Deck 13: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Certain attributional styles can contribute to helplessness and hopelessness and hence to depression.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to research by Goldberg et al. in 2012 and Greene et al. in 2013, children of working mothers tend to be:

A)less prosocial and more anxious.
B)strongly delinquent in their behavior.
C)less achievement oriented.
D)flexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most professionals agree that the first rule in the treatment of most cases of school phobia is to:

A)get the child back into school.
B)give the child antidepressant medication.
C)keep the child at home for a few days.
D)use corporal punishments.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Freud, children in the middle years are in the oral stage.

Question 5

According to Piaget, middle childhood coincides with the__________stage.

A)latency
B)concrete operations
C)pre-conventional
D)sensorimotor

Question 6

When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone.

Question 7

A child with _____ is most likely to voice concerns about death and dying and insist that someone stay with him or her at bedtime.

A)conduct disorder
B)separation anxiety disorder
C)narcissistic personality disorder
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 8

In which of the following perspective-taking levels described by Robert Selman does a child realize that apart from the mutual perspectives of individuals, the perspectives of the larger social group must also be considered?

A)Level 4
B)Level 3
C)Level 2
D)Level 1

Question 9

In middle childhood, children depend more on external rewards and punishments and struggle to regulate their own behavior.

Question 10

Children between ages 8 and 11 are unlikely to recognize the importance of friends meeting each other's needs.

Question 11

A conduct disorder is characterized by anxiety about separating from parents and may be expressed as school phobia.

Question 12

According to a research by Charlotte Patterson, lesbians and gay men are as likely to sustain positive family relationships as heterosexual men.

Question 13

As children undergo the cognitive developments of middle childhood, their self-concepts focus exclusively on concrete external traits, such as appearance, activities, and living situations.

Question 14

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have authoritarian parents.

Question 15

According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children:

A)concentrate on external traits and not on abstract internal traits.
B)are exposed to an increasing variety of models.
C)fail to regulate their own behavior.
D)depend more on external rewards and punishments.

Question 16

Researchers have found that even when boys perform as well as girls in math and science, they have less confidence in their ability.

Question 17

Children with conduct disorders have a high tolerance for frustration.

Question 18

Conflicts among friends tend to be very intense and mostly remain unresolved.

Question 19

The development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others is called emotional quotient.

Question 20

Most children live with their mothers after a divorce.

Question 21

Children with _____ are most likely to exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting.

A)attention-deficit disorders
B)anxiety disorders
C)conduct disorders
D)depression

Question 22

According to research by Greene et al. in 2013, daughters of employed women:

A)exhibit strong delinquent behavior.
B)have more rigid views of gender role stereotypes.
C)have higher goals for themselves.
D)tend to be less prosocial and more anxious.

Question 23

According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately?

A)One-way assistance
B)Momentary physical interaction
C)Fair-weather cooperation
D)Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 24

According to research by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.

A)authoritarian
B)careless
C)negligent
D)restrictive

Question 25

In 1980, Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _____ stage, children remain egoistic. Their concept of a friend is one who likes to play with the same things and lives nearby.

A)autonomous interdependence
B)momentary physical interaction
C)fair-weather cooperation
D)intimate and mutual sharing

Question 26

According to research by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, because of their developing cognitive ability, 10- to 12-year-olds:

A)are more receptive to direct feedback from parents than they did in the preschool years.
B)rate their peers as their best source of emotional support.
C)evaluate their parents more harshly than they did in early childhood.
D)seek to spend more time with their fathers than with their mothers.

Question 27

Ali is in the first grade but he always finds reasons to miss school. Every morning, he complains of severe headaches and throws up his breakfast. He pleads with his mother not to send him to school, away from her. He fears that someone might harm his mother when he is not with her. This scenario illustrates that Ali is suffering from _____.

A)post-traumatic stress disorder
B)anorexia nervosa
C)bulimia nervosa
D)separation anxiety disorder

Question 28

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 1:

A)realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B)understand that more than one perspective can be correct.
C)are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D)understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 29

Ameena is a 14-year-old girl with many friends in school and in the neighborhood. She easily strikes up conversations with peers and is known to be very helpful. Her friends admire and emulate her. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ameena?

