Deck 12: Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to genetic factors?

A)Hypersensitivity
B)Transitivity
C)Heritability
D)Plasticity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A child understands that if an elephant is bigger than a bear and a bear is bigger than a cat, then an elephant is bigger than a cat. This demonstrates the child's understanding of__________.

A)conservation
B)transitivity
C)class inclusion
D)decentration

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following processes is used to assess whether a child understands the principle of transitivity?

A)Seriation
B)Mainstreaming
C)Encoding
D)Rehearsal

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Children in the concrete operational period of development have class inclusion ability.

Question 5

In the word-recognition method, children learn to associate written letters and letter combinations (such as ph or sh) with the sounds they indicate.

Question 6

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children in the conventional level base their moral judgments on the consequences of behavior.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of concrete-operational children?

A)They are more egocentric than preoperational children.
B)They have the decentration capacity to allow them to seriate in two dimensions.
C)They fail to understand the principles of conservation and class inclusion.
D)They focus on intangible ideas instead of tangible objects.

Question 8

Sarah, an eight-year-old, is playing with her dolls. She notices that they are of different heights; this leads her to arrange them in the order of their height from left to right. Which of the following processes does this scenario illustrate?

A)Encoding
B)Mainstreaming
C)Seriation
D)Rehearsing

Question 9

Children's knowledge and control of their cognitive abilities is termed encoding.

Question 10

Preoperational children engaged in problem solving tend to focus on more than one element of the problem at a time, which is a major reason they have developed conservation.

Question 11

Which of the following statements describes the term culture-free?

A)It is the descriptive of a test in which cultural biases have been removed.
B)It is the free and fluent association to the elements of problems existing in cultures.
C)It is a thought process that attempts to focus on multiple aspects of a culture.
D)It is a factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds.

Question 12

Achievement is that which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.

Question 13

One strategy for promoting memory is to encode visual stimuli as sounds.

Question 14

Children in the middle adulthood years have more trouble understanding passive sentences than preschoolers.

Question 15

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children in the stage of autonomous morality believe in the principle of immanent justice.

Question 16

Which of the following is a crucial determinant of a person's intellectual development?

A)Giftedness
B)Creativity
C)Heredity
D)Plasticity

Question 17

The ability to focus one's attention and screen out distractions advances steadily through middle childhood.

Question 18

Cultural bias refers to the factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds.

Question 19

Decentration refers to the principle that if A > B and B > C, then A > C.

Question 20

Bilingual children have less cognitive flexibility than monolingual children.

Question 21

Jennifer lies to her father and says that she did not push her baby brother. Later, she falls on the sidewalk and scrapes her knee. She relates the two events and believes that her injury was the punishment for lying to her father. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, in which of the following stages of moral development is Jennifer in?

A)Autonomous morality
B)The postconventional level
C)The conventional level
D)Objective morality

Question 22

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is true of the postconventional level?

A)It is a period during which reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards.
B)It is characterized by a respect for authority and duty.
C)It is the period during which rules are perceived as the ultimate reality.
D)It is characterized by an orientation toward obedience and punishment.

Question 23

Which of the following terms refers to the strategy of repeating sounds mentally?

A)Seriation
B)Rehearsal
C)Decentration
D)Mainstreaming

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of creative children?

A)They solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions.
B)They adhere to social norms and accept ideas at their face value.
C)They employ convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking.
D)They refuse to take chances and accept their limitations.

Question 25

According to Jean Piaget, children in the stage of__________are less egocentric than preoperational children.

A)concrete operations
B)moral realism
C)objective morality
D)preconventional morality

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of the information processing capabilities of children in middle years?

A)Memory function in middle childhood is undeveloped and shows qualitative improvement only during early adolescence.
B)As children's knowledge of concepts advances, the storehouse of their long-term memory becomes less organized according to categories.
C)Concrete-operational children use rote learning only when someone forces them to do so.
D)Concrete-operational children can attend to multiple aspects of the problem at once, permitting them to conserve number and volume.

Question 27

__________is the ability to do things that are novel and useful.

A)Adaptability
B)Creativity
C)Heritability
D)Transitivity

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true of sensory memory?

A)It has unlimited capacity to store information.
B)It is used exclusively for visual stimuli.
C)It shows qualitative improvement through early adolescence.
D)It retains the trace of a stimuli for a fraction of a second.

Question 29

Which of the following terms refers to a person's actual age?

A)Mental age
B)Critical period
C)Chronological age
D)Intellectual quotient

Question 30

According to Wechsler, intelligence refers to the:

A)capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.
B)free and fluent association to the elements of a problem.
C)trait characterized by flexibility, ingenuity, and originality.
D)thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.

Question 31

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children perceive morality as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people in the stage of _____.

A)objective morality
B)preoperations
C)concrete operations
D)autonomous morality

Question 32

Down's syndrome is caused due to:

A)racial and ethnic differences.
B)impoverished home environments.
C)brain damage.
D)chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 33

__________refers to the memory structure capable of relatively permanent storage of information.

A)Long-term memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Working memory

Question 34

Andrew and Jason are playing "Catch the ball." While throwing the ball toward Jason, Andrew slipped and the ball accidently hits Jason on the head. Though Jason gets angry, he realizes that he was not in much pain and moreover, it was not intentional. He considers the situation and decides that Andrew's action was not wrong. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, Jason shows _____.

A)autonomous morality
B)seriation
C)objective morality
D)transitivity

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true of the phonetic method of teaching reading?

A)It provides children with a basic sight vocabulary.
B)It uses rote learning to enhance the learning process.
C)It provides skills children can use to decode new words.
D)It helps most children and adults read familiar words.

Question 36

Patrick, a nine-year-old, is playing with his toy trucks. He has many trucks in front of him, and they are all of different colors. He puts all his red trucks in the middle, the blue trucks on the right, the green trucks on the left, and the yellow trucks in front of the red ones. Which of the following processes does this scenario best illustrate?

A)Encoding
B)Mainstreaming
C)Seriation
D)Rehearsing

Question 37

Stefan, a 12-year-old boy, believes that it is alright for him to stay out late if he is with his friends, and his parents should not have to worry about his safety. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following stages of development does Stefan represent?

A)The stage of moral realism
B)The postconventional level
C)The stage of objective morality
D)The preconventional level

Question 38

Identify a true statement about concrete-operational children.

A)They do not exhibit transitivity.
B)They exclusively focus on abstract ideas.
C)They can focus on multiple parts of a problem at once.
D)They do not seriate in two dimensions at once.

Question 39

The following children understand one concept each. In this context, who among the following children understands the principle of transitivity?

A)Kathy understands that the symbols used in a language are arbitrary.
B)Berry understands that if George is fairer that Tina and Tina is fairer than Gia, then George is fairer than Gia.
C)Winny understands that the quantity of water does not change even when it is filled in containers of different shapes.
D)Sam understands that tulips belong to the category of flowers.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of the long-term memory?

A)It is the first structure of memory encountered by sensory input.
B)It has unlimited capacity to store information.
C)It retains stimuli up to 30 seconds after the trace decays.
D)It retains auditory stimuli but cannot retain visual stimuli.

Question 41

Matt, an eleven-year-old boy, got into a fight with his classmate and bruised his arm. He plans to lie to his parents about the bruise as he is afraid that his parents will scold him. However, he feels that good boys should not lie and decides to tell the truth to his parents. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following stages of development does Matt display?

A)Autonomous morality
B)Conventional level
C)Objective morality
D)Preconventional level

Question 42

Which of the following refers to the principle that if A exceeds B in some property and B exceeds C, then A must also exceed C?

A)Decentration
B)Class inclusion
C)Conservation
D)Transitivity

Question 43

Which of the following statements describes metacognition?

