Deck 54: Behavioral Biology

Question 1

The signal from the environment that triggers a stereotyped behavior is a

A)conditioned reflex.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)reinforcing stimulus.
D)releasing mechanism.
E)key stimulus (sign stimulus).

Answer 1

E

Question 2

By evaluating and selecting mates with superior qualities, an animal can increase its

A)reproductive success.
B)learning.
C)competitive strategies.
D)foraging efficiency.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a reward or punishment in

A)behavioral learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)deviant behavior.
D)operant conditioning.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Alarm calling seems to be an example of _______, that is, it favors relatives.

A)sociology
B)demography
C)aggression
D)kin selection

Question 5

Tinbergen is credited with founding the field of behavioral ______, the study of how natural selection shapes behavior.

A)genetics
B)ecology
C)symptomatology
D)demographics

Question 6

Artificial selection and hybridization can demonstrate the __________ basis of behavior.

A)cognitive
B)operant
C)genetic
D)associational

Question 7

In many animals, ______ guides learning by determining what type of information can be learned, meaning that what an animal can learn is often biologically influenced.

A)instinct
B)free will
C)consciousness
D)operance

Question 8

Chemical signals that mediate interactions between two or more members of a given species are called _______________.

A)pheromones
B)alarm signals
C)hormones
D)competitive exclusions

Question 9

Animals that acquire energy efficiently during foraging will increase their fitness by having more energy available for _______________.

A)competition
B)defenses
C)respiration
D)reproduction

Question 10

As an animal matures, it forms attachments to other individuals and develops preferences.This process is called

A)instinct.
B)imprinting.
C)associational learning.
D)habituation.

Question 11

A nonassociative learning called __________ can be defined as a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus that has no positive or negative consequences.

A)instinctive learning
B)imprinting
C)desensitization learning
D)habituation

Question 12

If an unrelated stimulus, such as the ringing of a bell, was presented at the same time as the meat powder, over repeated trials, a dog would salivate in response to the sound of the bell alone.This kind of response is called

A)behavioral learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)deviant behavior.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 13

The processing of information and response in a manner that suggests thinking in the animal is called

A)endogenous behavior.
B)environmental induced behavior.
C)instinctive behavior.
D)associative behavior.
E)cognitive behavior.

Question 14

The degree of parental investment required often results in the non-random mating behavior called __________.

A)allopatry
B)fidelity
C)mate choice
D)preferability

Question 15

Animals tend to feed on prey that maximize their net energy intake.This is called the __________ theory.

A)competitive exclusion
B)maximal consumption
C)optimal foraging
D)optimization

Question 16

Current research in behavioral ecology focuses on the overall contribution that behavior makes to an animal's

A)fitness.
B)learning.
C)competitive strategies.
D)foraging efficiency.

Question 17

Habituation belongs to which of the following types of learning?

A)nonassociative
B)behavior modification
C)conditioning
D)innate release

Question 18

The modification of behavior as a result of experience is called

A)association.
B)behavior modification.
C)habituation.
D)learning.

Question 19

Who conducted the famous "imprinting" experiment on geese?

A)Mendel
B)Russel
C)Lorenz
D)Darwin

Question 20

In birds, if the offspring require extensive care, usually involving both the male and female, they are called

A)semelparous species.
B)altricial species.
C)precocial species.
D)iteroparous species.

Question 21

Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation for these graphs? Maternal care (as measured by minutes crouching over offspring and proportion of pups retrieved) in female mice that have the fosB allele is

A)less than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.
B)greater than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.
C)the same as the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.
D)less than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele; however, the graphs depict only minor differences, which are most likely not significant.

Question 22

In species where the young are precocial, meaning requiring little parental care, males may be more likely to be what?

A)monogamous
B)polygynous
C)polyandrous
D)altricial

Question 23

Social insect colonies are composed of highly specialized groups called what?

A)clines
B)ecotypes
C)castes
D)species

Question 24

Foraging bees communicate with other bees in a waggle dance to give information about the food.The important cue in the dance that conveys information about the required flight direction to the food source relative to the hive-sun direction is the

A)angle between the food source and the hive in reference to the sun.
B)angle between the waggle run and the vertical axis within the hive.
C)angle between the waggle run in reference to the hive-sun angle.
D)angle between the waggle run in reference to the direction north from the hive.