A)Coy
B)Emotional
C)Popular
D)Introvert

Question 30

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 2:

A)realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B)understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C)are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D)do not understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 31

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to:

A)explore their environment and become progressively independent when they are separated from their caregivers.
B)display a sense of security when they are separated from parents.
C)plead with their parents to leave the house.
D)cling to their parents and follow them around the house.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of middle childhood?

A)Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
B)Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
C)Parents monitor their children's activities most closely during middle childhood.
D)Most children in developed nations come through middle childhood quite well.

Question 33

Minnie is six years old. She has frequent nightmares about her mother abandoning her and wakes up with chills. She throws tantrums to avoid school as well. Minnie's behavior best illustrates _____.

A)postpartum depression
B)seasonal affective disorder
C)transient tic disorder
D)separation anxiety disorder

Question 34

Which of the following examples illustrates an external attribution style?

A)Ron gives up efforts to lose excess weight after repeated setbacks in his diet and exercise plan.
B)Miguel realizes he lacks the talent to become a successful guitar player and discontinues his guitar lessons.
C)Cynthia collects rare and exotic animal figurines and shows off to friends and family.
D)Maria loses the inter-school swimming competition and agrees that she lost because the competition was challenging and resolves to work harder.

Question 35

According to research by Rice in 2014 and Hankin in 2015, on a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed people ''underutilize'' the neurotransmitter _____.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)adenosine
D)epinephrine

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of depressed children?

A)Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize testosterone.
B)Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize serotonin.
C)Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize progesterone.
D)Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize dopamine.

Question 37

In the context of child development, a similarity between teachers and parents is that both:

A)refrain from setting limits on behavior.
B)act as important confidants.
C)communicate values and foster development.
D)discourage empowerment of students at a young age.

Question 38

According to__________, children in the middle years are in the latency stage of development.

A)social cognitive theory
B)psychoanalytic theory
C)coregulation theory
D)cognitive-developmental theory

Question 39

According to research by Graham and Reynolds in 2013,__________techniques involving parent training hold promise for the treatment of conduct disorders.

A)cognitive-behavioral
B)psychoanalytical
C)gender-schema
D)psychodynamic

Question 40

According to research by Amato & Anthony in 2014 and Hicks et al. in 2013, the children of divorce are:

A)more likely to have good grades in school.
B)more likely to have conduct disorders.
C)less likely to abuse drugs.
D)unlikely to rebound even after many years.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of a child's school phobia?

A)Understanding the reason behind a child's school phobia need not always precede insistence that the child return to school.
B)Knowledge of the reasons for refusal cannot help parents and educators devise strategies for assisting the child.
C)Most professionals agree that the first rule in the treatment of most cases of school phobia is the use of antidepressant medication.
D)Antidepressant medication teaches a child how to cope with school phobia.

Question 42

In a research by Green in 1978, it was found that most children who were being reared or had been reared by lesbians or transgendered parents__________.

A)did not report any preference for clothes that were typical for their gender
B)were bisexual in orientation
C)reported preferences for toys that were typical for their gender
D)were homosexual in orientation

Question 43

Identify a true statement about children in middle childhood.

A)By middle childhood, children can compare themselves with other children and, unlike preschoolers, can arrive at a more honest and critical self-appraisal.
B)Children's self-esteem rises throughout middle childhood, reaching a peak at 12 or 13.
C)Children with low self-esteem tend to have parents who are restrictive, while children with a favorable self-image are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
D)During middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concepts in math and physical appearance than boys.

Question 44

Jenna is six years old. She is hesitant to go to school every morning because she does not like staying away from her father. She often complains of stomachaches to avoid school and stop her father from going to office. This scenario illustrates that Jenna is suffering from _____.

A)conduct disorder
B)attention-deficit disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)separation anxiety disorder

Question 45

__________is best described as the way in which one is disposed toward interpreting outcomes (successes or failures), as in tending to place blame or responsibility on oneself or on external factors.

