Deck 9: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

How did industrialization affect gender roles?

A) It led men and women to occupy both the public and the private spheres.
B) It led to the separation of the public and the private spheres.
C) It led to a blending of the public and the private spheres.
D) It led to an increase in institutionalized discrimination.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One root cause of the gender gap in education is the ______, which is a way in which dominant social and cultural norms are transmitted through educational systems.

A) transgendered norms
B) gendered curriculum
C) hidden curriculum
D) sex-biased learning

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In First Nations, two-spirit individuals are considered neither male nor female. In Afghanistan, sons are required, so some girls are treated as boys until the age of puberty. These are two examples of ______.

A) gender confusion
B) gender reversals
C) nonbinary gender
D) gender inequality

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Emily likes to wear dresses, play with dolls, and paint her nails. These are examples of the various ways Emily is expressing her ______.

A) sex
B) gender
C) status
D) role

Question 5

Girls often outperform boys on most academic indicators. This is because ______.

A) girls are smarter than boys
B) girls have faster cognitive development than boys
C) girls have been socialized to be better than boys at noncognitive skills such as following rules and doing homework
D) girls generally work harder than boys

Question 6

During the 1950s, women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husband and children's needs. These socially constructed ideas are referred to as ______.

A) hegemonic femininity
B) social femininity
C) cultural femininity
D) emphasized femininity

Question 7

Recently, Target decided to stop labeling toys by gender. This is like actions in what other area of the world according to the text?

A) Ireland and the United Kingdom
B) Australia
C) China
D) Brazil

Question 8

The start of the modern U.S. lesbian, gay, and trans rights movement is often connected to ______.

A) the liberty marches of the 1920s
B) the formation of gay rights groups directly after World War II (1945)
C) the Stonewall riots of 1969
D) AIDS activism in the early 1980s

Question 9

One of the first questions we ask when we find out someone is having or adopting a baby is, "Boy or girl?" This is because we consider sex and gender a ______; it is a position that affects all other positions we hold.

A) master status
B) dominant role
C) biological imperative
D) cultural anchor

Question 10

The term ______ is used to mean a dominant or idealized form of something.

A) heteronormative
B) hegemonic
C) aspirational
D) hierarchical

Question 11

Levandus is biologically a male but prefers to dress in a very feminine manner and wear makeup. Levandus prefers to use the pronouns she/her/hers. Levandus would most likely identify as ______.

A) intersexual
B) heterosexual
C) homosexual
D) transgender

Question 12

Sex is based on ______ distinctions, whereas gender is based on ______ distinctions.

A) social; physical
B) cultural; biological
C) biological; social
D) social; cultural

Question 13

Gender is a(n) ______.

A) master status
B) biological status
C) achieved status
D) global status

Question 14

A person's internal sense of being either male or female is called ______.

A) internal gender
B) gender identity
C) sexual psychology
D) cognitive gender

Question 15

______ is an idealized vision linked to patriarchy, a society dominated by men.

A) Hegemonic masculinity
B) Masculinized society
C) Proletarianism
D) Oligarchy

Question 16

People who feel that their identity along the male/female spectrum changes depending on the context are referred to as ______.

A) genderqueer
B) transgender
C) gender fluid
D) bisexual

Question 17

People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as ______.

A) transsexual
B) heterosexual
C) intersexed
D) gay

Question 18

______ is the umbrella term for people whose gender identification or presentation differs from the gender assigned to them at birth.

A) Cross-gendered
B) Transsexual
C) Transgender
D) Asexual

Question 19

According to the text, a term for a person who does not identify with being either a man or a woman is ______.

A) asexual
B) agender
C) transgender
D) transvestite

Question 20

Natalie buys fashion magazines and idolizes the models she reads about. The women featured in these magazines put forth ______.

A) modern femininity
B) cultural femininity
C) emphasized femininity
D) model femininity

Question 21

Women have made big gains in higher education. The effect on the pay gap between men and women is ______.

A) the pay gap remains significant
B) the pay gap has disappeared
C) women have surpassed men in pay
D) the pay gap is a myth

Question 22

Studies indicate that boys are ______.

A) less likely than girls to get more attention in class from the teachers
B) less likely to be asked questions when compared to girls
C) receive less constructive criticism
D) more likely to monopolize class discussions

Question 23

Men tend to do less housework than women; this has been attributed to ______.

A) gender equality
B) the second revolution
C) the second shift
D) egalitarianism

Question 24

Which one of the following is NOT a social change linked to the globalization of sexuality?

A) global network of sexperts
B) increasing urbanization
C) globalization of media
D) decreased mobility

Question 25

Which one of the following is most closely related to female proletarianization?

A) sexual fluidity
B) the feminization of poverty
C) the glass elevator
D) sex trafficking

Question 26

The term ______ is an export from the Global North in the global diffusion of sex and sexuality.

A) rape
B) pornography
C) gay
D) transgender

Question 27

Arlie Hochschild's book, The Second Shift, discusses how ______.

A) women must make the transition from being in the private sphere to being in the public sphere
B) women can only find jobs during the evening or second shift
C) women work double shifts: outside of the home and then taking care of most household duties
D) because women are working during the day, men have begun to have to work at night

Question 28

______ occurs when individuals travel to other countries specifically to buy sex from men, women, and sometimes children.

A) Sex trafficking
B) Domestic servitude
C) Sex tourism
D) Global tourism

Question 29

Hochschild's research found that women tend to do more domestic work than men. What does more recent research suggest on the split between heterosexual American men and women on housework?

A) Women's proportion of household tasks has increased.
B) Gender differences in household tasks are shrinking somewhat, partly because women are spending less time at home.
C) Men and women both do less household tasks.
D) Men's proportion of household tasks has increased.

Question 30

Many female-segregated occupations require education and many male-segregated occupations do not. This may help explain ______.

A) a structural reason for girls' success in school
B) an interpersonal reason for girls' success in school
C) a symbolic interactionist reason for girls' success in school
D) an ethnomethodological explanation for girls' success in school

Question 31

The increasing participation of women in the labor force has been termed the ______.

A) contingent work increase
B) feminization of labor
C) the glass escalator
D) industrialized feminism

Question 32

The flow of people in the global sex industry moves ______.

A) from the Global North to the Global South
B) from the Global South to the Global North
C) in both directions from Global North and Global South
D) from the Global South to the Global West

Question 33

Since the Industrial Revolution, ______ were considered the primary producers outside the household.

A) men
B) women
C) teenagers
D) females over the age of 11

Question 34

Virginity and "coming out" are two examples of what phenomenon?

A) the differences between behaviors and attitudes
B) the importance of norms
C) the use of stories to provide scripts about sexuality
D) the ways in which U.S. culture around sexuality has changed in the last 20 years

Question 35

How much do women earn on average for every dollar earned by a white man based on 2016 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics?

A) 65 cents
B) 75 cents
C) 80 cents
D) 90 cents

Question 36

More and more women are falling below the poverty line. This is referred to as ______.

A) feminization of work
B) feminine relativism
C) feminization of poverty
D) relative poverty of women

Question 37

Research on women in the workplace shows that women ______ authority on the job had more diminished mental health than ______.

A) without; men with authority
B) without; women with authority
C) with; men without authority
D) with; women without authority

Question 38

The increasing number of women who are being channeled into low-status, poorly paid manual work is referred to as ______.

A) feminization of labor
B) female proletarianization
C) globalization of femininity
D) the export processing zone

Question 39

Hamilton and Armstrong define "sexual dilemmas" as ______.

A) the difficulty in matching experiences to sexual scripts
B) the difficulty of having contradictory norms around sex when it comes to gender, race, and social class
C) the contradiction of biological and psychological sexual drives
D) the differences in cultural norms around sex in youth culture and the larger American culture

Question 40

Anti-sexual violence organizations are growing across the globe. The largest anti-sexual violence network in the United States is called ______.

A) Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network
B) Anti-Sexual Assault Network
C) Americans Against Sexual Abuse Coalition
D) The National Abuse and Incest Network

Question 41

Pierre is a slender French man who likes to wear a bright purple scarf and skinny jeans. Nathan, an American, tried wearing a brightly colored scarf, but his roommate said it made him look like a girl. This illustrates which points?

A) Pierre exhibits hegemonic masculinity.
B) Gender performance is static based on one's upbringing.
C) Masculinity is fluid and how it is performed can vary across social settings.
D) We merge gendered expectations with those of other intersectional statuses.

Question 42

Which of the following are explanations for the wage gap?

A) Women remain strongly clustered in relatively low-paying occupations.
B) Women are expected to take time off from their career to raise children, disrupting the rate of their advancement.
C) Women expect to get paid less.
D) The higher the percentage of women in a profession, the higher the average wage.

Question 43

Hegemonic masculinity is directly linked to patriarchy.

Question 44

Which of the following statements are true of masculinity and femininity?

A) Masculinity and femininity should be seen as a continuum of behaviors.
B) People may alter the way they define their own masculinity and femininity over their life course.
C) Masculinity is not defined by the culture you belong to.
D) We merge gendered expectations with those of other intersectional statuses.