Question 25

Recently the focus of research in behavioral ecology has been on the contribution by behavior to an animal's reproductive success.What is this called?

A)average number of mates
B)fitness
C)foraging efficiency
D)longevity

Question 26

A friend of yours is wondering about the differences between the words orientation and navigation when these two terms are used in descriptions of bird migrations.Since you have studied and know something about animal behavior, what do you tell your friend?

A)Orientation is adjusting a bearing, while navigation is actually following a bearing.
B)Orientation and navigation are used interchangeably when referring to avian migrations.
C)Orientation is following a bearing, while navigation is setting or adjusting a bearing.
D)Orientation is following the sun in the day as starling do, while navigation is following a bearing with a small amount of magnetite, which is found in the heads of some migratory birds.

Question 27

Courtship is often dependent on what?

A)social releasers
B)a stimulus/response chain
C)an alarm call
D)taxis

Question 28

Research has revealed that the development of psychological well-being and growth is influenced by what?

A)imprinting
B)physical contact
C)sensitization
D)associative learning

Question 29

The area over which an animal moves in the course of daily activity, but which it does not necessarily defend against other animals, is called what?

A)family home
B)foraging space
C)home range
D)nesting site

Question 30

Living as a member of a group may have all of the following advantages except what?

A)being more resistant to disease and parasites
B)increased feeding rate
C)greater protection from predators
D)members learn about new food sources from other members

Question 31

Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that newly hatched birds would direct their social behavior toward him if they saw him first after they hatched from their eggs.What is this called?

A)cross-fostering behavior
B)operant conditioning
C)fixed action patterning
D)habituation behavior
E)imprinting behavior

Question 32

Insect workers propagate more of their own alleles by helping their mother reproduce rather than by reproducing themselves; thus, they share a larger fraction of their ___________ with the next generation.

A)food resources
B)time
C)genome
D)ability to defend their nest

Question 33

Young birds see objects flying overhead and respond by crouching down into the nest and remaining still.Over time some objects become familiar and the young birds do not crouch down.What is this type of learning?

A)sensitization
B)associative learning
C)operant conditioning
D)habituation

Question 34

If a scientist is conducting a study of how a male bird's song and the female bird's response evolved, what type of causation is she exploring?

A)ultimate causation
B)proximate causation
C)stereotyped causation
D)ethnological causation

Question 35

In an experiment studying predator and prey relationships, a scientist offers a naïve toad a bumblebee as food.The bee stings the toad when the toad tries to catch and eat the bee.Subsequent feeding trials with the toad reveal that the toad avoids feeding on bumblebees.This is a demonstration of

A)non-associative learning on the toad's part.
B)associative learning on the toad's part.
C)ultimate learning on the toad's part.
D)proximate learning on the toad's part.

Question 36

Which scientist described inclusive fitness as the effect an individual has on propagating its alleles through its own reproduction and through kin selection?

A)Mendel
B)Darwin
C)Wallace
D)Tinbergen
E)Hamilton

Question 37

What is the term for selection that favors altruism toward relatives?

A)kin selection
B)mate choice
C)group selection
D)nepotism

Question 38

Haldane pointed out that if he received a certain allele, the chance that one of his brothers would receive that allele would be

A)100%.
B)50%.
C)10%.
D)random.

Question 39

If a scientist is conducting a study of how an animal's senses provide a physiological basis for a particular behavior, what type of causation is she exploring?

A)ultimate causation
B)proximate causation
C)stereotyped causation
D)ethnological causation

Question 40

A behavior that has evolved to aid relatives, although at personal risk, and thus increases the chance of your genes being passed on to the next generation is known as

A)altricial behavior.
B)instinctive behavior.
C)kin selection.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 41

Hamilton explained the origin of altruism in selected insect societies with his kin selection model of sex determination.Since males are haploid and females are diploid, the workers share a very high proportion of alleles, theoretically as high as 75%.What is this called?

