Deck 7: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

According to research by Kochanska, at the age of 14 months, resistant children:

A)are unlikely to be emotional.
B)frequently respond with distress even in episodes designed to evoke joy.
C)are characterized by an indifferent attitude toward caregivers.
D)are less likely to show fear and anger.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Infants are capable of displaying certain behaviors to control unpleasant emotional states.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

If caregivers are to be missed when absent, infants must perceive that they continue to exist. This statement reflects the concept of _____.

A)object permanence
B)classical conditioning
C)primary circular reaction
D)secondary circular reaction

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A mother's social response to her infant's face can reliably produce infant smiling by eight months of age.

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of Rett's disorder?

A)The loss of previously acquired skills, such as the ability to walk and to communicate after three years of apparently normal development
B)Stereotyped behavior from birth
C)A loss of hearing at birth
D)A range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities that begin after a few months of normal development

Question 6

__________was an ethologist.

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Carl Jung
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Konrad Lorenz

Question 7

According to Kochanska's study on emotional development, at 33 months of age, securely attached children were more likely to show fear and anger when they were exposed to situations designed to elicit these emotions.

Question 8

Autistic infants are known to babble excessively by one year of age.

Question 9

Infants who display disorganized-disoriented attachment may show contradictory behaviors, such as moving toward their mother while looking away from her.

Question 10

Which of the following is a difference between an easy child and a difficult child?

A)An easy child has regular sleep and feeding schedules, while a difficult child has irregular sleep and feeding schedules.
B)An easy child is slow to accept new people and situations, while a difficult child approaches new situations with enthusiasm.
C)An easy child responds to frustrations with tantrums and crying, while a difficult child is generally cheerful.
D)An easy child suffers from negative withdrawal in response to new stimuli, while a difficult child responds positively to new stimuli.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of male children?

A)They are discouraged from participating in rough-and-tumble play by their parents.
B)They are likely to be decked out in pink or yellow attire embellished with ruffles and lace.
C)They are encouraged to engage in more physical activity than girls.
D)They are most likely to play with dolls, doll furniture, dishes, and toy animals.

Question 12

Adults, especially fathers, show more positive reactions when girls play with boys' toys and boys play with girls' toys.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of difficult children?

A)They approach new situations with enthusiasm and adapt to them easily.
B)They are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders and adjustment problems later in life.
C)They have regular sleep and feeding schedules and approach new situations with enthusiasm.
D)They are less fearful when they are in unfamiliar surroundings, such as the laboratory.

Question 14

In the context of infants,__________is characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency.

A)the asocial phase
B)insecure attachment
C)secure attachment
D)the social phase

Question 15

Home-reared children are:

A)more helpful and cooperative with peers and adults than children placed in day care.
B)more independent, self-confident, outgoing, and affectionate than children placed in day care.
C)less likely to bully other children in school than children placed in day care are.
D)less peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than children placed in day care.

Question 16

Mutism is a disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, preservation of sameness, and ritualistic behavior.

Question 17

Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than children cared for in homes.

Question 18

According to research by Brooker et al. in 2013, children with stranger anxiety are less fearful when they are in familiar surroundings, such as their homes, rather than in the laboratory.

Question 19

The Harlows and their colleagues conducted studies of rhesus monkeys that were "reared by" wire-mesh and terry-cloth surrogate mothers. According to this study, rhesus infants reared in solitary confinement:

A)fended off attacks by other monkeys.
B)later avoided other monkeys.
C)only extended their social contacts to older monkeys.
D)were overprotective of their offspring.

Question 20

Physiologically, when emotions are strong, our hearts beat less rapidly.

Question 21

Research indicates that children in day care:

A)are less independent, self-confident, and outgoing than children who do not attend day care.
B)show better academic performance in elementary school than children who do not attend day care.
C)are less aggressive than children who do not attend day care.
D)physically grow slower than children not placed in day care.

Question 22

Young Mathias responds to his mother's question, "Good morning, honey. How did you sleep?" by repeating what she says instead of answering her question. He responds in a similar manner to other questions as well. This form of language disturbance is called:

A)pronoun reversal.
B)echolalia.
C)mutism.
D)deferred mirroring.

Question 23

Which of the following is a difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment?

A)Secure attachment is characterized by severe distress at leave-takings by the primary caregiver and ambivalent behavior at reunions, whereas insecure attachment is characterized by the display of attachment behaviors toward any person.
B)Secure attachment is characterized by avoiding one's caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency, whereas insecure attachment is characterized by mild distress when one's caregiver leaves.
C)Infants and toddlers who are secure are less happy, less sociable, and less cooperative than infants and toddlers who are insecure.
D)At ages five and six, secure children get along better with peers and are better adjusted in school than insecure children.

Question 24

Liam's father is an alcoholic. He hits Liam and his mother every night after getting drunk. In this scenario, Liam is a victim of _____.

A)sexual assault
B)childhood molestation
C)physical neglect
D)physical abuse

Question 25

Kai developed normally until the age of two. After the age of two, he began to lose the skills that he had previously acquired. Kai may be suffering from:

A)childhood disintegrative disorder.
B)dyslexia.
C)multiple sclerosis.
D)Down syndrome.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of female children?

A)They are likely to be decked out in a pink or yellow dress and embellished with ruffles and lace.
B)They are encouraged to engage in more physical activity than boys.
C)They prefer transportation toys, tools, and sports equipment as early as 9 to 18 months of age.
D)They are encouraged to participate in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 27

According to studies by Hines and Zelazo in 2013, which of the following is true of infant girls and infant boys:

A)Boys tend to advance more rapidly than girls in their motor development in infancy.
B)Infant boys tend to sit, crawl, and walk earlier than infant girls.
C)Infant girls and infant boys differ in their dependency on adults.
D)Both infant girls and infant boys are similar in their social behaviors.

Question 28

Aaron's mother refuses to send him to school. She says, "Schools do not have anything good to teach children nowadays." In this scenario, Aaron is a victim of _____.

A)physical abuse
B)emotional neglect
C)educational neglect
D)sexual abuse

Question 29

Who among the following children is a victim of physical abuse?

A)Aman's parents do not hospitalize him when he sustains a burn injury.
B)Mia's father beats her with a belt for disobeying his instructions.
C)Wendy's mother does not admit her into a school despite her father's protests.
D)Kathy's parents do not stop her when she smokes cigarettes in front of them.

Question 30

Which of the following types of attachment between infants and caregivers is characterized by severe distress at leave-takings by caregivers and contradictory behavior at reunions?

A)Avoidant attachment
B)Secure attachment
C)Ambivalent/resistant attachment
D)Fearful-avoidant attachment

Question 31

Autistic children may show__________, a refusal to speak.

A)mutism
B)echolalia
C)insecure attachment
D)generalized anxiety

Question 32

Which of the following is true of abused children?

A)They have low self-esteem and perform poorly in school.
B)They are more intimate with peers.
C)They are likely to be diagnosed with Down syndrome later in life.
D)They are unlikely to act aggressively toward their intimate partners when they reach adulthood.

Question 33

Who among the following children is a victim of physical neglect?

A)Andrew, who regularly skips school four days a week but his parents do not correct him
B)Matthew, who is severely underweight because of his mother's failure to meet his food requirements
C)Carla, who is regularly punished by her teacher
D)Jasmine, who is a 12-year-old with a smoking problem like her father

Question 34

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver, usually the mother?

A)The attachment-in-the-making phase
B)The clear-cut-attachment phase
C)The initial-preattachment phase
D)The indiscriminate-attachment phase

Question 35

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an infant's attachment to his or her mother in the first year is primarily a result of:

A)the fulfillment of oral needs.
B)genetic similarities.
C)the reinforcement and shaping of the infant's behavior by the mother.
D)the achievement of object permanence on the part of the mother.

Question 36

Lucy has regular sleep and feeding schedules, approaches new situations with enthusiasm and adapts to them easily, and is generally cheerful. In terms of temperament, Lucy is a(n) _____

A)insecure child
B)slow-to-warm-up child
C)difficult child
D)easy child

Question 37

Tricia, an infant, starts moving toward her mother when she calls her after being away for a while. However, Tricia moves toward her looking in the opposite direction and bumps into things on her way. In the context of attachment styles in infants, Tricia is displaying _____.

A)secure attachment
B)avoidant attachment
C)fearful-avoidant attachment
D)disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 38

One-year-old Mathew observes his father behaving comfortably in the presence of a stranger. Seeing this, Mathew also stops being afraid of the stranger. This is an example of:

A)insecure attachment.
B)secure attachment.
C)social referencing.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 39

Aiden, a 3-year-old, is severely malnourished and constantly falls ill. His mother does not take care of his personal hygiene and makes him wear unwashed clothes for weeks. In this scenario, Aiden is a victim of _____.

A)physical abuse
B)childhood molestation
C)physical neglect
D)sexual abuse

Question 40

Johnson is a socially awkward teenager and talks to everyone he meets in the same monotonous way. He has difficulty understanding emotions. On being examined, it was found that Johnson did not have the significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism. In this scenario, Johnson is most likely suffering from _____.

A)Asperger's syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)Huntington's disease
D)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 41

Who among the following children is most likely a victim of emotional abuse?

A)Simon, who regularly skips school four days a week and his parents are fine with it
B)Carlson, a two-month-old, who is severely malnourished and underweight as his mother is a drug addict and neglects him
C)Samantha, who is regularly punished by her teacher
D)Clark, a 12-year-old, who does not interact much with people as his father often criticizes him and calls him a "good-for-nothing fellow"

Question 42

According to studies by Hines and Zelazo in 2013, infant girls and boys:

A)are unlikely to smile at people's faces.
B)do not show the Babinski reflex.
C)do not differ in their dependency on adults.
D)differ in their social behaviors.

Question 43

Lisa, a two-year-old, was developing like a normal child until recently. She has now lost her ability to crawl and many other previously acquired skills. Lisa is most likely to be diagnosed with__________.

A)separation anxiety disorder
B)Asperger's disorder
C)childhood disintegrative disorder
D)Down syndrome

Question 44

Which of the following is true of stranger anxiety in children?

A)It peaks at nine to twelve months of age.
B)It appears at about three months of age.
C)It declines at six months of age.
D)It ends after one year of age.

Question 45

Jeremy, an infant, starts wailing as soon as his mother puts him in his crib. He often shows signs of anger when she returns and refuses to come to her. Sometimes, he clings to his mother and does not let her work. In the context of attachment styles in infants, Jeremy is displaying _____.

A)secure attachment
B)avoidant attachment
C)ambivalent/resistant attachment
D)fearful-avoidant attachment

Question 46

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, the__________lasts from birth to about three months.

A)selective attachment phase
B)clear-cut-attachment phase
C)attachment-in-the-making phase
D)initial-preattachment phase

Question 47

Simon, a one-year-old, keeps his parents awake at night due to his irregular sleep hours. He also feeds fitfully and is always irritable. In this scenario, Simon has a(n) _____.

A)difficult temperament
B)introvert temperament
C)extrovert temperament
D)easy temperament

Question 48

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment occurs at about six or seven months?

A)The attachment-in-the-making phase
B)The clear-cut-attachment phase
C)The initial-preattachment phase
D)The indiscriminate-attachment phase

Question 49

Which of the following statements would a person who propagates the behavioral view of attachment most likely support?

A)Infants associate their caregivers with gratification and learn to approach them to meet their needs.
B)A caregiver becomes not just a reinforcer but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments.
C)Infants become emotionally attached to their mothers during the first year because they share genetic similarities.
D)If caregivers are to be missed when absent, infants must perceive that they continue to exist.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of secure infants participating in the Strange Situation method of assessing attachment?

A)They seem dazed, confused, or disoriented upon reunion with their mothers.
B)They alternately cling to their mothers and push them away upon reunion after a separation.
C)They are least distressed by their mother's departure.
D)They seek interaction upon reunion with their mothers.

Question 51

Cliff, a five-year-old, sits on a see-saw for the first time and does not know what to do. He sees another boy sitting on the opposite end of the see-saw laughing and smiling. After a while, Cliff starts laughing and smiling just like the other boy. Cliff's behavior illustrates _____.

A)social referencing
B)indiscriminate attachment
C)contact comfort
D)stranger anxiety

Question 52

Asperger's disorder is characterized by:

A)a range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities.
B)abnormal functioning and the loss of previously acquired skills.
C)significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism.
D)social deficits and stereotyped behavior.

Question 53

Betty, a two-month-old infant, is not afraid when strangers pick her up and play with her. She is also equally comfortable when familiar people pick her up. Betty is showing _____.

A)insecure attachment
B)avoidant attachment
C)indiscriminate attachment
D)clear-cut attachment

Question 54

Which of the following is a difference between children with day-care experience and home-reared children?

A)Children placed in day care are always less aggressive toward peers and adults than home-reared children.
B)Children with day-care experience are more peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than home-reared children.
C)Children in high-quality day care are less likely to share their toys than home-reared children.
D)Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than home-reared children.

Question 55

In a classic study, René A. Spitz found that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation from caregivers:

A)appear depressed and withdrawn.
B)show great interest in adults when given more stimulation.
C)are responsive to strangers.
D)can speak by ten months of age.

Question 56

__________refers to the individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life.

A)Temperament
B)Social referencing
C)Deferred imitation
D)A conditioned reflex

Question 57

Osmund, a 12-year-old, refuses to speak to anyone, pushes his mother away when she tries to hug him, and avoids all forms of social contact. Osmund is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

A)phenylketonuria
B)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C)autism
D)Huntington's disease

Question 58

Which of the following children would be the most emotional and severely distressed by the departure of his or her father from the room in which they are playing?

A)Scott, who shows ambivalent/resistant attachment
B)Jean, who shows disorganized-disoriented attachment
C)Erik, who shows avoidant attachment
D)Lisa, who shows secure attachment

Question 59

Amy, a two-year-old, is often hit by her father who has a violent temper. Her father is a successful lawyer who provides his family with a decent lifestyle. However, he cannot control his anger and often lashes out on his family members. Amy is a victim of _____.

A)physical abuse
B)educational neglect
C)physical neglect
D)sexual abuse

Question 60

Which of the following views of the development of attachment first suggested that attachment is learned through conditioning?

A)The biological view
B)The psychoanalytic view
C)The cognitive view
D)The behavioral view

Question 61

Betty gets upset when her brother snatches her doll. As explained to her by her mother, Betty knows that her brother is just an infant and she should not get angry with him. She picks up a different toy and starts playing with it. Betty's action illustrates _____.

A)insecure attachment
B)emotional regulation
C)indiscriminate attachment
D)social referencing

Question 62

Which of the following is true of emotional regulation?

A)Children displaying emotional regulation look toward a disturbing event or suck their thumbs.
B)Children of secure mothers are less likely to regulate their own emotions in a positive manner.
C)Infants learn to regulate their emotions with help from their caregivers.
D)Insecure infants show greater emotional regulation during adolescence than secure infants.

Question 63

What are the different causes of autism?

Question 64

Infants who show avoidant attachment:

A)are most distressed by their mothers' departure.
B)play without fuss when alone and ignore their mothers upon reunion after a separation.
C)alternately cling to their mothers and push them away upon reunion after a separation.
D)seem dazed, confused, or disoriented in the presence of an attachment figure.

Question 65

Babies displaying disorganized-disoriented attachment:

A)play without fuss when alone and ignore their mothers upon reunion.
B)are happier and more sociable than babies who show other attachment styles.
C)seem dazed, confused, or disoriented.
D)mildly protest their mother's departure, seek interaction upon reunion, and are readily comforted by her.

Question 66

Which of the following factors is most likely to heighten the risk of autism?

A)Advanced maternal age
B)The use of vaccines
C)Improper child rearing
D)Very high birth weight

Question 67

Discuss the causes of child abuse.

Question 68

What are the different forms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)?

Question 69

Why is it important for children to have a stable temperament?

Question 70

Discuss some of the adverse effects of child abuse.

Question 71

Briefly describe the three types of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess.

Question 72

According to the__________view of attachment in infants, the caregiver, usually the mother, becomes not just a "reinforcer" but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments.

A)biological
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)psychoanalytic

Question 73

What are some of the techniques used to prevent child abuse?

Question 74

Graham is slow to accept new people and situations, takes a long time to adjust to new routines, and responds to frustrations with tantrums and crying. Graham is a(n) _____ child.

A)secure
B)extrovert
C)difficult
D)easy

Question 75

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, what are the several types of maltreatment of children?

Question 76

Discuss the treatments for autism.

Question 77

What is social referencing?

Question 78

Briefly discuss a method to assess the development of the self-concept among infants.

Question 79

According to the__________view of attachment supported by Konrad Lorenz, attachment is an inborn or instinctive response to a specific stimulus.

A)ethological
B)cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)behavioral

Question 80

What are the three phases of attachment in infants identified by Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues?