31

From a multicultural perspective,every therapy relationship might best be conceptualized as:

A)less relevant than the therapeutic processes or strategies to be employed.
B)highly unlikely to be securely established if the therapist is of a different race or ethnicity.
C)a process of trial-and-error joining with the client in a manner that matches the cultural preference of the client.
D)a multicultural therapy relationship.

Question 32

The text authors argue that one of the most challenging aspects of multicultural therapies for the therapist is:

A)identification of the appropriate therapeutic content given diverse cultural norms.
B)promoting a client's optimal level of social activism.
C)establishing a therapeutic relationship when the therapist is of a different race and ethnicity.
D)helping clients find fulfillment and meaning in the context of cultural differences.

Question 33

A frequent "error of omission" by therapists who work with clients from cultural backgrounds different from their own is:

A)failure to raise the topic of how racial and ethnic differences might affect the therapy relationship and treatment.
B)failure to identify their own race and ethnicity upfront so the client understands where you might be coming from.
C)failure to disclose the specifics of your biases,thus allowing one's unconscious racism to impact the therapy relationship.
D)failure to refer a client from a different cultural background to a racially/ethnically matched therapist.

Question 34

Based on recommendations of professional associations,when a therapist determines that use of a translator is in the best interest of a client,the best individual to serve in this role is:

A)an individual free of dual roles with the client.
B)a close family member since they are most likely to secure the client's trust.
C)a friend who knows the client well and whom the client trusts.
D)another heath care professional who speaks the client's primary language.

Question 35

The capacity of the therapist to understand as fully as possible a client's feelings and cultural context is known as:

A)culturally-adapted therapy.
B)cultural empathy.
C)affirmative therapy.
D)ethnocultural genuineness.

Question 36

Liberation psychotherapy promoted the need to work toward eliminating the structural barriers confronting minority cultures and emphasized which process of change?

A)Consciousness raising
B)Choosing
C)Catharsis
D)Stimulus control

Question 37

In your work with an older African American female victim of relationship violence,she shares with you that "only White people do therapy." You recognize that this belief is likely a result of _____________ and should be an indicator for which therapeutic process?

A)the uniformity myth; consciousness raising
B)internalized racism; catharsis
C)cultural conditioning; consciousness raising
D)acculturation; consciousness raising

Question 38

The research evidence on pretreatment patient preparation has documented that it:

A)has a positive impact on the therapy process.
B)is a largely ineffective way to support client engagement in psychotherapy.
C)increases client sensitivity to unmet expectations and likelihood of early termination.
D)tends to make the early part of the therapy more positive,but has no longer term benefit on therapy process or outcome.

Question 39

Compared to other groups seeking psychotherapy,estimated attrition rates among racial/ethnic minority group patients after only one session are:

A)slightly higher than the general population.
B)slightly lower than the general population.
C)significantly higher than the general population.
D)significantly lower than the general population.

Question 40

The text authors review psychotherapy with lesbian,gay,bisexual and transgendered (LGBT)clients in the chapter on multicultural therapy because:

A)LGBT clients are often also from ethnic/racial minority groups.
B)LGBT clients are most typically treated by multicultural therapists.
C)multicultural therapists as a group have worked the hardest to develop sexuality-sensitive therapies.
D)despite their heterogeneity as a group,LGBT clients have likely shared experiences of discrimination and stigma.

Question 41

Research has documented that reparative therapy,or sexual conversion therapy:

A)works as well as most other forms of psychotherapy.
B)works as well as most other forms of psychotherapy but has a higher drop-out rate.
C)is generally successful at changing sexual orientation,but tends to also increase psychological distress among clients.
D)may be harmful and its use negatively predicts beneficial outcomes.

Question 42

Research to date on culturally adapted therapies suggests that:

A)they produce a moderately strong benefit.
B)they add little benefit to established (non-adapted)therapies.
C)there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about their value.
D)they tend to improve initial utilization,but show similar outcomes as non-adapted therapies.

Question 43

Meta-analysis has documented that African-Americans who experienced more frequent and intense racism were:

A)less likely to seek therapy.
B)more likely to seek therapy.
C)more likely to drop out of therapy.
D)more likely to develop anxiety and depression.