A)diploidy
B)haploidy
C)haplodiploidy
D)parthenogenesis

Question 42

One of your professors says that fleas jump so high because they have specially adapted leg structures and muscles.But your other professor says that fleas jump high because evolution selected for individuals with genes that helped them avoid being damaged by the scratching behavior of their host.So -- why do fleas jump high?

A)Because they have specially adapted leg structures and muscles.
B)Because evolution selected for individuals with genes that helped them avoid being damaged by the scratching behavior of their host.
C)The ultimate cause is that they have specially adapted leg structures and muscles, and the proximate cause is that evolution selected for individuals with genes that helped them avoid being damaged by the scratching behavior of their host.
D)The proximate cause is that they have specially adapted leg structures and muscles, and the ultimate cause is that evolution selected for individuals with genes that helped them avoid being damaged by the scratching behavior of their host. Clarify question:

Question 43

Your study buddy is frustrated."This book says that a single gene can make mice exhibit a certain behavior.That's ridiculous! How can you build any kind of neural circuit with just one gene?" What is your response?

A)"If the book says so it must be true.Ours is not to question why."
B)"Some genes are longer than others, over 1000kb -- they have enough information to encode a full neural circuit."
C)"Mice are a lot simpler than we are, and their brains are smaller.One gene is plenty for them to build a circuit."
D)"What the book really means is: all else being equal, one variant of a gene is associated with higher levels of the behavior than the other variant of the gene.All the other thousands of genes are still needed to develop the brain.But variation in one gene can change how a certain neural circuit will behave."

Question 44

The vertical dive of a moth for cover when it hears the ultrasound chirps of an approaching bat is an example of a(n)

A)sign stimulus.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)innate releasing mechanism.
D)supernormal stimulus.

Question 45

Which best describes the role of neurotransmitters in behavior?

A)In specific ecological contexts, neurotransmitters can be important for behavior.For instance, aggression requires the neurotransmitter serotonin.
B)Some specific behaviors will require neurotransmitters.For instance, aggression requires the neurotransmitter serotonin.
C)Neurotransmitters allow neurons to communicate, and are thus involved in all behaviors.Levels of specific neurotransmitters have been associated with levels of specific behaviors -- such as serotonin and aggression.
D)Neurotransmitters have been developed for researchers who want to manipulate animal behaviors.For instance, serotonin can be applied to lobsters to increase aggression.

Question 46

It is 6:00 PM and the sun is due west of the hive.A honeybee has just returned to its hive from a patch of flowers that are due north of the hive.Which of the following best describes the type of waggle dance that this bee should perform? Note: The waggle run is the straight part of the dance.

A)The waggle run should be straight down the vertical axis.
B)The waggle run should be straight up the vertical axis.
C)The waggle run should be 90 $\degree$ to the left of the vertical axis.
D)The waggle run should be 90 $\degree$ to the right of the vertical axis.

Question 47

Which of the following statements best defines an altruistic act?

A)benefits the performer and another individual
B)benefits another individual at some cost to the performer
C)benefits another, related individual at some cost to the performer
D)imposes a cost on the performer and another individual

Question 48

Your study buddy asks, "would you please explain the difference between home range and territory?" What is the best response?

A)Territory is the entire area that an animal can utilize for its resources, such as shelter, food, and mates.Home range is near its nest or den.
B)Territory is the area that an animal can utilize for its resources, such as shelter, food and mates and will defend against other members of its species.Home range is near its nest or den.
C)Territory is the area that an animal can utilize for its resources, such as shelter, food and mates, and will defend against other members of its species.Home range is the area that an animal may roam over on a daily basis.
D)Territory is the area that an animal can utilize for its resources, such as shelter, food and mates, and will defend against others members of its species.Home range is a smaller area within the territory that the animal is found in when it is resting or hiding from predators.

Question 49

What is the term for learning that occurs only during a brief period early in life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify.

A)imprinting
B)filial imprinting
C)innate behavior
D)instinct

Question 50

When a parent herring gull arrives at the nest with food, a chick will orient to and peck at the red spot on the parent's bill.The parent will then regurgitate the food into the chick's open mouth and the chick swallows it.What is this set of behaviors an example of?

A)sign stimulus
B)fixed action pattern
C)innate releasing mechanism
D)taxis
E)stimulus-response chain

Question 51

You place an empty dog-food dish across the room from a puppy that then goes over to investigate the dish.You pick the dish up and ten minutes later you place it in a different part of the room, and you keep repeating this pattern.After the fifth time the puppy no longer goes over to the empty dish.Which of the following terms best describes this form of learning?

A)trial and error learning
B)habituation
C)classical conditioning
D)operant conditioning

Question 52

At a research conference, you meet a graduate student who studies the hormonal underpinnings of mating behavior in two species of squirrel."It turns out the difference between my two squirrel species is similar to the difference between the prairie and the montane voles," he says.You nod knowingly, and reply...

A)"Oh, so the promiscuous species has a lot of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbus, blocking pair bonding, and the monogamous species doesn't?"
B)"Oh, so the monogamous species has a lot of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?"
C)"Oh, so the polyandrous species has a lot of serotonin and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?"
D)"Oh, so the monogamous species has a lot of serotonin and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbus, promoting pair bonding, and the promiscuous species doesn't?" Clarify question:

Question 53

Female fire beetles, Melanophilia sp., must seek out freshly-burned trees to lay their eggs in so the larvae can feed on the burned wood.What specialized neural structures might you expect these beetles to have to facilitate this behavior?

A)Extra large axons for rapid axonal transduction
B)Special, enlarged synapses for rapid synaptic transmission
C)Giant brain structures for processing auditory information
D)Special sensory structures that can detect signs of fire or burned wood Clarify question:

Question 54

Pea fowl (peacocks and peahens) show sexual dimorphism -- males have long blue-green tail feathers with eyespots, while females have short brown tail feathers.Which statement best describes the graphed data about peacocks?

A)There are no peacocks with less than 140 eyespots.
B)The fewer eyespots that a peacock has in his tail, the more mates he attracts.
C)Actually eyespots have very little to do with mate-attracting activities.
D)The more eyespots that a peacock has in his tail, the more mates he attracts.

Question 55

The neural circuit that allows a male stickleback fish to orient and behave aggressively towards an inanimate object with a red stripe is an example of a(n)

A)sign stimulus.
B)fixed action pattern.
C)innate releasing mechanism.
D)supernormal stimulus.

Question 56

Male Mormon crickets choose larger females as their mates.Which of the following statements best interprets the graph?

A)Larger females live longer and thus produce more eggs.
B)Larger females are capable of storing sperm.
C)Larger females reproduce earlier than smaller females.
D)Larger females lay more eggs.

Question 57

Which one of the following examples describes a communication mode that would be best for signaling over the greatest distance in a dark, densely forested environment?

A)display of plumage of a male bird to attract females
B)waggle dance of a honeybee in a colony within the forest
C)pheromones released by a female moth
D)territorial song of a male bird to repel other males

Question 58

What is the flash pattern used by female fireflies to attract males of their species an example of?

A)a sign stimulus
B)an innate releasing mechanism
C)a supernormal stimulus
D)sexual imprinting Clarify question:

Question 59

Which of the following is the best interpretation of the graph below of mussel size (x-axis) versus energy gain (line graph, left y-axis), and number of mussels eaten per day (histogram, right y-axis)?

A)Mussels are selected as food sources by crabs.
B)Crabs select mussels in a way that maximizes their energy gain.
C)Mussel size does not seem to be a good predictor as to which mussel hungry crabs will select.
D)Crabs tend to consume most of the largest mussels.

Question 60

A bear at a national park has discovered that if it can open the lid of the trash cans, it is likely to find tasty food inside.Soon it is trying to open the trash cans all over the park.What mechanism of learning has occurred?

A)classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
B)habituation
C)operant conditioning
D)air conditioning Clarify question:

Question 61

Due to reproductive isolation, a new species of weaver bird is evolving.Is it likely to use a social or solitary nesting strategy?

