Deck 47: The Digestive System

Question 1

Because of the hepatic portal vein, the _____ is the first organ to receive most of the products of digestion.

A)pancreas
B)heart
C)liver
D)brain

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Place the processes occurring in the digestive tract in the correct order.I-Peristaltic waves of contraction propel the food along the esophagus.II-Gastric juices are secreted with the arrival of food into the duodenum.III-The acidic chyme is transferred through the pyloric sphincter.IV-HCl and pepsin begin digestion of proteins into shorter polypeptides.

A)II, IV, and III
B)IV, III, and II
C)II, III, and IV
D)I, II, and IV

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Saliva contains the hydrolytic enzyme, salivary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of the polysaccharide _________ into the disaccharide, maltose.

A)sucrose
B)starch
C)glucose
D)fructose

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The rate at which an animal consumes energy at rest is called _______.

A)glycogenolysis
B)gluconeogenesis
C)the basal metabolic rate
D)rumination

Question 5

The liver produces ________ that functions in emulsification of fats.

A)insulin
B)secretin
C)bile
D)trypsin

Question 6

Jane and Tom are worried about their newborn baby who has just begun to nurse, but chokes and turns blue whenever she is fed.Their baby most likely has a defect in her _____.

A)muscle in the lower two-thirds of her esophagus
B)tongue muscles
C)muscle in the upper-third of her esophagus
D)epiglottis

Question 7

The products of fat digestion in the small intestine are reassembled into triglycerides by the intestinal epithelium, before combining them with proteins to form ___________.

A)chylomicrons
B)chyme
C)vesicles
D)bile

Question 8

When diet and exercise has failed to produce any significant weight loss, some patients who are seriously overweight elect to have stomach surgery.A procedure galled gastric sleeve surgery removes more than half of the stomach, leaving a tube (or sleeve) about the size of a banana.Following gastric sleeve surgery, patients would have the least trouble ____.

A)eating large chunks of food of relatively hard consistency
B)eating protein-rich foods
C)eating large amounts of food at one time
D)eating carbohydrate-rich foods

Question 9

Dorothy suffered a serious stroke that destroyed neurons in the swallowing center of her brain.This damage to her brain would prevent _____.

A)mastication
B)secretion of saliva
C)peristalsis
D)elevation of the soft palate

Question 10

All of the following teeth are found in adult vertebrates except

A)precanines.
B)molars.
C)incisors.
D)premolars.

Question 11

The gizzard is to a bird as the _____________ is/are to a mammal.

A)stomach
B)liver
C)pancreas
D)teeth

Question 12

A baby is born without the ability to make parietal cells.This baby would not be able to ___.

A)denature (unfold) milk proteins
B)absorb glucose and galactose
C)emulsify fats
D)digest fats

Question 13

James has been having trouble digesting lean steaks and other protein-rich foods, and these foods seem to stay in his stomach longer than usual.James is likely lacking the enzyme ____.

A)glucagon
B)pepsin
C)amylase
D)bile

Question 14

The activities of cells in different layers of the tubular gastrointestinal tract are regulated by clusters of nerves located in the submucosa.These nerve complexes are called

A)villi.
B)serosa.
C)epithelia.
D)plexuses.

Question 15

The gastrointestinal tract does not include the ____.

A)stomach
B)mouth
C)larynx
D)esophagus

Question 16

Most digestion in humans occurs in the first 25 centimeters of the 6-meter length of the small intestine called the _________________.

A)cecum
B)duodenum
C)jejunum
D)colon

Question 17

In horses, rodents, and lagomorphs, the digestion of cellulose by microorganisms takes place in the

A)duodenum.
B)reticulum.
C)cecum.
D)omasum.

Question 18

Scientists in Switzerland compared the total surface area of the small intestine in different species of bats.When the calculations were done as if the inner mucosal surface was smooth, the average inner surface area of the intestinal tube was 9.1 cm² in one species.The mucosal surface area increased to 48 cm² when the villi were factored in and reached a total of 0.13 m² after adding in the membrane surface area of the microvilli.Approximately what percent of the total surface area of the small intestine in these bats can be attributed to the membrane surface area of the microvilli?

A)12%
B)78%
C)55%
D)96%

Question 19

A baby is born without the ability to make chief cells.What would be the best type of diet for this baby?

A)a low-fat diet
B)a diet low in minerals and vitamins
C)a diet low in complex carbohydrates such as starch
D)a diet low in protein

Question 20

The vertebrate digestive system consists of

A)a two-way tube with a separate mouth and anus.
B)a two-way tube with a separate mouth and anus and accessory organs.
C)a one-way tube with a separate mouth and anus and accessory organs.
D)a tube with a single opening that serves as mouth and anus.

Question 21

After consuming an antacid like Rolaids, ________.

A)the stomach would absorb water
B)the pH of the stomach fluid would increase
C)the pH of the stomach fluid would decrease
D)HCl production would decrease

Question 22

In what way are vitamins and essential amino acids similar in human metabolism?

A)Both are integral parts of membrane lipids.
B)They cannot be synthesized and must be ingested.
C)Both are needed to synthesize steroid hormones.
D)They are derived from the same precursor molecules.

Question 23

A new mammal has been discovered in the thickly-forested mountains of Papua New Guinea.The squirrel-like animal lives in the canopy of the forest and has a diet rich in leaves.On occasion, however, the animal drops to the ground to quickly fill its cheeks with its own fecal droppings, for ingestion once it is safely back in the trees.The GI tract of this animal would most likely include ____________.

A)a simple stomach and a large cecum
B)a simple stomach, a short small intestine and colon, and a small cecum
C)a short intestine and no cecum
D)a long small intestine with abundant villi and an appendix at the beginning of the large intestine

Question 24

Which of the following represents the correct order of adult human teeth, beginning at the front and moving right along the bottom jaw?

A)incisors, canines, premolars, molars
B)incisors, canines, molars, premolars
C)incisors, molars, canines, premolars
D)incisors, premolars, molars, canines

Question 25

The pancreas is an important accessory organ of the digestive system because it adds all of the following substances to the small intestine except

A)DNase, RNase.
B)lactase.
C)trypsin, chymotrypsin.
D)bicarbonate.

Question 26

The number of chylomicrons in lymphatic capillaries of the intestine would be increased by eating _____ .

A)starch
B)lactose
C)proteins
D)triglycerides

Question 27

The arrival of fat-rich chyme to the duodenum stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release _________ into the small intestine.

A)bile
B)cholecystokinin
C)secretin
D)lipase

Question 28

In the human digestive system, the stomach produces about 2 liters of HCl and other gastric secretions every day.The acid secretion of the stomach

A)promotes a high pH.
B)is stimulated by gastrin.
C)begins the process of starch digestion.
D)stimulates the gallbladder to contract.

Question 29

In humans, the surface area of the small intestine is

A)3 square centimeters.
B)3 square meters.
C)300 square meters.
D)3,000 square meters.

Question 30

Out of the estimated total of 9 liters of material passing through the small intestine, how much of it is absorbed in the small intestine?

A)about 50 milliliters
B)about 350 milliliters
C)about 4.5 liters
D)about 8.5 liters

Question 31

What is NOT true about the human large intestine?

A)It contains three relatively straight segments with no villi.
B)It compacts and stores undigested materials until their excretion as feces.
C)Sodium, vitamin K and other bacterial metabolic products are absorbed across its wall.
D)It is longer than the small intestine.

Question 32

A drop to pH 4.0 in the duodenum would primarily stimulate the release of ________________.

A)secretin
B)pepsin
C)cholecystokinin
D)insulin

Question 33

The secretion of pepsinogen and HCl is controlled by the hormone

A)insulin.
B)gastrin.
C)pepsin.
D)secretin.

Question 34

Bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach acid is produced by the

A)duodenum.
B)small intestine.
C)pancreas.
D)large intestine.

Question 35

Gluten-free food options are becoming more and more common place due to the increased incidence and awareness of celiac disease in the US population.If a person with this disease eats foods containing gluten, the immune system responds by attacking and damaging or destroying his/her own villi.What digestive symptom would NOT be consistent with greatly-reduced numbers of villi?

A)abdominal bloating and pain
B)chronic diarrhea
C)weight loss
D)peptic ulcer

Question 36

A patient with advanced colon cancer just had most of his large intestine removed.What process will be most reduced in this patient as compared to a healthy person?

A)absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into lymph capillaries
B)absorption of water into the blood
C)detoxification of harmful substances
D)digestion of cellulose

Question 37

The liver removes excess glucose from the blood and converts it into _______.

A)bile
B)glycogen
C)cellulose
D)starch

Question 38

A person has his/her gall bladder removed and as a result ______ .

A)can only eat liquid meals
B)can only eat small amounts of fat
C)can now eat as much fat as desired and not absorb it
D)can only eat very small meals

Question 39

Deficiencies of brush border enzymes in the small intestine would NOT affect the complete digestion of __________.

A)fats
B)starch
C)DNA and RNA
D)sucrose

Question 40

Which of the following represents the correct order of vertebrate gastrointestinal tract layers, going from outside the tract to inside the tract?

A)the serosa, submucosa, and the lumen
B)the submucosa, the mucosa, the lumen, the plexuses, and the serosa
C)the serosa, the mucosa, and the submucosa
D)the serosa, submucosa, and the mucosa

Question 41

Langur monkeys and ruminants (such as cows) are the only known mammals in which lysozyme functions in the stomach instead of in tears and saliva.The cow/langur enzyme also has five amino acid changes that are not present in other mammals.What is most likely to be true about lysozyme from langurs and cows compared to lysozyme from other mammals?

A)These five amino acid changes alter the specificity of the enzyme, such that the cow/langur lysozyme attacks viruses instead of bacteria.
B)These five amino acid changes somehow make the cow/langur lysozyme resistant to pepsin digestion.
C)The five amino acids that langurs and cows have in common in their lysozyme were present in the common ancestor of all mammals.
D)Salivary and tear lysozyme functions best at a higher H⁺ ion concentration than the cow/langur enzyme.

Question 42

The luminal contents of the same organ that secretes the hormone into the blood inhibits the further release of ______.

A)gastrin
B)cholecystokinin
C)secretin
D)gastric inhibitory peptide

Question 43

Which process in the diagram would occur the most after eating a fatty meal of french fries and ice cream?

A)II
B)I
C)III
D)II and III equally

Question 44

After not eating for three days, _____ levels will be high.

A)pancreatic enzymes
B)glucagon
C)glycogen
D)insulin

Question 45

Pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate is stimulated by _____.

A)secretin
B)gastric inhibitory peptide
C)glucagon
D)cholecystokinin

Question 46

Why doesn't the stomach acid just digest right through the wall of the stomach?

A)The lining of the stomach is protected by mucus.
B)Food prevents the acid from digesting the wall of the stomach.
C)The pH of the stomach acid is not low enough to be able to digest the lining.
D)Neutralizers are imbedded in the stomach lining.

Question 47

Which process in the diagram causes the greatest insulin release?

A)II
B)III
C)I
D)both I and II equally

Question 48

Which molecule is not able to be absorbed across the stomach wall?

A)alcohol
B)water
C)aspirin
D)glucose

Question 49

Dr.Jones has just discovered that a patient who suffers from extreme obesity has abnormal levels of two different classes of proteins that regulate appetite.Select the most-likely protein profile for this patient from the above diagram.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 50

If a person is diagnosed with lactose intolerance, which of the following is likely?

A)Eating dairy foods would be lethal.
B)This person could only drink milk.
C)Eating dairy products could cause gastrointestinal pain.
D)Eating fatty foods would be lethal.