A)It is the faculty which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.
B)It is the ability to react to a stimuli in a short amount of time.
C)It is the awareness of and control of one's cognitive abilities.
D)It is the perception of morality as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people.

Question 44

Which of the following is a factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds?

A)Cultural bias
B)Heritability
C)Cultural hypocrisy
D)Transitivity

Question 45

Piaget's theory of education can be applied in classrooms by:

A)promoting activities that encourage active discovery.
B)designing a uniform mode of instruction for children across age groups.
C)upholding and endorsing a single perspective on topics under consideration.
D)focusing on learning through rote-repetition.

Question 46

Which of the following terms is the view that retribution for wrongdoing is a direct consequence of the wrongdoing?

A)Moral realism
B)Convergent thinking
C)Immanent justice
D)Divergent thinking

Question 47

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, who among the following children is in the preconventional stage?

A)Caleb believes that school rules are instituted for the students' wellbeing.
B)Fred believes that good sons will obey their parents.
C)Dean believes that right and wrong are subjective and change with situation.
D)Britney believes that she should always speak the truth so that she does not get punished.

Question 48

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children in the__________base their moral judgments on rules that maintain the social order.

A)preconventional level
B)concrete-operational level
C)conventional level
D)preoperational level

Question 49

Which of the following is true of preschoolers?

A)They learn to form indirect object-direct object constructions.
B)They attain the maximum level of vocabulary development.
C)They have difficulty in understanding passive sentences.
D)They develop the ability to use connectives.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of the elaborative strategy?

A)It is a more effective method than rote rehearsal to remember information.
B)It operates on a limited level and is ineffective for younger children.
C)It is useful for retaining stimuli in sensory memory.
D)It focuses on arriving at a single solution to a problem.

Question 51

Which of the following is a difference between the judgements made at preconventional level and the judgements made at postconventional level of reasoning?

A)Unlike the judgements made at the preconventional level, judgements made at the postconventional level are based on the consequences of behavior.
B)Unlike the judgements made at the preconventional level, judgements made at the postconventional level are found in adolescents and adults.
C)Unlike the judgements made at the postconventional level, judgements made at the preconventional level is based on a person's own moral standards.
D)Unlike the judgements made at the postconventional level, judgements made at the preconventional level are mostly found in children above 10 years old.

Question 52

Max promised to brush his teeth twice a day because his mother promised to buy him a box of his favorite cereal. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Max is likely to be in the _____.

A)formal-operational stage
B)preconventional level
C)sensorimotor stage
D)postconventional level

Question 53

Intelligence quotient is the _____.

A)intellectual level at which a child functions, based on the typical performance of a child of a certain age
B)ratio obtained by dividing a child's mental age on an intelligence test by his or her chronological age
C)factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds
D)descriptive result of an intelligence test in which cultural biases have been removed

Question 54

Which of the following is true of the children in the middle years?

A)They fail to develop the ability to use connectives.
B)They learn to form indirect object-direct object constructions.
C)They have difficulty in understanding passive sentences.
D)They attain the maximum level of vocabulary development.

Question 55

Concrete-operational children:

A)focus on tangible objects.
B)focus on abstract ideas.
C)do not show understanding of the laws of conservation.
D)do not understand the concept of class inclusion.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of children in middle years regarding their metacognitive abilities

A)They show more knowledge of strategies that can be used to facilitate memory than younger children do.
B)They are less likely than younger children to accurately assess their knowledge.
C)They use rote-learning only when someone compels them to do so.
D)They are less likely than younger children to use selective rehearsal to remember important information.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of mildly disabled children?

A)Their intelligence quotient scores are 130 or above.
B)Their biological growth is normal but they do not develop age-appropriate behavior at the normal pace.
C)They do not acquire speech and self-help skills and remain dependent on others for survival.
D)They are the most capable among students with special needs of adjusting to the demands of educational institutions.

Question 58

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is the period during which moral judgments largely reflect social rules and conventions?

A)The conventional level
B)The preoperational stage
C)The concrete-operational stage
D)The preconventional level

Question 59

Divergent thinking is the:

A)free and fluent association to the elements of a problem.
B)view that retribution for wrongdoing is a direct consequence of the wrongdoing.
C)judgment of acts as moral when they conform to authority or to the rules of the game.
D)thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.

Question 60

Sean's mental age is 15 and his chronological age is 10. Which of the following values will be his intelligence quotient(IQ)?

A)140
B)150
C)155
D)135

Question 61

How do sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory differ?

Question 62

Write a brief note about creativity.

Question 63

Describe Piaget's concrete-operational stage.

Question 64

Provide a brief account on the development of metacognition in children.

Question 65

Which of the following is a useful strategy for promoting memory?

A)Seriation
B)Mainstreaming
C)Encoding
D)Decentration

Question 66

Patrick and Christian were playing on the swing. It was Christian's turn to sit on the swing, and Patrick's turn to push. Christian notices a spider on his sleeve, while Patrick was pushing him on the swing, and jumps off it. The swing come back a little faster and hits Patrick in the head. Patrick does not get angry at Christian as he knew that the other boy would not intentionally hurt him. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, Patrick shows _____.

A)autonomous morality
B)seriation
C)objective morality
D)transitivity

Question 67

Which of the following statements best describes the word-recognition method?

A)It is a method for learning to read in which children come to recognize words through repeated exposure to them.
B)It is a method by disabled students are placed in classrooms with nondisabled children in order to accommodate them into mainstream education.
C)It is a method by which objects are placed in an order or series according to a property or trait.
D)It is a method for learning to read in which children decode the sounds of words based on their knowledge of the sounds of letters and letter combinations.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true regarding the grammatical abilities of children in middle adulthood?

A)By seven to nine years of age, most children realize that words can have different meanings.
B)Children in middle years find it extremely difficult to interpret passive sentences.
C)By eight years of age, children make dramatic advances in articulation and in the capacity to use complex grammar.
D)Children in middle adulthood lack the ability to form indirect object-direct object constructions.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A)It groups test questions into subtests that measure different motor skills.
B)It suggests children's strengths and weaknesses as well as provides overall measures of cognitive functioning.
C)It yields a score called the intelligence quotient and can be used with children from the age of two to adults.
D)It is a culture-free intelligence test and can be used for anyone irrespective of their cultural background.

Question 70

Briefly explain grammar and vocabulary development in children.

Question 71

Explain the phonetic method of teaching reading.

Question 72

According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence,__________is academic ability.

A)practical intelligence
B)creative intelligence
C)analytical intelligence
D)interpersonal intelligence

Question 73

Which of the following is true of concrete-operational children?

A)They do not show understanding of the laws of conservation.
B)They are less egocentric than preoperational children.
C)They focus on abstract ideas rather than tangible objects.
D)They do not understand the concept of class inclusion.

Question 74

The term__________is the intellectual level at which a child is functioning, based on the typical performance of a child of a certain age.

A)mental age
B)intelligence quotient
C)chronological age
D)emotional quotient

Question 75

What are some of the characteristics of bilingual children?

Question 76

Which of the following refers to the substandard intellectual performance stemming from the lack of opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills?

A)Learning disability
B)Cognitive disability
C)Cultural-familial disability
D)Physical disability

Question 77

Explain the word-recognition method of teaching reading.

Question 78

In the context of cognitive development of children, explain the principle of transitivity.

Question 79

Which of the following is true of bilingual children?

A)They use more than three languages with equal facility.
B)They have more cognitive flexibility than monolingual children.
C)They use more than two languages with equal facility.
D)They encounter more academic problems than monolingual children.

Question 80

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, how do children's moral reasoning differ in the stages of objective morality and autonomous morality?