A)It depends on whether it lives in the forest or the open savanna.
B)It depends on whether it lives in near water or near the desert.
C)It depends on how many similar species it is competing with.
D)It depends on how many eggs it lays. African weaver birds, which construct nests from vegetation, provide an excellent example of the relationship between ecology and social organization.Their roughly 90 species can be divided according to the type of social group they form.One group of species lives in the forest and builds camouflaged, solitary nests.Males and females are monogamous; they forage for insects to feed their young.The second group of species nests in colonies in trees on the savanna.They are polygynous and feed in flocks on seeds.The feeding and nesting habits of these two groups of species are correlated with their mating systems.In the forest, insects are hard to find, and both parents must cooperate in feeding the young.The camouflaged nests do not call the attention of predators to their brood.On the open savanna, building a hidden nest is not an option.Rather, savanna-dwelling weaver birds protect their young from predators by nesting in trees, which are not very abundant.This shortage of safe nest sites means that birds must nest together in colonies.Because seeds occur abundantly, a female can acquire all the food needed to rear young without a male's help.The male, free from the duties of parenting, spends his time courting many females-a polygynous mating system.

Question 62

In regards to altruism, what way are humans like vampire bats?

A)Their altruism is based on haplodiploidy.
B)They are both Chiroptera.
C)Their altruism is based on kin selection.
D)They engage in reciprocal altruism. Clarify question:

Question 63

A study finds a positive correlation between the number of spots on the tail of male peacocks and their mating success.What would be the best followup experiment?

A)Count the number of spots on female tails and measure mating success.
B)Remove spots or add artificial spots to male tails and determine female responses.
C)Measure the sperm count of males and compare to spot count.
D)Inject testosterone and observe changes in spot count. Clarify question:

Question 64

If a behavior has evolved by natural selection, it must have ______________.

A)benefits for both males and females
B)reduced the predation rate on the animal
C)evolved the same way in each species
D)a genetic basis

Question 65

A bird sanctuary sometimes takes over the care of eggs or chicks of an endangered duck species if the parents are killed.They are sometimes able to use mothers of farm ducks to cross-foster the chicks, but it doesn't always work.Looking at the following data table, what is the critical period for imprinting in this species? (Note: DAH stands for "days after hatching".)

A)The critical period extends from 1-3 DAH.
B)The critical period extends from 3-8 DAH.
C)The critical period ends sometime between 1-3 DAH.We can not determine from this data when the critical period begins.
D)The critical period ends sometime between 3-8 DAH.We can not determine from this data when the critical period begins. Clarify question:

Question 66

You read about how learning preparedness influences the associations that an animal is capable of learning.You want to explore the learning preparedness of hamsters.How might you test the learning preparedness of this species?

A)Train hamsters to navigate a maze to reach a reward.Determine which hamsters are fastest -- thus, are most prepared to learn.
B)Train hamsters to navigate a maze to reach a reward.Determine the time of day at which the hamsters are fastest -- thus, most prepared to learn.
C)Train hamsters to choose between tunnels to find a reward.Switch the reward tunnel frequently, and determine which hamsters learn the new association the fastest.
D)Train hamsters to choose between tunnels to find a reward, and mark the tunnels with different visual, tactile, chemosensory or auditory stimuli to see which associations are learnable. Clarify question:

Question 67

You are on the committee to update the design of the hospital NICU (neonatal intensive care unit), which currently has incubators for the babies but not much else.Based on what you have learned about Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys, what would you suggest adding to the NICU to improve the babies' health and well-being?

A)comfortable chairs for parents to hold their babies
B)softer lighting
C)white-noise devices to mask the sound of beeping machines
D)pheromones Clarify question:

Question 68

A certain species has offspring that require a very large amount of parental care.Predict their mating system.

A)monogamous
B)polyandrous
C)polygynous
D)monotonous

Question 69

True or False: Haplodiploidy is necessary for eusociality.

Question 70

Male hummingbirds flash a patch of iridescent feathers on their neck called the gorget.This behavior makes them very visible.Why advertise their presence to a predator?

A)Hummingbirds are so fast that predation is not a large factor for them.
B)Predators cannot see colors so are not alerted.
C)The benefits of defending a territory exceed the costs of predation.
D)This is an example of a maladaptive behavior that decreases overall fitness. Clarify question:

Question 71

A zoo is hand-rearing an endangered species of songbird.What is the best approach to help prepare the males to attract mates?