Question 45

In global measures of gender inequality, no country has a measure that represents complete equality, where women do as well as men across all life dimensions.

Question 46

Gender stereotyping begins in the early teenage years.

Question 47

Sex is primarily a biological distinction between males and females, whereas gender is based primarily on social distinctions.

Question 48

Choose the statements that are accurate about sex and gender.

A) Only men have testosterone and only women have estrogen.
B) Male and female are binary categories; you are either one or the other.
C) Gender exists on a continuum.
D) Biological sex exists on a continuum.

Question 49

People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as transsexuals.

Question 50

Sex is binary, but gender exists on a continuum.

Question 51

Which of the following are reasons for increased interest by sociologists in the topic of sexuality?

A) the growing number of sexually linked problems
B) the increase in teen pregnancies
C) social changes in attitudes and behaviors around sex
D) the sex culture of the internet

Question 52

Even though women have made gains in higher education, which of the following statements are also TRUE?

A) Men still earn more bachelor's degrees than women each year.
B) Women still earn less than men.
C) Women still earn far fewer degrees in the STEM disciplines.
D) Women rarely earn degrees above a bachelor's degree.

Question 53

The hidden curriculum is a term that refers to a school's unofficial rules by which students learn various behaviors, attitudes, and values.

Question 54

Identify the items in this list that represent risks to survivors of rape, sexual abuse, incest, or sexual violence.

A) experience depression
B) contemplate suicide
C) develop body dysmorphia
D) abuse drugs

Question 55

The failure of men to perform more housework has been called a stalled revolution in gender equality, especially in the United States. What factors have contributed to this?

A) the insufficient two-week vacation time in most American jobs
B) the lack of parent-friendly work policies that support policies such as maternity leave
C) the technological revolution that encourages everyone to work around the clock on their paid employment
D) the rise of video games that men tend to do instead of cleaning up after themselves

Question 56

Which of these criteria are necessary ingredients to informed, effective sexual consent?

A) Both parties understand what they are consenting to.
B) There is no coercion, force, threats, or pressuring.
C) Understanding is expressed by both parties, either through words, actions, or silent agreement.
D) Previous consensual sexual activity

Question 57

According to the text, which of these previously unacceptable behaviors do the majority (more than 60%) of Americans now report as "morally acceptable" based on a 2003 report?

A) sex between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman
B) married men or women having an affair
C) polygamy
D) dual income

Question 58

By 2025, men are projected to be almost 57 percent of undergraduates.

Question 59

Cultural definitions of traits associated with being a woman or a man are called "femininities" and "masculinities."

Question 60

Gender is most often left out of the structure of our social institutions.

Question 61

Researchers have found that women usually have a positive reaction to sexual content in advertising and are more likely to buy merchandise promoted in this way.

Question 62

What is the heterosexual double standard?

Question 63

The global women's movement has focused on issues such as economic concerns, health care issues, and violence against women.

Question 64

Rape cultures tend to be prevalent in and around college campuses due to the presence of alcohol and drugs, the age of the population, and the ratio of men to women.

Question 65

Women have been entering the labor market in large numbers in countries all over the world and taking over jobs traditionally held by men. This is referred to as the feminization of labor.

Question 66

The nature of college residence halls promotes rape culture.

Question 67

What is one unintended consequence of war that benefits women? Use World War II as an example.

Question 68

How do advertisements perpetuate gender norms?

Question 69

Sexuality has a growing presence in the global media.

Question 70

What is the definition of informed, or "effective," sexual consent? Why have discussions about informed consent been in the news lately?

Question 71

Men are thought to constitute a "multiple market."

Question 72

Discuss the social changes that are significant to the globalization of sexuality. Name and explain three reasons for these changes.

Question 73

Many women, especially in developing economies, are working in low-paying jobs that provide no benefits and have substandard working conditions. This is referred to as marginalized feminization.

Question 74

How has the hidden curriculum affected the way girls are treated in the educational system? Identify one way in which girls are affected in their outcomes as adults.

Question 75

Globalization affects sexual interactions.

Question 76

Transgender is an umbrella term related to several gender identities. What gender identities are grouped under the term transgender? Name one risk factor for people who identify as transgender.

Question 77

Discuss the concept of "feminization" as it relates to global flows. Select and explain two forms of feminization discussed by the text. Explain how each affects women.

Question 78

Explain the difference between sex and gender, and explain how the two terms relate to each other.

Question 79

Explain the terms hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity. What social consequences are related to these two gender forms?

Question 80

People who engage in sexual behavior that is other than heterosexual are generally labeled deviant and expected to explain this behavior.