Deck 12: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Question 1

Does there appear to be an interaction between age and time of day? (Hint: Draw a line graph)

Answer 1

No; the line graph reveals parallel lines.
Example #2: A researcher takes a sample of 40 introverts and 40 extroverts and asks them to solve problems in either a crowded room or an uncrowded room. The researcher measures the number of problems solved (numbers can range from 0 problems solved to 25 problems solved).

Question 2

Does there appear to be a main effect of personality (introversion/extraversion)?

Answer 2

Yes; extroverts (M = 18.0) solved more problems overall than introverts (M = 12.0).

Question 3

Does there appear to be a main effect of age?

Answer 3

No; older adults (M = 15.5) had similar test scores to younger adults (M = 15.5).

Question 4

Does there appear to be an interaction between age and time of day? (Hint: Draw a line graph)

Question 5

Does there appear to be an interaction between age and time of day? (Hint: Draw a line graph)

Question 6

Does there appear to be a main effect of age?

Question 7

Does there appear to be a main effect of time of day? (Note: You are not given any inferential statistics to be able to definitively determine whether there is a main effect. Examine the means and try to determine if they are different or similar to each other).

Question 8

Does there appear to be a main effect of room?

Question 9

Name the other independent variable.

Question 10

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Question 11

Does there appear to be a main effect of time of day?

Question 12

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Question 13

Name one independent variable.

Question 14

Describe in words the pattern of results depicted in these data (you do not need to include any statistics).

Question 15

Does there appear to be a main effect of time of day?

Question 16

Example #1: A researcher wishes to examine whether time of day (morning versus afternoon) affects the memory of older and younger participants. He obtains a sample of 40 older individuals and 40 younger individuals and gives them a passage to read. They are later given a test over the passage (scores on the test could range from 0 to 30). Half of the individuals are randomly assigned to read the passage and take the test in the morning, and the other half do so in the afternoon. The data are reported in the table below (the numbers represent mean test scores for each group).

Name the other independent variable.

Question 17

Example #1: A researcher wishes to examine whether time of day (morning versus afternoon) affects the memory of older and younger participants. He obtains a sample of 40 older individuals and 40 younger individuals and gives them a passage to read. They are later given a test over the passage (scores on the test could range from 0 to 30). Half of the individuals are randomly assigned to read the passage and take the test in the morning, and the other half do so in the afternoon. The data are reported in the table below (the numbers represent mean test scores for each group).

Name one independent variable.

Question 18

Name the dependent variable.

Question 19

Example #1: A researcher wishes to examine whether time of day (morning versus afternoon) affects the memory of older and younger participants. He obtains a sample of 40 older individuals and 40 younger individuals and gives them a passage to read. They are later given a test over the passage (scores on the test could range from 0 to 30). Half of the individuals are randomly assigned to read the passage and take the test in the morning, and the other half do so in the afternoon. The data are reported in the table below (the numbers represent mean test scores for each group).

Name the dependent variable.

Question 20

Does there appear to be a main effect of age?

Question 21

Does there appear to be an interaction between room and personality? (Hint: Draw a line graph)

Question 22

Does there appear to be a main effect of personality (introversion/extraversion)?

Question 23

In the boxes below, write in a pattern of means that would reveal a main effect of self-esteem.

Question 24

Does there appear to be an interaction between room and personality? (Hint: Draw a line graph)

Question 25

Describe in words the pattern of results you created in the above question (you do not need to include any statistics).

Question 26

Name one independent variable.

Question 27

Does there appear to be a main effect of room?

Question 28

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Question 29

Does there appear to be a main effect of personality (introversion/extraversion)?

Question 30

Name the other independent variable.

Question 31

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. The researchers were interested in determining if a disturbing visual image would distract from the tone and thus reduce the reaction time of participants. Half of the time, participants saw a graphic image (bloody body) on the computer screen at the exact moment the tone sounded, and the other half of the time the participants saw a non-graphic image (non-bloody body). The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the other independent variable?

Question 32

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. The researchers were interested in determining if a disturbing visual image would distract from the tone and thus reduce the reaction time of participants. Half of the time, participants saw a graphic image (bloody body) on the computer screen at the exact moment the tone sounded, and the other half of the time the participants saw a non-graphic image (non-bloody body). The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is one independent variable?

Question 33

In the boxes below, write in a pattern of means that would reveal a main effect of type of therapy.

Question 34

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. The researchers were interested in determining if a disturbing visual image would distract from the tone and thus reduce the reaction time of participants. Half of the time, participants saw a graphic image (bloody body) on the computer screen at the exact moment the tone sounded, and the other half of the time the participants saw a non-graphic image (non-bloody body). The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

Question 35

Describe in words the pattern of results (you do not need to include any statistics).

Question 36

In the boxes below, write in a pattern of means that would reveal an interaction between type of therapy and self-esteem.

Question 37

Name the dependent variable.

Question 38

Does there appear to be an interaction between room and personality? (Hint: Draw a line graph)

Question 39

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. The researchers were interested in determining if a disturbing visual image would distract from the tone and thus reduce the reaction time of participants. Half of the time, participants saw a graphic image (bloody body) on the computer screen at the exact moment the tone sounded, and the other half of the time the participants saw a non-graphic image (non-bloody body). The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

Question 40

Does there appear to be a main effect of room?

Question 41

Is this a two-groups design, a multiple-groups design, or a factorial design? How do you know?

Question 42

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

Question 43

Is this a between-groups design, a within-groups design, or a mixed design? How do you know?

Question 44

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the dependent variable?

Question 45

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Question 46

Explain in words (using APA-format) the interaction between flash of light and arm tickle.

Question 47

Explain in words (using APA-format) the interaction between sex of participant and image type.

Question 48

Draw a block diagram of this experiment and label it completely.

Question 49

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. The researchers were interested in determining if a disturbing visual image would distract from the tone and thus reduce the reaction time of participants. Half of the time, participants saw a graphic image (bloody body) on the computer screen at the exact moment the tone sounded, and the other half of the time the participants saw a non-graphic image (non-bloody body). The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Question 50

What is the shorthand notation for this experiment? (for example, 2 x 3, 2 x 2 x 2, etc.) Explain your answer.

Question 51

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the other independent variable?

Question 52

Explain in words (using APA-format) the main effect of sex of participant.

Question 53

Is this a between-groups design, a within-groups design, or a mixed design? How do you know?

Question 54

Is this a two-groups design, a multiple-groups design, or a factorial design? How do you know?

Question 55

Explain in words (using APA-format) the main effect of image type.

Question 56

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

Question 57

Explain in words (using APA-format) the main effect of flash of light.

Question 58

Explain in words (using APA-format) the main effect of arm tickle.

Question 59

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. The researchers were interested in determining if a disturbing visual image would distract from the tone and thus reduce the reaction time of participants. Half of the time, participants saw a graphic image (bloody body) on the computer screen at the exact moment the tone sounded, and the other half of the time the participants saw a non-graphic image (non-bloody body). The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the dependent variable?

Question 60

In the following study, participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Half of the time, the computer screen flashed a light at the exact moment the tone was presented and the other half of the time there was no flash of light. In addition, half of the time a sensor on the participant's arm pulsed (causing a slight tickle) at the exact moment of the tone, and half of the time the sensor did not pulse. The researchers were interested in determining the extent to which these distractions would cause participants to have delayed reaction times to the tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is one independent variable?

Question 61

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the scale of measurement for the dependent variable?

Question 62

Explain in words (using APA-format) the main effect of sex of participant.

Question 63

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

Question 64

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What are the degrees of freedom for Participant Sex?

Question 65

Explain in words (using APA-format) the interaction between sex of participant and tone intensity.

Question 66

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the dependent variable?

Question 67

According to your text, "You find a research idea when you identify a gap in the current knowledge base…" . What was the gap in the knowledge base, according to the authors?

Question 68

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

Is this independent variable manipulated or measured?

Question 69

Is this a between-groups design, a within-groups design, or a mixed design? How do you know?

Question 70

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is the other independent variable?

Question 71

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What are the degrees of freedom for Tone Intensity?

Question 72

Explain in words (using APA-format) the main effect of tone intensity.

Question 73

Draw a block diagram of this experiment and label it completely.

Question 74

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What are the degrees of freedom for the Intensity x Participant Sex interaction?

Question 75

Draw a block diagram of this experiment and label it completely.

Question 76

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.

What is one independent variable?

Question 77

Describe in your own words "modern racism" and explain how this perspective relates to the study by Johnson et al. (1995).

Question 78

What is the shorthand notation for this experiment? (for example, 2 x 3, 2 x 2 x 2, etc.) Explain your answer.

Question 79

What is the shorthand notation for this experiment? (for example, 2 x 3, 2 x 2 x 2, etc.) Explain your answer.

Question 80

Is this a two-groups design, a multiple-groups design, or a factorial design? How do you know?