A)Expose the males to a mentor male bird singing their species' song during the critical period.
B)Expose the males to female pheromones from their species, to initiate development of song circuits during the critical period.
C)Expose the males to each other during the critical period, to initiate development of song circuits during the critical period.
D)Expose the males to a variety of birdsongs during the critical period. Clarify question:

Question 72

In its youth, a pet parrot was owned by someone who kept the wings clipped and never allowed it to fly.Later in life, the new owner let the feathers grow and let the parrot fly around the house.But the parrot kept knocking over lamps and crashing into walls."Wow," said the owner, "I guess parrots are just too clumsy to fly around a house without destroying everything." What is an alternative explanation?

A)In nature, parrots have much more room to fly, and do not have to navigate around delicate home decor.
B)Since the parrot was not able to practice flying during the critical period for flight development, the brain circuits for accurate flying were not able to develop.
C)The parrot just needs more practice flying -- although it did not get to fly when young, this should not affect later ability.
D)The critical period for flying development in the brain has just now begun with the bird's first attempt.In a few weeks the critical period will end, so it must practice during this time. Clarify question:

Question 73

You work in a lab that studies bird brains and behavior.You and your labmate have both submitted brains to a colleague to be sectioned.Your species is a bird that is known for storing large numbers of nuts each autumn in a variety of hidden locations.Your labmate's species is a raptor known for remarkable predatory behavior.What do you anticipate will be different between the two brains?

A)Your nut-hiding species is likely to have a large hippocampus, while the raptor may have a large visual system.
B)Your nut-hiding species is likely to have a large visual system, while the raptor may have an large hippocampus.
C)Both species are likely to have a large nucleus accumbens.
D)Your nut-hiding species is likely to have a large hypothalamus, while the raptor may have an large olfactory system. Clarify question:

Question 74

In the phalarope, or wadepiper bird, the male is unusual in playing the larger parenting role -- he performs all the egg incubation and chick care.What unusual behavior might you predict for the female of the species?

A)The female provides sperm to fertilize the male's eggs.
B)The female is part of a large harem of females, under the domain of a single male.
C)The females compete to mate with the males, who choose among them.
D)The females have dull, brown coloring that keeps them well-camouflaged. Clarify question:

Question 75

Research on starlings indicates that young birds migrate by _______________, but older birds use true __________________.

A)orientation; navigation
B)navigation; migration
C)migration; orientation
D)navigation; orientation

Question 76

Which of the following genes would most likely play a role in promoting kin selection?

A)wingless -- critical for the formation of wings in fruit flies
B)SRY -- the gene that initiates male sex determination
C)Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes -- allow mammals to recognize related individuals
D)the genes important for the development of large antlers in the caribou Clarify question:

Question 77

One spring, your friend living in Minnesota eagerly sets up her new hummingbird feeders, and is thrilled to watch hummingbirds feeding on the nectar.However, she is disappointed when after just a week or two the hummingbirds disappear.What advice would you give her?

A)Set up a bell (conditioned stimulus) near the feeders so the hummingbirds make an association with the food.
B)Set up flashing red lights that mimic the male neck feathers -- that should attract more males to the area.
C)Set up the feeders again in the fall.The hummingbirds may have briefly traveled through during their annual spring migration.
D)Wait till next year -- hummingbirds are a high-metabolism, semelparous species and have already reproduced and died. Clarify question:

Question 78

Which statement best sums up our understanding of how animals navigate during migration?

A)The mechanisms have been worked out in great detail, from the genes involved, to the brain structures, to the resulting behavior.
B)We have a thorough understanding of orientation but not navigation.
C)We have some understanding of the information different animals rely on (sun, stars, or magnetic fields), and some sensory structures, but beyond that the mechanisms are still mysterious.
D)Animal navigation is a complete mystery.

Question 79

Platys and swordtails are related tropical freshwater fish.In studies, researchers have shown that female platys prefer males with swordtails, even though males of their own species do not have them.This was discovered by attaching artificial swordtails to platys males.What does this suggest about the origin of the swordtail feature?

A)Female preference for swords may have predated the origin of the feature itself.
B)Evolution of swords later led to evolution of female preference for swords.
C)The same gene that causes sword development also causes development of neural circuits for female preference.
D)Adjacent genes on the same chromosome cause sword development and development of neural circuits for female preference. Clarify question: