Deck 9: Early Childhood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Preschoolers who engage in violent pretend play:

A)demonstrate higher levels of calmness than other children.
B)are less likely to demonstrate antisocial behavior in later childhood.
C)are more likely to help other children.
D)demonstrate lower levels of empathy than other children.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Children reared in poverty generally perform better on standardized intelligence tests than children of higher socioeconomic status.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Parental responsiveness is a key ingredient in children's cognitive development.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Fast mapping allows children to find their way easily in new environments.

Question 5

All TV programs fail to promote intellectual growth.

Question 6

It has been established that preoperational children are too egocentric and too focused on misleading external appearances to have a theory of mind.

Question 7

Studies of Head Start and other intervention programs show that environmental enrichment degrades the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children.

Question 8

Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificialism.

Question 9

Children reared in poverty are at lesser risk for school failure than children of higher socioeconomic status.

Question 10

Adults or older children can best guide children through the zone of proximal development by gearing their assistance to children's capabilities.

Question 11

Language and cognitive development are exclusive of each other.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of a child's zone of proximal development?

A)It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills as a function of working with more skilled people.
B)It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills by self-learning.
C)It refers to an area in which children develop their gross motor skills by rough-and-tumble play with peers.
D)It refers to an area in which children gradually develop their drawing skills on their own.

Question 13

Children understand passive sentences before active ones.

Question 14

Factors that affect memory include the availability of retrieval cues or reminders.

Question 15

Janet is learning to ride a tricycle. Her father offers support when she finds it difficult to pedal. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is used by Janet's father?

A)Fast mapping
B)Scaffolding
C)Contrast assumption
D)Rehearsal

Question 16

Some children add ed to irregular verbs, such as sit. This is an example of__________.

A)fast mapping
B)rehearsal
C)pragmatics
D)overregularization

Question 17

American children spend more time watching television than they do in school.

Question 18

_____ is best described as the belief that environmental features were made by people.

A)Artificialism
B)Transductive reasoning
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Animism

Question 19

Egocentrism is characterized by one-dimensional thinking.

Question 20

Pragmatics is more difficult when children are egocentric.

Question 21

Children first engage in pretend play at about _____ months.

A)3 or 4
B)12 or 13
C)18 or 19
D)24 or 25

Question 22

Knowing the distinction between actual and mental events and between how things appear and how they really are indicates that a person has__________.

A)an ethnocentric view
B)a theory of mind
C)autobiographical memory
D)episodic memory

Question 23

Which of the following sample items measures the degree of avoidance of restriction and punishment in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

A)A parent spontaneously vocalizes to her or his child during a visit to a psychologist.
B)A parent does not shout at or interfere with her or his child's actions.
C)A child's play environment seems to be safe and free from hazards.
D)A parent reads stories to her or his child at least three times a week.

Question 24

__________is characterized by the use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.

A)Deductive logic
B)Transductive reasoning
C)Preoperational thought
D)Precausal reasoning

Question 25

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development:

A)lasts from approximately age eight to age eleven.
B)involves the use of abstract reasoning.
C)lasts from approximately age two to age seven.
D)involves a growing mastery of formal logic.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of inner speech?

A)It is proof that cognitive development precedes language development.
B)It is proof that language development precedes cognitive development.
C)It is the ultimate binding of language and thought.
D)It is the conversation that a child has with her or his imaginary playmate.

Question 27

By _____ months, a preoperational child can pretend that her or his doll is feeding itself.

A)fifteen months
B)ten months
C)five months
D)thirty months

Question 28

Five-year-old Cory watches a video in which a girl named Kim has few balls in a box. When Kim leaves the room briefly, her mother replaces the balls in the box with some flowers. When Kim returns, Cory was asked what Kim thought the box now contained. Which of the following options is most likely to be Cory's reply?

A)More balls than flowers
B)Flowers
C)Balls
D)Equal number of balls and flowers

Question 29

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning?

A)It involves reasoning by going from one specific isolated event to another.
B)It involves reasoning by looking into multiple events together.
C)It involves reasoning by analyzing only the most complicated event among a group of events.
D)It involves reasoning by looking into similar, related events.

Question 30

Gina is three years old. She can tell you that every day, before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of these repeated events illustrates _____.

A)an instance of class inclusion
B)rehearsal
C)fast mapping
D)a script

Question 31

Focusing on only one aspect of a situation, a characteristic of preoperational thought, is termed__________.

A)centration
B)scaffolding
C)fast mapping
D)conservation

Question 32

The ability to engage in pretend play is based on:

A)the use and recollection of symbols.
B)the ability to use language.
C)concrete operational thought.
D)mental representation of things that children have never heard of before.

Question 33

Caitlin thinks that everyone loves dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin displays _____.

