Deck 15: Adolescence: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Jared received a sport utility vehicle as a present from his dad for his seventeenth birthday. As a result, he has become quite popular among his schoolmates. He often brags about his new car and takes his friends on long rides, usually driving over the speed limit. He believes that driving at high speeds is a thrilling experience. He considers himself too smart to be caught by cops for violating the traffic rules. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.

A)anorexia nervosa
B)learned helplessness
C)personal fable
D)bulimia nervosa

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Many Americans' expectations regarding gender may still discourage girls from entering fields in science, technology, engineering, and math.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the__________of Stage 5, it is recognized that laws stem from agreed-on procedures and that many rights have great value and should not be violated.

A)contractual, legalistic orientation
B)universal ethical principles orientation
C)conventional morality orientation
D)social contract orientation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ refers to the ability to imagine shapes and to mentally manipulate and rotate them.

A)Psychokinesis
B)Remote-viewing ability
C)Telekinesis
D)Visual-spatial ability

Question 5

The transition from elementary school appears to be more difficult for boys than girls.

Question 6

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people gravitate toward occupations in teaching, counseling, and welfare?

A)Mechanical people
B)Socially oriented people
C)Enterprising people
D)Conventional people

Question 7

Identify a true statement about adolescent employment.

A)Some researchers note that students who work lengthy hours report higher grades.
B)Disadvantaged female African Americans are least likely to graduate from high school.
C)Disadvantaged female African Americans are most likely to engage in coercive relationships.
D)Working apparently provides more of an opportunity to access various substances.

Question 8

Ameena is an outgoing and agreeable woman. She loves teaching and is especially interested in developing learning methodologies for kindergarten students. In the context of John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, Ameena is a:

A)realistic person.
B)conventional person.
C)socially oriented person.
D)mechanical person.

Question 9

Students from high-income households and small urban areas are at greater risk of dropping out of school.

Question 10

Visual-spatial ability refers to the ability to visualize objects or shapes and to mentally manipulate and rotate them.

Question 11

Most young people choose from a relatively small range of occupations on the basis of their personalities, experiences, and opportunities.

Question 12

Adolescents are unable project themselves into situations that transcend their immediate experience.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about gender differences in cognitive abilities?

A)Boys begin to outperform girls on many types of visual-spatial tasks starting at age eight or nine, and the difference persists into adulthood.
B)As a group, males acquire language faster than females and surpass them in verbal ability throughout their lives.
C)Research indicates that both historically and in recent years female adolescents generally outperform males in mathematics.
D)Girls in the United States are more likely than boys to have reading problems.

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of programs designed to prevent school dropouts?

A)Large class size
B)Generic instructions
C)Highly advanced and surreal educational goals
D)Involvement of families or community organizations

Question 15

The personal fable is connected with such behaviors as being reserved and avoiding risks.

Question 16

Gerard, an 18-year-old boy, displays concrete thinking. He is interested in motors and machinery. In the context of John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following occupations would be most suitable for Gerard?

A)Auto repair
B)School teaching
C)Theatre acting
D)Social work

Question 17

The transition to the new school setting is often accompanied by an increase in grades and participation in school activities.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of adolescents in school?

A)Girls are more likely to be undergoing puberty and to earn the attention of boys in higher grades.
B)The transition to junior high involves a shift from a larger elementary school to a smaller, more personal setting.
C)The transition from elementary school typically appears to be more difficult for boys than girls.
D)The transition to junior high involves a new school with less students and one teacher for all subjects.

Question 19

In the postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards.

Question 20

In middle childhood, preconventional thought tends to emerge, and children usually begin to judge right and wrong in terms of rewards and punishments.

Question 21

According to Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development, which of the following statements is true of Stage 6?

A)It recognizes that laws stem from agreed-on procedures and that many rights have great value and should not be violated.
B)It relies on supposed universal ethical principles, such as those of human life, individual dignity, justice, and reciprocity.
C)It contends that right and wrong should be judged in terms of social conventions, rules, and laws.
D)It assets that adolescents derive conclusions about what they should do in various situations by reasoning from ethical principles.

Question 22

In the context of adolescent development, which of the following statements is true of junior high school?

A)Teachers in junior high typically allow less student input and exert more control than teachers in elementary school.
B)The transition to junior high involves a shift from a larger elementary school to a smaller, more personal setting.
C)The transition to junior high involves a new school with less students and one teacher for all subjects.
D)The transition from elementary school typically appears to be more difficult for boys than girls.

Question 23

In the context of John Holland's six personality types, Harry can be classified as a realistic person. He is most likely to be _____.

A)abstract in thinking
B)concrete in thinking
C)creatively proficient
D)illogical in his outlook

Question 24

In the context of moral development, in adolescence, many-not all-individuals:

A)become capable of formal-operational thinking.
B)judge right and wrong in terms of social conventions, rules, and laws.
C)tend to view right and wrong in terms of rewards and punishments.
D)tend to make preconventional judgments.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of high school dropouts?

A)Adolescents who adopt adult roles early, such as marrying and becoming a parent at a young age, are not likely to drop out of high school.
B)Dropouts are more likely to be employed and have high income, stable jobs in future.
C)Dropouts are more likely to develop delinquency, criminal behavior, and substance abuse.
D)Adolescents from high income households and small urban areas are at high risk of becoming high school dropouts.

Question 26

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people are best suited for electrical, plumbing, and construction work?

A)Artistic people
B)Investigative people
C)Realistic people
D)Socially oriented people

Question 27

According to Kohlberg, _____ is a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards.

A)postconventional level
B)conventional level
C)preconventional level
D)transcendental level

Question 28

Charlene is a quiet and composed person. She teaches math at a college. She is quite inquisitive and has developed many creative ways of solving difficult math problems. In the context of John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, Charlene is most likely a(n) _____.

A)extravert
B)investigative person
C)mechanical person
D)conventional person

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of adolescent employment?

A)Most adolescents are illegally employed.
B)It enhances occupational aspirations in adolescents.
C)Boys work lesser hours than girls at school night jobs.
D)Lower-income adolescents work the shortest hours.

Question 30

Ahmed is a social activist. He organized demonstrations and other forms of civil disobedience in California against fur dealers because he firmly believes that it is wrong to kill animals for their fur. According to Kohlberg, Ahmed is in _____ of postconventional level of moral development.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 3
C)Stage 4
D)Stage 6

Question 31

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people tend to do well in teaching and research positions?

A)Realistic people
B)Enterprising people
C)Athletic people
D)Investigative people

Question 32

Olivia is attending a birthday party with her friends. She is wearing a new dress that she recently bought from a boutique. She is quite self-conscious about how she's looking in the dress and is assuming that her friends are also scrutinizing her outfit. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.

A)learned helplessness
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)social cognition

Question 33

Nicolas is outgoing, agreeable, and an extravert. He is an environmentalist and is running a campaign to raise awareness about the hazards of plastic in his community. In the context of John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, Nicolas is a:

A)socially oriented person.
B)conventional person.
C)scientifically oriented person.
D)mechanical person.

Question 34

Which of the following is a potential benefit of adolescent employment?

A)Learning to appreciate the value of money and education
B)Avoiding delinquent behavior
C)Experiencing low levels of psychological problems
D)Refraining from using illicit substances and alcohol

Question 35

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, investigative people tend to be__________.

A)very mechanically oriented
B)abstract in their thinking
C)outgoing and dominant
D)highly concerned about social welfare

Question 36

Children in early childhood tend to view right and wrong in terms of rewards and punishments. Lawrence Kohlberg referred to such judgments as _____.

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)preconventional
D)transcendental

Question 37

Amanda is at the prom with her friends. She is dressed in a beautiful dress and perfect accessories. In spite of that, she feels awkward and self-conscious. She thinks each person in the hall is watching and judging her appearance critically. Amanda's example illustrates the concept of _____.

A)learned helplessness
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)social cognition

Question 38

For adolescents, the transition to the new school setting is often accompanied by:

A)an increased participation in school activities.
B)a decline in grades.
C)a rise in self-esteem.
D)a decrease in stress.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of intervention efforts to prevent school dropouts?

A)Involvement of families or community organizations has proved ineffective in interventions to prevent school dropouts.
B)Most successful intervention programs involve teaching students in classes of large sizes.
C)Identification and monitoring of high-risk students has proved to be ineffective in preventing school dropouts.
D)Most intervention efforts are usually not introduced until students are on the verge of dropping out.

Question 40

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people tend to be creative and introverted, but open to new experience?

A)Conventional people
B)Mechanical people
C)Investigative people
D)Realistic people

Question 41

According to a study by Brandstätter & Farthofer in 2003, which of the following is common among students who work lengthy hours?

A)Disregard for the value of money and education
B)Higher rates of drug and alcohol use
C)Lowered occupational aspirations
D)Increased indiscipline and irresponsible behavior

Question 42

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people tend to be adventurous and dominant?

A)Artistic people
B)Conventional people
C)Realistic people
D)Enterprising people

Question 43

Who among the following is at greater risk of dropping out of school?

A)Adolescents who adopt adult roles very late
B)Students from low-income households
C)Students from small urban areas
D)Adolescents who are young for one's grade level

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of personal fable?

A)Darren, a 15-year-old, is a chain smoker and feels invulnerable to the harmful effects of nicotine.
B)Jack, a 14-year-old, believes in magic, mythical creatures, and the supernatural.
C)Renato, a 14-year-old, is worried that he will die because he smoked a pack of cigarette.
D)Oscar, a 13-year-old, believes that others are constantly watching and paying attention to him.

Question 45

In the context of John Holland's six personality types, _____ are usually mechanically oriented.

A)realistic people
B)innovative people
C)artistic people
D)investigative people

Question 46

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people are best suited for farming?

A)Investigative people
B)Socially oriented people
C)Artistic people
D)Realistic people

Question 47

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following groups of people tend to be happiest in the visual and the performing arts?

A)Artistic people
B)Realistic people
C)Socially oriented people
D)Enterprising people

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of stage 5 of postconventional level of moral development?

A)It relies on universal ethical principles, such as individual dignity, justice, and reciprocity.
B)If a law is seen as unjust or contradicts the right of the individual, it is wrong to obey it.
C)Moral judgments are derived from conventional standards, not from personal values.
D)It is recognized that many rights have great value and should not be violated.

Question 49

The stage of _____ is the top level in Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

A)social cognition
B)latency
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 50

Which of the following is a predictor of school dropout?

A)Excessive school absence
B)Reading above grade level
C)Being young for one's grade level
D)Being female

Question 51

Which of the following examples illustrates a personal fable?

A)Lena believes that a magical world of fairies and pixies exists and daydreams about it during classes.
B)Rupal is experimenting with various dance forms.She is keen on becoming an expert in the one dance form that she enjoys best.
C)Monica is experimenting with the drugs available on campus.She thinks she can never get really addicted to any of it because she is so young and healthy.
D)Nora is scared that she will die of alcohol poisoning because she took a sip of beer with friends.

Question 52

Which of the following best describes personal fable?

A)The belief that moral judgments are derived from moral principles and people should look to themselves to set moral standards
B)The belief that a person's feelings and ideas are special and unique and that he or she is invulnerable
C)The belief in magic, mythical creatures, and the supernatural during adolescence
D)The belief that others around a person are as concerned with his or her thoughts and behaviors as he or she is

Question 53

Giuliana is an introvert who has only a few but close friends. She enjoys her job as a Physics lecturer in a college. She is also involved in many research projects. According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, Giuliana is most likely a(n) _____.

A)investigative person
B)realistic person
C)mechanical person
D)socially oriented person

Question 54

__________thought, when found, first occurs during adolescence, apparently because formal-operational thinking is a prerequisite for it.

A)Postconventional
B)Preconventional
C)Conventional
D)Transcendental

Question 55

In middle childhood, conventional thought tends to emerge, and children usually begin to judge right and wrong in terms of:

A)rules and laws.
B)rewards and punishments.
C)ethical principles.
D)cognitive abilities.

Question 56

Which of the following provides practice with spatial skills among adolescents?

A)Solving complex mathematics problems
B)Engaging in word games during leisure
C)Playing with toys such as blocks, Legos, and Erector sets
D)Actively participating in community-supporting events

Question 57

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following is a characteristic of socially oriented people?

A)They are concrete in thinking.
B)They are often agreeable, with a need for affiliation.
C)They are mechanically oriented.
D)They tend to be creative.

Question 58

In middle childhood,__________thought tends to emerge, and children usually begin to judge right and wrong in terms of social conventions, rules, and laws.

A)conventional
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)transcendental

Question 59

The transition to middle, junior high, or high school generally involves a shift from a smaller neighborhood elementary school to a school that:

A)prioritizes sports over academics.
B)has different teachers for different classes.
C)focuses on increased autonomy for students.
D)has a more personal setting with fewer students.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences in cognitive abilities?

A)Girls usually outperform boys on many types of visual-spatial tasks.
B)Research indicates that both historically and in recent years female adolescents generally outperform males in mathematics.
C)Girls in the United States are more likely than boys to have reading problems.
D)As a group, females surpass males in verbal ability throughout their lives.

Question 61

Discuss the use of symbols among adolescents.

Question 62

Explain personal fable in reference to adolescent egocentrism.

Question 63

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people are abstract in their thinking?

A)Conventional people
B)Investigative people
C)Mechanical people
D)Realistic people

Question 64

Evaluate Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 65

Discuss the gender differences in mathematical ability among adolescents.

Question 66

Discuss the pros and cons of adolescent employment.

Question 67

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following groups of people tend to be emotional and intuitive?

A)Mechanical people
B)Realistic people
C)Artistic people
D)Enterprising people

Question 68

Discuss some common characteristics of programs designed to prevent dropping out of school.

Question 69

Discuss the gender differences in verbal ability among adolescents.

Question 70

Elijah is an emotional and intuitive person. He is interested in exploring his feelings and sentiments through the medium of dance. In the context of John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, Elijah is most likely a(n) _____.

A)mechanical person
B)investigative person
C)artistic person
D)conventional person

Question 71

Explain imaginary audience in reference to adolescent egocentrism.

Question 72

Piaget describes the accomplishments of the stage of__________in terms of an individual's increased ability to classify objects and ideas, engage in logical thought, and hypothesize, just as researchers make hypotheses in their investigations.

A)latency
B)social cognition
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 73

Discuss the gender differences in visual-spatial ability.

Question 74

Discuss the challenges adolescents face during the transition from elementary and middle school to junior high school.

Question 75

According to John Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, which of the following types of people tend to be outgoing (extraverted)?

A)Scientifically oriented people
B)Investigative people
C)Egocentric people
D)Socially oriented people