Deck 14: Environment and Urbanization

Question 1

The movement of affluent people into poor urban neighborhoods is called .

A) social movement
B) social mobility
C) gentrification
D) vertical movement

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The most fundamental cause of environmental pollution is

A) ignorance.
B) disrespectful and wasteful attitudes toward nature.
C) poverty.
D) natural changes in the biosphere.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jenny is a single, 25-year-old accountant. She lives in the city because it is convenient to her work and because of the cultural benefits it offers her. Herbert Gans would most likely describe Jenny as

A) a cosmopolite.
B) an ethnic villager.
C) a deprived urban dweller.
D) a trapped urban dweller.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The major stimulus to the urban explosion was

A) agricultural surpluses.
B) new urban values.
C) the growth of technology.
D) the Industrial Revolution.

Question 5

For all ecosystems there are two ecological principles: first, that natural resources are finite and, second,

A) changing one aspect has consequences on other aspects of a system.
B) changes enhance the ecosystem.
C) all aspects of an ecosystem are independent of each other.
D) ecosystems cause pollution.

Question 6

Megacity Tokyo, Japan copes with the many problems that come with a densely populated area in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) extract sewage heat to regulate temperatures in buildings.
B) alert drivers of congested street areas.
C) placing a limit on the number of cars sold.
D) building an underground city.

Question 7

One way to solve current environmental problems is to limit

A) the number of power plants.
B) control global warming.
C) the use of natural resources.
D) population and economic growth.

Question 8

Lois and Philip are a childless couple who buy a run-down house on the edge of a low income neighborhood and spend their time refurbishing it. They and other persons like them are involved in

A) urbanization.
B) gentrification.
C) suburbanization.
D) modernization.

Question 9

Jane is a feminist who argues that environmental problems are caused by the Western culture of patriarchy. She would be called a ecofeminist.

A) liberal
B) cultural
C) socialist
D) matriarchal

Question 10

Acid rain is believed to result primarily from

A) water pollution.
B) chemical pollution converting to acidic compounds.
C) pesticides.
D) burning fossil fuels.

Question 11

All of the following are methods Americans have used to control environmental problems EXCEPT

A) antipollution laws.
B) conservation of energy.
C) requiring use of public transportation in major cities.
D) alternative technology.

Question 12

The technical name for areas with a large, concentrated population and their adjacent communities is

A) urban zone.
B) urban sector.
C) megalopolis.
D) metropolitan statistical area.

Question 13

The migration of people from countryside to cities, increasing the proportion of a population that lives in cities, is called

A) citification.
B) urbanization.
C) advanced civilization.
D) industrialization.

Question 14

Jane is in her mid-seventies. She lives in a small apartment in a deteriorating area of the city. She would like to move but lives on a fixed income. She cannot afford the move, and will not distance herself from medical care. Herbert Gans would classify her as

A) cosmopolitan.
B) trapped.
C) deprived.
D) an ethnic villager.

Question 15

If you are very interested in the relationship between people and animals, and the air, soil, and water, you would probably join a group dedicated to

A) demography.
B) ecology.
C) sociobiology.
D) pathology.

Question 16

The feminist perspective on the environment is called .

A) femino-conservation
B) feminist ecology
C) ecofeminism
D) ecogenderism

Question 17

A primary reason for present and future shortages of natural resources is that

A) richer nations are hoarding national resources.
B) poorer nations are consuming most of their national resources.
C) the economic market can more easily adjust prices when shortages exist.
D) natural resources are finite.

Question 18

Many people act on the environment on the basis of self-interest. According to the parable of the ʺTragedy of the Commons,ʺ what can happen?

A) Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.
B) The environment is able to withstand humansʹ self-interested actions.
C) People readily realize the need to protect the commons.
D) Technology can discover another use of the commons.

Question 19

More than half of the worldʹs are located in developing countries.

A) megacities
B) ghettos
C) metropolises
D) urban decline

Question 20

Urban communities can only grow after

A) a source of business is established.
B) a sound government is established.
C) an adequate source of food is established.
D) political control is established.

Question 21

Policies that discourage the development of suburbs while encouraging the revitalizing inner cities are known as

A) limited growth.
B) regulated growth.
C) smart growth.
D) private growth.

Question 22

Compared with the people who move out of a city, those left behind tend to be

A) less educated and poor.
B) less educated and white.
C) educated minority groups.
D) affluent older people.

Question 23

The theory of urban life argues that peopleʹs lives are enriched by the diverse opportunities found in urban areas.

A) compositional
B) urban anomie
C) functional
D) subcultural

Question 24

According to Wirth, sights, sounds, and smells of the city lead to more

A) diverse subcultures.
B) economic opportunity.
C) mental illness.
D) social change.

Question 25

One reason why cities have difficulty raising money is because

A) federal taxes have increased dramatically.
B) rural areas receive the most support from state taxes.
C) suburbs have drained off much of the citiesʹ tax base.
D) suburbanites who come into cities rarely spend any money.

Question 26

Rapid suburban growth during the 1980s has led suburbs to become

A) poor places to live.
B) exactly like urban centers.
C) more integrated with center cities.
D) cities in their own right.

Question 27

The model of urban growth for cities such as Boston or Los Angeles, which suggests that areas of different land use form different centers, is commonly known as the

A) peripheral theory.
B) sector theory.
C) concentric zone theory.
D) multiple nuclei theory.

Question 28

General Motors took over a working class community in Detroit in order to build new corporate headquarters. This is an example of

A) dominance and competition.
B) urban renewal.
C) gentrification.
D) natural succession.

Question 29

Some sociologists believe that the city life insulates people from others while other sociologists believe

A) that city life enriches peopleʹs lives.
B) is composed of close-knit communities.
C) that the inner city is not a healthful place to live.
D) that urban life insulates people from others.

Question 30

The model of land use in which a city grows outward in wedge-shaped sections is called the theory.

A) sector
B) urbanization
C) multiple nuclei
D) concentric zone

Question 31

Sociologist Louis Wirth identified three factors that create a distinct way of life called urbanism. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) large numbers of people
B) social integration
C) density
D) heterogeneity in the population

Question 32

According to the theory, city dwellers are as involved with small groups of friends, relatives, and neighbors as are noncity people.

A) compositional
B) subcultural
C) urban anomie
D) urban organization

Question 33

Maria and Tony live in the city close to both of their parents and several aunts and uncles. They are also friends with many of their neighbors. On the weekends, it is common for everyone to get together for a meal and visit. Herbert Gans would call this neighborhood an)

A) suburb.
B) small city.
C) ethnic village.
D) urban community.

Question 34

Americans tend to be the best-housed people in the world mainly due to

A) the high income levels of its residents.
B) excessively available rural property.
C) cheap real estate prices.
D) government tax deductions for homeowners.

Question 35

David recently graduated from college and is seeking a job where he can pursue not only economic advancement but a multitude of facilities, services and entertainment opportunities. He will most likely move to

A) a city.
B) a suburb.
C) a rural area.
D) another country.

Question 36

According to the theory, land use expands and suburban cities grow around the central city.

A) peripheral
B) sector
C) concentric zone
D) multiple nuclei

Question 37

The 2000 census revealed all of the following major changes in American cities EXCEPT

A) cities with highly educated residents have gained in population.
B) immigration has slowed population decline.
C) almost half of the 100 largest cities have more minorities than whites.
D) most states have seen a population growth even though most capital cities have seen a population decline.

Question 38

The model of urban areas is good for describing cities such as Chicago or St. Louis which spread out in circle after circle from the original center.

A) multiple nuclei
B) concentric zone
C) sector
D) post-industrial

Question 39

Financial problems faced by many cities can be traced in part to

A) a shrinking labor force.
B) city politicians who constantly raise taxes.
C) the taxing of suburbanites who work in the city.
D) unwillingness of politicians to raise taxes and cut services.

Question 40

The movement of young professionals into an inner city area, which forces poorer residents out, is an example of what ecological process?

A) urban sprawl
B) urban homesteading
C) dominance
D) invasion and succession

Question 41

Urban sociologists using the symbolic interactionist perspective focus on

A) economic development.
B) the quest for profits.
C) how interdependence helps urban development.
D) how people meet and relate to each other in the cityʹs world of strangers.

Question 42

A thin layer of air, water, and soil surrounding the earth is called

A) ecology
B) biology
C) biosphere
D) ecosphere

Question 43

According to the functionalist perspective, urbanization is in response to

A) the desire for change in their environment by the masses of ordinary people.
B) over crowding of rural areas.
C) social problems.
D) big business.

Question 44

John is a grass roots entrepreneur who has been rehabilitating abandoned buildings and creating commercial business as a way of making his money. The organizations he created to carry out these projects are called

A) enterprise zones.
B) public housing corporations.
C) community development corporations.
D) urban renewal programs.