Question 44

Limited research evidence documents that African-American clients:

A)consistently show less favorable treatment outcomes than White Americans.
B)consistently show better treatment outcomes than White Americans.
C)show either no difference or less beneficial treatment outcomes than White Americans.
D)show better treatment outcomes than other minority groups,but less favorable outcomes than White Americans.

Question 45

Rates of substance abuse,depression and anxiety among LGBT clients:

A)are generally lower than other client groups.
B)are generally higher than heterosexual client groups.
C)are about the same as heterosexual client groups.
D)are currently unknown and illustrate the need for more research with LGBT clients.

Question 46

Meta-analyses examining client functioning,treatment retention,or number of sessions attended between client-clinician dyads racially-ethnically matched and those not matched show:

A)no significant differences.
B)small but significant differences.
C)moderate differences.
D)large differences.

Question 47

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Reparative therapy or sexual conversion therapy is still practiced.
B)Reparative or sexual conversion therapies often include aversive fantasy techniques.
C)There is good evidence for the effectiveness of reparative or sexual conversion therapy despite negative attitudes toward these treatments.
D)The American Psychiatric Association issued a position statement in 2000 warning against attempts to change patients' sexual orientation.

Question 48

Which of the following represent obstacles for psychotherapists working with the LGBT population?

A)Internalized homophobia
B)The lack of training in working with and reliable information about the LGBT population
C)The operation of subtle biases against non-heterosexual behaviors
D)All of the above

Question 49

The current state of psychotherapy outcomes research related to LGBT clients is best described in which of the following statements?

A)There is very limited research on the effectiveness of treatments for lesbians,bisexuals or those participating in gay affirmative therapy.
B)Psychotherapy is as effective for gay men as it is for heterosexual clients.
C)Lesbians generally show better outcomes in psychotherapy than do gay men.
D)Psychotherapy has been shown to be as effective for LGBT clients as for heterosexual clients.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Homosexuality was removed from the DSM in 1973.
B)Homosexuality was regarded as a mental health disorder until DSM-III (1980).
C)Homosexuality was considered a pathological condition but never was classified as a mental health disorder.
D)DSM-IV continues to classify homosexuality as a pathological condition,but no longer regards it as a personality disorder.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Up to two-thirds of sexual minorities report experiencing discrimination in employment.
B)Nearly all states in the United States offer legal protection from harassment for LGBT students.
C)Nearly one-half of LGBT students report harassment or violence in school.
D)The majority of states in the United States offer no legal protection against being fired for sexual orientation or gender identity.

Question 52

Recent research has shown that,over the years,racial disparities in health and mental health care have:

A)worsened.
B)barely improved.
C)significantly improved.
D)received decreasing attention.

Question 53

Meta-analytic research has documented that members of racial minority groups:

A)prefer ethnically similar therapists.
B)do not show specific preferences for the ethnicity/race of a therapist.
C)prefer therapists from any minority group over those from the dominant culture.
D)show better treatment outcomes when treated by therapists from their own racial/ethnic group.

Question 54

Regarding the importance of language in all therapy,it is suggested that therapists working with LGBT clients use the term:

A)homosexual.
B)sexual preference.
C)sexual orientation.
D)lifestyle.

Question 55

Several meta-analyses on controlled studies of culturally adapted therapies for ethnic minority clients have shown:

A)no differences between culturally adapted and traditional treatments.
B)small effect sizes in favor of culturally adapted treatments.
C)medium effect sizes in favor of culturally adapted treatments.
D)large effect sizes in favor of culturally adapted treatments.

Question 56

Intersectionality of multiple identities acknowledges the:

A)separate cultural identities of the clinician and client.
B)culturally-informed identities of different generations within families.
C)multifaceted nature of individuals' identities.
D)convergence of cultural and feminist theories of therapy.

Question 57

Each of the following represents a criticisms of multicultural therapies EXCEPT:

A)multicultural therapy has replaced the traditional psychological work of therapy with identity politics.
B)multicultural therapy lacks a strong evidence base and has not been subject to clinical trials research.
C)multicultural therapy values individual personality over social influences and group identity.
D)despite its goal of liberation from social oppression,multicultural therapy risks being dogmatic and prescriptive in its focus on group membership and social influences