A)egocentrism
B)sociocentrism
C)symbolic thinking
D)cognitive flexibility

Question 34

Which of the following sample items measures opportunities for variety in daily stimulation in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

A)A parent tends to keep her or his child within her or his visual range and looks at the child frequently.
B)A parent does not shout at or interfere with her or his child's actions.
C)A child's play environment seems to be safe and free from hazards.
D)A parent reads stories to her or his child at least three times a week.

Question 35

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for the preoperational child because:

A)it requires the child to have the ability of seriation.
B)the child unnecessarily compares various subclasses of information.
C)it requires the child to focus on two aspects of a situation at once.
D)the child focuses on multiple large classes at a time.

Question 36

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children?

A)Underdevelopment of their brains
B)Inaccuracy in their verbal reports
C)Slow development of neurons
D)Poor development of the amygdala

Question 37

Which of the following is the most successful children's educational TV program?

A)Sesame Street
B)Dora the Explorer
C)Doraemon
D)Go Diego Go

Question 38

_____ involves putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view.

A)Egocentrism
B)Sociocentrism
C)Symbolic thinking
D)Cognitive flexibility

Question 39

Which of the following sample items measures parental involvement with a child in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

A)A parent structures her or his child's play periods.
B)A parent does not shout at or interfere with her or his child's actions.
C)A child's play environment seems to be free from hazards.
D)A child has a push or a pull toy.

Question 40

By the age of about _____, many children learn to verbalize information silently to themselves by counting mentally, for example, rather than aloud.

A)one
B)two
C)five
D)three

Question 41

In a study of three-year-olds by Louis Moses and John Flavell, the children were shown a videotape in which a girl named Cathy found some crayons in a bag. When Cathy left the room briefly, a clown entered the room. The clown removed the crayons from the bag, hid them in a drawer, and put rocks in the bag instead. When Cathy returned, the children were asked what Cathy thought the bag contained. Most of the three-year-olds answered that the bag contained _____.

A)more crayons than rocks
B)rocks
C)equal number of crayons and rocks
D)crayons

Question 42

Unlike children who do not have imaginary companions, children with imaginary companions:

A)are more aggressive.
B)are less cooperative.
C)show low levels of creativity.
D)are more advanced in language development.

Question 43

Colin is learning to swim. His mother offers support only when he struggles. For the most part, Colin is able to swim the pool distance by himself. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is used by Colin's mother?

A)Fast mapping
B)Scaffolding
C)Contrast assumption
D)Rehearsal

Question 44

Appearance-reality distinction is the understanding that _____.

A)there is a difference between real events and mental events
B)novel words refer to unfamiliar objects and events
C)more than one aspect of a situation can be focused on at a time
D)the world can be perceived from another person's point of view

Question 45

Children show _____ when they adjust their speech to fit a social situation.

A)transductive reasoning
B)overregularization
C)pragmatism
D)egocentrism

Question 46

Four-year-old Jason says that he has to take a bath as there is bright light outside. However, the light is actually because of a glowing bulb and not because of the sun. Jason displays _____.

A)fast mapping
B)transductive reasoning
C)animism
D)artificialism

Question 47

Three-year-old Mikey is in his room by himself, playing with his collection of cars. He thinks without vocalizing his thoughts, "The blue car will run over the yellow truck. The red car wins the race." Mikey's thoughts best illustrate _____.

A)inner speech
B)conservation
C)fast mapping
D)artificialism

Question 48

Which of the following sample items measures organization of the physical environment in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

A)A parent spontaneously vocalizes to her or his child during a visit to a psychologist.
B)A parent does not shout at or interfere with her or his child's actions.
C)A child's play environment seems to be safe and free from hazards.
D)A parent reads stories to her or his child at least three times a week.

Question 49

Which of the following statements spoken by a preschooler reflects early childhood egocentrism?

A)"I like candies and cookies because they are sweet."
B)"My sister is scared of dogs."
C)"The sun disappears at night so that I can sleep."
D)"The stars shine brightly at night."

Question 50

In the context of research by Gleason in 2013 and Hoff in 2013, identify a true statement about children who have imaginary playmates.

A)They are more likely than other children to engage in antisocial behavior in the future.
B)They are less aggressive and more creative than other children.
C)They consistently display higher scientific and mathematical abilities.
D)They have fewer real friends than other children and show poorer concentration abilities.

Question 51

A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie their shoes and then gradually turns over the responsibility of the task to the child is exhibiting__________.

A)cognitive scaffolding
B)centration
C)fast mapping
D)conservation

Question 52

Conservation is the understanding that:

A)parents are aware of everything happening to their children even when they are not present.
B)properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.
C)one's perspective is the same as other people's perspective, irrespective of the situation.
D)environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people.

Question 53

According to research by Taylor in 2013, the _____ is connected with preschoolers' academic performance later on, their creativity, and their social skills.

A)availability of electronic gadgets
B)quality of childhood diet
C)quality of pretend play
D)availability of scientific toys

Question 54

In the context of pretend play, at what age can preoperational children shift their focus from themselves to others?

A)Fifteen to twenty months
B)Eight to ten months
C)Two to five months
D)Ten to fourteen months

Question 55

_____ refers to a process of quickly determining a word's meaning, which facilitates children's vocabulary development.

A)Fast mapping
B)Rehearsal
C)Centration
D)Scaffolding

Question 56

Studies of Head Start and other intervention programs show that _____ can enhance the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children.

A)college educational loans
B)complete avoidance of restriction
C)environmental enrichment
D)foster home programs

Question 57

Dickon believes that everyone likes toy cars and trucks because he loves them. Dickon displays _____.

A)symbolic thinking
B)egocentrism
C)cognitive flexibility
D)sociocentrism

Question 58

Which of the following statements spoken by Andy, a three-year-old boy, reflects early childhood egocentrism?

A)"I like blueberries because blue is my favorite color."
B)"My little sister Jenny is scared of cats."
C)"The sun shines so that I can play outdoors."
D)"The stars twinkle at night."

Question 59

Three-year-old Ruby is in her playroom by herself, coloring with her crayons. She thinks without vocalizing her thoughts, "The sky will be blue with white clouds. My flowers should be yellow and red." Ruby's thoughts best illustrate _____.

A)fast mapping
B)artificialism
C)conservation
D)inner speech

Question 60

A preoperational child fails to show conservation because:

A)of centration.
B)of the lack of egocentrism.
C)conservation requires the ability to focus on just one aspect of a situation at a specific time.
D)a preoperational child focuses on more than one dimensions at a time.

Question 61

Which of the following sample items measures provision of appropriate play materials in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

A)A parent spontaneously vocalizes to her or his child during a visit to a psychologist.
B)A parent does not shout at or interfere with her or his child's actions.
C)A child's play environment seems to be safe and free from hazards.
D)A child has pieces of equipment that promote muscle activity.

Question 62

Identify a true statement about contrast assumption.

A)It refers to the assumption that novel terms must refer to something that you already know.
B)It refers to the assumption that novel terms do not refer to objects that already have labels.
C)It refers to the assumption that words refer to whole objects, and not characteristics of objects.
D)It refers to the assumption that similar objects must belong to the same category.

Question 63

Describe egocentrism in early childhood.

Question 64

Gary is learning to swim. He swims independently in shallow water but he takes the help of his instructor while swimming in deep water. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is best illustrated in this scenario?

A)Fast mapping
B)Scaffolding
C)Contrast assumption
D)Rehearsal

Question 65

In the context of cognitive development of children, write a note on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Question 66

In the context of a theory of mind, describe appearance-reality distinction.

Question 67

Which of the following sample items measures parental emotional and verbal responsiveness in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

A)A parent spontaneously vocalizes to her or his child during a researcher's visit.
B)A child gets out of her or his house at least four times a week.
C)A child's play environment seems to be safe and free from hazards.
D)A parent reads stories to her or his child at least three times a week.

Question 68

Write a note on a theory of mind.

Question 69

Preschoolers' _____ are an example of pretend play.

A)imaginary companions
B)egocentric approaches
C)electronic gadgets
D)centration abilities

Question 70

Explain the concept of conservation and centration in the context of cognitive development of a preoperational child.

Question 71

Three-year-old Ariah describes her morning routine by saying "I brush my teeth, eat breakfast, shower, and go to day-care." Ariah's description of her repetitive morning activities is called a _____.

A)script
B)parable
C)sonnet
D)limerick

Question 72

Martha is two years old. She claims that the moon plays eye spy with her and often hides behind the clouds. In this scenario, Martha displays _____.

A)animism
B)artificialism
C)latency
D)class inclusion

Question 73

Which of the following is true about preschoolers' imaginary companions?

A)They are a sign of serious cognitive problems.
B)They are an indication that a child has problems with real relationships.
C)95 percent of preschoolers have imaginary companions.
D)They are most commonly found among firstborn and only children.

Question 74

Explain an indication of preschoolers' understanding that mental states affect behavior.

Question 75

Discuss the development of memory in early childhood. Explain the various factors that influence memory in early childhood.

Question 76

Discuss a memory strategy that help adults and children remember things.

Question 77

Explain the influence of television on development of preoperational children.

Question 78

Which of the following types of sentences are most likely to be difficult for two-to-three-year-olds to understand?

A)Interrogative sentences
B)Active sentences
C)Direct sentences
D)Passive sentences

Question 79

Autobiographical memory is _____.

A)also referred to as implicit memory
B)also referred to as episodic memory
C)an abstract account of daily activities
D)a generalized account of repeated events

Question 80

Discuss preoperational thought.