Question 45

Like all organisms, humans exist within the biosphere- a thin layer of air, soil, and water surrounding the earth.

Question 46

ʺSteeringʺ refers to

A) a government program that pours money into the neediest areas.
B) the practice by real estate agents of discouraging African Americans from buying or renting in white neighborhoods.
C) the practice of granting loans to whites more easily than to African Americans.
D) the pattern of migration from cities to suburbs.

Question 47

Housing segregation in the United States is due to all of the following, EXCEPT for

A) economics.
B) discrimination by real estate agents.
C) the general scarcity of housing.
D) discrimination by banks in granting loans.

Question 48

Rich nations such as the United States and Western European countries contribute to two-thirds of global warming

Question 49

All suburbs are basically alike.

Question 50

Large corporations have moved their firms and factories to the suburbs thereby creating

A) a metropolis.
B) industrial cities.
C) edge cities.
D) megacities.

Question 51

According to the conflict perspective, the expansion of cities into suburbs, and turning suburbs into edge cities was motivated by

A) profit.
B) interdependence.
C) technological intervention.
D) the appeal of suburban life.

Question 52

According to the text, to consume more, we must produce more and thereby create more waste.

Question 53

The worldʹs urban population has grown so fast that today, there are about 40 megacities-cities with populations of 5 million or more.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the ways interdependence can be used to explain the process of urbanization in the U.S.?

A) Technology increased agricultural production so that fewer people needed to work on farms.
B) Former farmers were mostly manual laborers, and they helped expand the manufacturing industry.
C) In the pursuit of profit, large corporations bought up huge farmlands and mass-produced food, driving small farms into bankruptcy.
D) A cornucopia of jobs were created in the suburbs, so that there was no need for suburbanites to commute to work in the inner city.

Question 55

For more than 50 percent of the time that we humans have been on Earth, our ancestors have roamed about in search of food.

Question 56

In the last two decades limited methods have been used to bring environmental problems under control in the United States.

Question 57

All of the following are problems currently facing many American cities, EXCEPT for

A) a decline in population.
B) fewer private sector jobs and declining revenues.
C) states not giving cities power to raise revenues.
D) the growth of problems in the suburbs.

Question 58

Most of the worldʹs large cities-like New York or Tokyo- are in prosperous, industrialized countries.

Question 59

A conflict theorists see it, the domination of nature by humans goes hand in hand with the domination of women by men.

Question 60

If every U.S. home paid its bills online, the switch would eliminate greenhouse-gas emissions by 2.1 million tons a year.

Question 61

Sociologists call the movement of affluent people into poor urban neighborhoods .

Question 62

A city with a population of 5 million or more is called a .

Question 63

According to Herbert Gans, city dwellers who are strongly attached to their local neighborhoods are called villagers.

Question 64

is the study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment.

Question 65

The area from Detroit through Chicago to Milwaukee is known as a because it is a single belt of population.

Question 66

Like all organisms, human exist within the - a think layer of air, soil, and water surrounding the earth.

Question 67

cities in the future will not only experience the loss of an affluent population but also many high-tech industries.

Question 68

Living in an impersonal world of strangers, city dwellers are more lonely than rural and small-town people.

Question 69

Polluting the environment and depleting its natural resources may amount to a slow form of suicide.

Question 70

The migration of people from the countryside to city, increasing the proportion of the population that lives in the city is called .

Question 71

Hank was a sociologist who was interested in how people are socially organized in the physical spaces of a city. His specialty in sociology would be .

Question 72

has caused glaciers to melt, floods and hurricanes to increase, and people to die from heat shock.

Question 73

All organisms, including humans, exist within a thin layer of soil, air and water that surrounds the earth. This environment is call the .

Question 74

Insulating our home, driving smaller cars, and riding public transportation are all examples of
of energy.

Question 75

zones is the term used to refer to depressed urban areas that business, with the help of generous tax credits, would revive by creating jobs.

Question 76

Suburbs mostly continue to be so-called bedroom communities-places where people live but from which they commute to the nearby large cities to work.

Question 77

the environment and depleting its natural resources may amount to a slow form of suicide.

Question 78

The U.S. environment is worse today than ever before.

Question 79

A vast area in which many metropolises merge is called .

Question 80

Sector theory is defined as the model of land use in which suburban cities grow around the central city.