A)A self-fulfilling prophecy
B)An attributional style
C)Social cognition
D)Selective perception

Question 46

Which of the following examples illustrates an internal attribution style?

A)Kim quits ballet dancing as she feels clumsy and thinks she will never be able to master it.
B)Rupert is confused and cannot decide whether to take up soccer, swimming, or skating.
C)Kenny decides to try the latest recreational drug popular on the school campus.
D)Ania resolves to study harder after receiving less than average grades at school.

Question 47

Jacob is in middle school. He tells his friends that he is worried that he would fail in his biology test because the biology project reviewer deliberately asked him tough questions that he could not answer. This scenario illustrates the _____.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)external attribution style
C)Pygmalion effect
D)boomerang effect

Question 48

Identify a true statement about school phobia.

A)Except for extreme cases, it is usually not better for children with school phobia to remain at home until the origins of the problem are uncovered and resolved.
B)Most professionals agree that the first rule in the treatment of most cases of school phobia is to use corporal punishment and force a child to go to school.
C)Antidepressant medication has been used with school phobia with no success.
D)Antidepressant medication is most effective in treating school phobia.

Question 49

In the context of research conducted by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, which of the following is true of middle childhood?

A)Mothers' interactions with school-age children continue to revolve exclusively around recreation.
B)Parent-child interactions focus on assignment of chores and peer activities.
C)Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D)Children evaluate their parents less harshly than they did in early childhood.

Question 50

A difference between children in middle childhood and children in their preschool years is that:

A)children and parents spend less time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
B)children evaluate their parents less harshly in middle childhood than they did in preschool years.
C)parents provide more direct feedback in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.
D)parents do more monitoring of children's activities in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of peer relationships?

A)Acceptance or rejection by peers is unlikely to be important in childhood.
B)As children move into middle childhood, peers become less influential.
C)Peers afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses.
D)Peers exert the most powerful influence on a child during his or her first few years.

Question 52

Children with conduct disorders:

A)do not have temper flare-ups.
B)have a high tolerance for frustration.
C)tend to blame other people for their scrapes.
D)avoid indulging in sexual activity before puberty.

Question 53

In middle childhood, perceived low levels of competence are linked to _____.

A)high self-esteem
B)depression
C)extraversion
D)egocentrism

Question 54

According to research by El-Sheikh in 2007, when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological "alarm reaction,":

A)their heart rate rises sharply.
B)their blood pressure decreases drastically.
C)their bodies stop producing dopamine.
D)their bodies stop producing norepinephrine.

Question 55

According to Robert Selman, children in__________of perspective-taking skills are most likely to consider the fact that society expects children to obey their parents.

A)level 3
B)level 2
C)level 1
D)level 4

Question 56

Jerome is 10 years old. When he was younger, his mother cooked healthy food for him at home and chose healthy meals at restaurants as well. Jerome now picks healthy meals and snacks as taught by his mother. In this scenario, Jerome is involved in:

A)social stratification.
B)coregulation.
C)learned helplessness.
D)resocialization.

Question 57

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0:

A)realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B)understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C)are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D)understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 58

Sarah is a middle school teacher. She believes that Aaron, a fifth grader, is a bright student even though his performance so far has been average. Sarah pays more attention to Aaron, mentors him, and helps him with his lab experiments. As a result, Aaron gets better grades toward the end of the year. This scenario exemplifies _____.

A)the Pygmalion effect
B)learned helplessness
C)classical conditioning
D)the boomerang effect

Question 59

_____ refers to the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others.

A)Coregulation
B)Social stratification
C)Resocialization
D)Social cognition

Question 60

Five-year-old Timothy is preoccupied with death since his grandfather passed away a year ago. He frequently asks his parents about death and dying. He clings to his parents and insists that they stay with him at all times, day and night. Timothy is most likely suffering from:

A)body dysmorphic disorder.
B)narcissistic personality disorder.
C)separation anxiety disorder.
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance?

A)Students learn more in classes when they work on their own than when they are supervised by teachers.
B)Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum.
C)Students do well when teachers rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
D)Teachers' effectiveness increases when they give common feedback to all students.

Question 62

According to Robert Selman, in which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship do children (adolescents, and adults) understand that friendships grow and change as people change and that they may need different friends to satisfy different needs?

A)Autonomous interdependence
B)Momentary physical interaction
C)Fair-weather cooperation
D)Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 63

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in__________are more egocentric than children in the other levels.

A)level 0
B)level 1
C)level 2
D)level 3

Question 64

Andrew is a 10-year-old boy. His parents often scold and humiliate him. They also expect Andrew to obey strict rules without asking questions. In this scenario, Andrew is most likely to have _____.

A)no emotional quotient
B)confidence in his abilities
C)low self-esteem
D)positive self-concepts

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of depression in children?

A)Perfectionist children are not depressed.
B)Helplessness triggers depression.
C)High self-esteem is linked to depression.
D)Depressed children typically attribute the causes of their failures to internal factors.

Question 66

In the context of child development, a similarity between schools and parents is that both:

A)make demands for mature behavior.
B)act as important confidants.
C)discourage empowerment of students at a young age.
D)refrain from setting limits on behavior.

Question 67

Discuss sexism is schools.

Question 68

_____ is best described as an irrational, excessive fear that interferes with one's functioning.

A)Anxiety
B)Phobia
C)Despair
D)Depression

Question 69

Children with conduct disorders__________.

A)have high self-esteem
B)have authoritative parents
C)are unlikely to be involved in sexual activity before puberty
D)are often involved in substance abuse

Question 70

Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the second stage, referred to as__________, children are less egocentric but view a friend as someone who does what they want.

A)autonomous interdependence
B)momentary physical interaction
C)fair-weather cooperation
D)one-way assistance

Question 71

Ross is 14 years old and plays great soccer. He likes to practice with his team and loves to coach younger boys. He is known to help out around the neighborhood, especially senior citizens. He is always surrounded by friends. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ross?

A)Egocentric
B)Introvert
C)Sentimental
D)Popular

Question 72

Rahul is five years old. He wants to be with his parents at all times and follows them from room to room. He refuses to go out and play with other children of his age. He even clings to his father in the playground. Rahul is showing symptoms of _____.

A)dissociative identity disorder
B)separation anxiety disorder
C)narcissistic personality disorder
D)attention-deficit disorder

Question 73

Which of the following is true of parent-child relationships in middle childhood?

A)Children spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
B)Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
C)Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D)Parents monitor their children's activities most closely during middle childhood.

Question 74

Rashida, an 11-year-old girl, has not completed her math homework. She anticipates a reprimand from the teacher but believes that if she told the teacher that she was busy playing with her new toy and forgot all about her homework, the teacher would understand and forgive her. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A)level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B)the phallic stage
C)the latency stage
D)level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood

Question 75

According to research by Maughan in 2011, the gradual transfer of control from parent to child during middle childhood is known as _____.

A)regression
B)social cognition
C)coregulation
D)learned helplessness

Question 76

According to research by Gehlbach & Robinson in 2016 and Wubbels et al. in 2016, which of the following is a way that teachers can use to help motivate all students to do their best?

A)Making the classroom and the lesson interesting and inviting
B)Minimizing social interactions in the classroom
C)Treating all students similarly and ignoring their backgrounds
D)Helping students to focus on long-term goals instead of short-term goals

Question 77

In the context of middle childhood, explain Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality. Do Erikson's views on middle childhood contradict those of Freud?

Question 78

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by:

A)a decline in egocentrism.
B)failure to acknowledge others' perspectives.
C)suppression of sexual feelings.
D)anxiety about separation from parents.

Question 79

Roger was born a boy, but he feels trapped in the male body and longs to be a girl. He likes and engages in feminine activities like dressing up and applying makeup. He is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery to become a girl. Roger belongs to the category of _____.

A)homosexual people
B)transgendered people
C)heterosexual people
D)bisexual people

Question 80

Discuss the dilemma of marital conflict. Should a couple remain married for the sake of their children?