Deck 9: Electromagnetism Radiation and Global Climate Change

Question 1

Does the Ozone Treaty help in solving global warming?

A) No, because the CFCs banned by the treaty are not greenhouse gases.
B) Yes, because the CO₂ banned by the treaty is also a greenhouse gas.
C) Yes, because the CFCs banned by the treaty are also greenhouse gases.
D) No; in fact the Ozone Treaty will make global warming worse by allowing more ultraviolet radiation to be absorbed in the atmosphere.
E) No, because the CO₂ banned by the treaty is not a greenhouse gas.

Answer 1

Yes, because the CFCs banned by the treaty are also greenhouse gases.

Question 2

How do we know whether or not global warming is caused by humans?

A) From experiments in which a small experimental plot of forest is subjected to excess carbon, and the growth of the trees along with the temperature are then measured.
B) From computer calculations that "predict" 20th- century temperatures, based on natural variations, then on human- caused variations, and then on a mix of natural and human variations; the actual historical measurements then show the importance of human variations.
C) From experiments in which excess carbon is injected into a laboratory- created Earth- like atmosphere, and the resulting temperature is measured.
D) From computer calculations that "predict" 20th- century temperatures based on natural variations, then on human- caused variations, and then on a mix of natural and human variations; the actual historical measurements then show that only natural variations are important.
E) Actually, scientists have been unable to determine this.

Answer 2

From computer calculations that "predict" 20th- century temperatures based on natural variations, then on human- caused variations, and then on a mix of natural and human variations; the actual historical measurements then show that only natural variations are important.

Question 3

One possible feedback effect of global warming that could "run away" unpredictably is

A) ozone depletion that allows more ultraviolet to strike Earth, causing further ozone depletion.
B) warming of the Pacific ocean stops the El Nino phenomenon which causes further warming of the Pacific.
C) warming causes methane to be released from the ocean floor, causing further warming.
D) warming causes decreased cloud cover leading to further warming.

Answer 3

warming causes methane to be released from the ocean floor, causing further warming.

Question 4

How do we know that chlorine caused the ozone hole?

A) From laboratory experiments involving a replica of the atmosphere over Antarctica.
B) From the relationship between the release of chlorine by the Pinatubo volcano and the depletion of ozone over Antarctica a few months later.
C) From theories of the chemical destruction of ozone, coupled with computer calculations.
D) From measurements of the relationship between the experimental release of chlorine from the land surface in Antarctica, and the depletion of ozone that appeared in the atmosphere a few days later.
E) From measurements of chlorine monoxide and ozone in the Antarctic atmosphere as the sun reappeared in the spring.

Question 5

The effect of de- forestation on the global warming problem is that

A) this makes the problem worse, because trees consume ozone from the atmosphere.
B) this actually helps solve the problem, because trees consume ozone from the atmosphere.
C) this actually helps solve the problem, because trees consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
D) this makes the problem worse, because trees consume atmospheric carbon dioxide.
E) this has no effect on the global heating problem, although it has harmful effects in other ways.

Question 6

Two electromagnetic have different frequencies but equal amplitudes. The one with higher frequency has the

A) shorter wavelength.
B) lower energy.
C) greater speed.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 7

Which fundamental fact about the electromagnetic force explains why electromagnetic waves exist, rather than simply electromagnetic force?

A) The electromagnetic force acts at a distance with a delay time, rather than instantaneously.
B) The electromagnetic force decreases at points more distant from the source of that force.
C) The electromagnetic force cannot be felt across vacuum.
D) The electromagnetic force acts instantaneously at a distance, with no delay time.
E) The electromagnetic force can be felt in all directions from the source of that force.

Question 8

Might a region of intergalactic [between the galaxies] space, containing no material particles, contain energy?

A) No, because only material particles can possess energy.
B) No, because physically nothing exists except particles and empty space.
C) No, for both of the above reasons.
D) Yes, in the form of electromagnetic fields and other force fields.
E) Yes, it might contain the thermal energy of intergalactic gases.

Question 9

If we increase our use of fossil fuels, will more people get skin cancer?

A) Yes, because the increased CFC gas will cause an increase of cancer- causing UV radiation.
B) Yes, because the increased CO₂ will cause an increase of cancer- causing UV radiation.
C) No, because the increased CO₂ will not cause an increase of cancer- causing UV radiation.
D) Yes, because the increased atmospheric temperature will result in more cancer- causing sunburns.
E) No, because the increased CFC gas will not cause an increase of cancer- causing UV radiation.

Question 10

How does a radio station transmit a radio signal to your ear?

A) Electrons moving in the station's antenna send out a sound wave that travels to your radio, where the wave is amplified and sent to your ear as a more intense sound wave.
B) Electrons moving in the station's antenna send out an electromagnetic wave that travels to your radio, where the wave is amplified and sent to your ear as a more intense electromagnetic wave.
C) Stationary positive and negative charges residing on the station's antenna exert electrostatic forces that act on your radio, causing the radio to send sound waves to your ear.
D) Electrons moving in the station's antenna send out an electromagnetic wave that travels to your radio, where the wave is transformed into a sound wave that travels to your ear.
E) The station's antenna sends an electric current through a wire that runs from the radio station to your radio, causing the radio to send sound waves to your ear.

Question 11

The first evidence for electromagnetic waves came from

A) Heinrich Hertz's experiments in which electric charge was placed on small wooden rod and set into rapid vibration; EM waves were detected by a second wooden rod at some distance from the first rod.
B) Heinrich Hertz's experiments in which electrons jumped back and forth across a gap in an electric circuit and EM waves were detected at some distance from the gap.
C) Maxwell's experiments in which magnetic effects were demonstrated to result from the current in electrical circuits.
D) Marconi's experiment in which sound waves were sent from a vibrating membrane in one city and received by a similar device in another city.
E) Marconi's experiment in which radio waves were sent from a piece of vibrating crystal in one city and received by a similar device in another city.

Question 12

One good argument in favor of nuclear power over coal power is that

A) nuclear plants do not produce any waste heat.
B) the high operating temperature of nuclear plants makes this the most efficient type of generating plant.
C) nuclear power does not contribute to the ozone problem.
D) whereas we are running out of coal, there is a very large supply of uranium to supply nuclear power plants.
E) nuclear power does not contribute to the global warming problem.

Question 13

Which of the following is a true "wave," as physicists define the term?

A) water flowing downhill in a mountain stream
B) light
C) ocean waves coming into a beach
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

Is the "sports wave" that crowds perform at sports arenas really a "wave" as physicists define the term?

A) Yes, because energy does move through the crowd from one point to another, and this is what we mean by a "wave" in physics.
B) Yes, because a disturbance does move from one point to another without a corresponding transfer of matter, and this is what we mean by a "wave" in physics.
C) No, because there is no real physical connection between the different parts of the medium.
D) No, because spectators have free will-- that is, they are not really forced to stand up and participate.
E) No, for both the reasons stated in answers C and D.

Question 15

The "Isaac Newton of electromagnetism" was

A) Faraday.
B) Einstein.
C) Hertz.
D) Maxwell.
E) Schiglegrueber.

Question 16

Which of the following does not travel at light speed?

A) infrared waves
B) X- rays
C) light
D) radio waves
E) Actually all of these travel at light speed.

Question 17

A typical source of infrared radiation is

A) magnetized particles vibrating in iron and certain other metals.
B) thermal vibrations of molecules.
C) electrons orbiting the nucleus in atoms.
D) charged particles moving within the nucleus.
E) electrons moving along a metal antenna.

Question 18

The speed of light is

A) 3,000 km/s.
B) 3 million km/s.
C) 300 km/s.
D) 3 km/s.
E) None of the above.

Question 19

Two single wave pulses are sent along a rope. Both have the same height, but one is upward and the other is downward. As they are passing through each other, they will momentarily cancel each other out. What becomes of their energy as they are passing through each other?

A) It is still there in the form of gravitational energy of the rope.
B) Actually the pulses contained no energy to begin with.
C) It is momentarily destroyed due to destructive interference.
D) It is still there in the form of thermal energy of the rope and air.
E) It is still there in the form of kinetic energy of the rope.

Question 20

Are small ripples sent out across the surface of a lake truly "waves", as that word is used in physics?

A) Yes, because the water itself doesn't go anyplace but simply oscillates up and down.
B) No, because the water's motion is "mass motion", similar to the motion of a ball that has been thrown.
C) Yes, because the water itself moves across the lake, away from the source of the wave.
D) No, because true water waves are longitudinal.
E) No, because the water itself doesn't go anyplace but simply oscillates up and down in one place.

Question 21

Which of the following represents a departure from the philosophical materialism of Newtonian physics?

A) thermal energy
B) sound waves
C) electromagnetic fields
D) the second law of thermodynamics
E) forces

Question 22

Radio waves are produced by

A) electrons orbiting around the nucleus in atoms.
B) electric currents oscillating in human- made electronic devices.
C) mechanical oscillators that move air back and forth.
D) nuclear vibrations.
E) molecules in thermal motion.

Question 23

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the lowest frequency?

A) radio
B) visible
C) ultraviolet
D) infrared
E) gamma

Question 24

It is easier to significantly alter Earth's O₃ balance than its O₂ balance because

A) O₃ is a highly reactive molecule whereas O₂ is inert.
B) O₃ is a very unstable molecule whereas O₂ is stable.
C) O₃ is a trace molecule in the atmosphere whereas O₂ is not.
D) O₃ is an inert molecule whereas O₂ is highly reactive.
E) it is so much easier to produce O₃.

Question 25

Which of the following is a true "wave," as physicists define the term?

A) light
B) water flowing downhill in a mountain stream
C) ocean waves coming into a beach
D) None of the above.
E) All of the above.

Question 26

Small ripples on the surface of a pond are

A) longitudinal waves in a two- dimensional medium.
B) longitudinal waves in a three- dimensional medium.
C) transverse waves in a three dimensional medium.
D) transverse waves in a two- dimensional medium.
E) not really "waves" at all.

Question 27

Different colors correspond to electromagnetic waves of different

A) speeds.
B) weights.
C) amplitudes.
D) frequencies.
E) intensities.

Question 28

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is the ozone- destruction problem related to?

A) radio
B) infrared
C) ultraviolet
D) visible
E) X- rays

Question 29

In comparing two waves of the same type and same amplitude, the one with the longer wavelength would have

A) higher frequency.
B) both higher energy and lower frequency.
C) lower frequency.
D) both higher energy and higher frequency.
E) higher energy.

Question 30

Which of the following is transported by all traveling waves?

A) particles
B) matter
C) light
D) energy
E) both energy and matter

Question 31

A water wave spreading out in a circle across the surface of a pond is an example of

A) a two- dimensional wave.
B) a three- dimensional wave.
C) a one- dimensional wave.
D) witchcraft.
E) particle motion, or mass motion, rather than wave motion.

Question 32

Which one of the following does not contribute to the problem of greenhouse- effect heating of the atmosphere?

A) nuclear power plants
B) automobile engines
C) coal- burning power plants
D) wood stoves
E) Actually, all of the above contribute to the problem.

Question 33

In what fundamental respect does electromagnetism break away from the form of materialism associated with the physics of Newton and Democritus?

A) The electromagnetic field is physically real, even though it is not made of atoms.
B) Electromagnetism implies that the future cannot be precisely determined.
C) Newton had thought that the only force in the universe was gravity.
D) The electromagnetic force can be felt across a vacuum.
E) Nonsense-- electromagnetism agrees quite well with Newtonian materialism.

Question 34

For every ton of coal burned, the approximate amount of CO₂ injected into the atmosphere is

A) between 3 and 4 tons.
B) a few pounds.
C) half a ton.
D) a ton.
E) none, because the CO₂ is recovered in solid form.

Question 35

What is the physical difference between light and a radio wave?

A) Light waves have a larger amplitude than radio waves.
B) Light waves have a higher frequency than radio waves.
C) Light is an electromagnetic wave while radio is a pressure wave in air.
D) Light waves have a longer wavelength than radio waves.
E) None of the above.

Question 36

It is easier to significantly alter the earth's CO₂ balance than its O₂ balance because

A) CO₂ is a very unstable molecule whereas O₂ is stable.
B) CO₂ is a trace molecule in the atmosphere whereas O₂ is not.
C) it is so much easier to produce CO₂.
D) CO₂ is a highly reactive molecule whereas O₂ is inert.
E) CO₂ is an inert molecule whereas O₂ is highly reactive.

Question 37

Which of the following contributes to the problem of greenhouse- effect heating of the atmosphere?

A) Gasoline- fueled automobile engines
B) Coal- burning power plants
C) Both of the above.
D) Nuclear power plants
E) All of the above.

Question 38

Which of the following describes an experiment that demonstrates that light is a wave?

A) If you allow light from a transparency projector to hit a small container full of water placed in front of the projector, you can detect an energy transfer as the light enters the water.
B) a mystical experiment in which the instructor pulls a cosmic toad out of a baseball cap.
C) If you let light pass through a narrow "slit" formed by your fingers, you can detect the energy transfer as the light passes through your fingers.
D) If you let light pass through a narrow "slit" formed by your fingers, you can see an interference pattern.
E) If you allow light from a transparency projector to hit a small container full of water placed in front of the projector, you can see an interference pattern in the water.

Question 39

Talk- radio station KOOK is at approximately 90 megahertz on the radio dial. This means that KOOK broadcasts

A) an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is 90 × 10⁶ vibrations/second.
B) an electromagnetic wave whose wavelength is 90 × 10⁶ vibrations per second.
C) a sound wave whose frequency is 90 × 10⁶ vibrations/second.
D) a sound wave whose frequency is 90 vibrations/second.
E) an electromagnetic wave whose frequency is 90 vibrations/second.

Question 40

In the case of light waves, the thing doing the "waving" is

A) a gravitational field.
B) charged particles throughout the region between source and receiver.
C) the ether.
D) the air.
E) an electromagnetic field.

Question 41

If you view a distant light source through a narrow gap between your fingers, you will see [if you do the experiment properly]

A) alternating bright and dark lines running perpendicular to your fingers, due to interference between light waves.
B) alternating bright lines and dark lines running parallel to your fingers, due to interference between light waves.
C) Donald Duck.
D) the entire gap is bright [or light], due to constructive interference between light waves.
E) the entire gap is dark, due to destructive interference between light waves.

Question 42

One possible feedback effect of global warming that could "run away" unpredictably is

A) warming leading to decreased cloud cover leading to further warming.
B) ozone depletion that allows more ultraviolet to strike Earth, leading to further ozone depletion.
C) melting Arctic ice leading to increased absorption of radiation leading to further warming.
D) warming of the Pacific ocean stops the El Niño phenomenon which leads to further warming of the Pacific.

Question 43

Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude but different wavelengths: X has a longer wavelength than Y. Regarding their frequencies and their energies,

A) Y has the larger frequency and X carries the greater energy.
B) X has the larger (higher) frequency and carries the greater energy.
C) X has the larger frequency and Y carries the greater energy.
D) Y has the larger frequency and carries the greater energy.
E) Y has the larger frequency and the two waves carry the same energy.

Question 44

Two sources of waves, call them A and B, send out waves across the surface of a lake. The waves from A have crests 1 cm high as measured from the normal undisturbed surface of the water. The waves from B are identical to those from A. How far is the water displaced at a point where a valley from A crosses a valley from B?

A) 1 cm upward
B) zero
C) 1 cm downward
D) 2 cm downward
E) 2 cm upward

Question 45

Which of these, if used to replace gasoline as an automobile fuel, would not contribute to global warming?

A) Electricity from a nuclear power plant
B) Electricity from a coal- burning plant
C) Synthetic gasoline made from coal
D) All of the above would contribute to global warming.
E) None of the above would contribute to global warming.

Question 46

Which of the following is a threat to the ozone layer?

A) coal burning
B) freon refrigerants
C) Both of the above.
D) automobile exhaust
E) None of the above.

Question 47

Two water waves, call them X and Y, have the same amplitude, but X has a higher frequency than Y. Regarding their wavelengths and their energies,

A) X has the larger wavelength and carries the greater energy.
B) Y has the larger wavelength and the two waves carry the same energy.
C) Y has the larger wavelength and carries the greater energy.
D) X has the larger wavelength and Y carries the greater energy.
E) Y has the larger wavelength and X carries the greater energy.

Question 48

For light waves, different frequencies mean different

A) brightness.
B) amplitudes.
C) speeds.
D) colors.
E) None of the above.

Question 49

Ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere is likely to cause

A) heating of the atmosphere.
B) melting of the polar ice caps.
C) Both of the above.
D) acid rain.
E) skin cancer.

Question 50

Earth's "greenhouse effect" problem is important because

A) CO₂ is a toxic pollutant.
B) it might warm up our entire planet.
C) we must breath CO₂ in order to live.
D) it is a result of our use of nuclear energy, one of our prime sources of energy.
E) it could cause increased skin cancer.

Question 51

The sun's energy output is a maximum in the visible region of the spectrum. One biological reason we might expect or predict this fact is that

A) the visible region has the highest frequency.
B) the visible region comes right in the middle of the overall electromagnetic spectrum.
C) it would be impossible for biological photosynthesis to occur if any other region dominated the solar spectrum, and thus plant life could not exist on Earth.
D) the human eye would be expected to evolve in such a way as to make use of the sun's main energy output.
E) visible radiation is the only type of solar radiation with enough energy to actually burn our skin.

Question 52

Sea levels have risen recently, and will probably rise further in the future, due to

A) ozone depletion caused by increased CO₂ and other greenhouse gases.
B) acid rain caused by compounds of sulfur and nitrogen in coal.
C) global warming caused by increased CFCs and other ozone- destroying chemicals.
D) global warming caused by increased CO₂ and other greenhouse gases.
E) ozone depletion caused by increased CFCs and other ozone- destroying chemicals.

Question 53

X- ray radiation typically comes from

A) higher- energy electrons orbiting the nucleus in atoms.
B) electrons moving along a metal antenna.
C) charged particles moving within the nucleus.
D) thermal vibrations of molecules.
E) None of the above.

Question 54

The three main types of radiation produced by the sun are

A) alpha, beta, and gamma.
B) gamma, visible, and ultra- violet.
C) radio, infra- red, and visible.
D) infra- red, visible, and ultra- violet.
E) visible, radio, and gamma.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a wave?

A) light
B) ripples on the surface of a pond
C) water flowing down a river
D) All of these are waves.
E) None of these are waves.

Question 56

A "wave" could best be defined as

A) a vibrational motion of matter.
B) a transfer of molecules from one point to another along the direction of motion, where the molecules are bunched into groups.
C) an organized motion of matter from one point to another along the direction of motion of the wave.
D) a transfer of a disturbance from one point to another without any corresponding transfer of matter.
E) a transfer of a disturbance from one point to another without any corresponding transfer of energy.

Question 57

Two charged particles are placed a short distance apart, in vacuum. The electric force by one on the other

A) is transmitted at the speed of light.
B) is transmitted instantaneously.
C) is due to friction.
D) cannot be felt due to the vacuum.
E) is due to gravity.

Question 58

Suppose that the light from the sun suddenly shut off all over the sun, precisely at noon, as measured by clocks placed near the sun. Viewed from Earth, how would this appear? (HINT: It is about 8 light- minutes to the sun.)

A) At about 8 minutes past noon, all sunlight would suddenly cease.
B) Nothing unusual would happen, as viewed from Earth.
C) After about 8 minutes, the sun would turn into Daffy Duck.
D) At about 8 minutes past noon a small black spot would appear in the center of the sun, and this black spot would rapidly spread out over the entire sun.
E) At noon, all sunlight would suddenly cease.

Question 59

Widespread use of fossil fuels will probably result in warming Earth. This is due to

A) the large amount of heat released by fossil fuels.
B) release of CFCs.
C) increased acidity of the atmosphere.
D) water vapor added to the atmosphere.
E) release of CO₂.

Question 60

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the shortest wavelength?

A) gamma
B) infrared
C) ultraviolet
D) visible
E) radio

Question 61

Which of the following is a true water "wave", as that word is used in physics?

A) Ocean waves coming in to a beach
B) Ripples on the surface of a pond
C) Both of the above.
D) Water flowing down a river
E) All of the above.

Question 62

The figure shows two sets of waves, created by two sources labeled "A" and "B." The solid
Half- circles represent wave crests from A, and the dashed half- circles represent wave crests from B. Suppose that individual wave crests from either source A or source B alone are 3 mm above the level of the undisturbed water. Then the displacement of the water [above or below the level of the undisturbed water] at the point marked "x" [with the arrow pointing toward it] is

A) - 3 mm.
B) +6 mm.
C) 0 mm.
D) - 6 mm.
E) +3 mm.

Question 63

Suppose you electrically charge a comb by running it through your hair. If you then shake this comb back and forth one time every second, you will create

A) an electromagnetic field that vibrates at a frequency of 1 Hz, but no electromagnetic wave is created.
B) a sound wave having a wavelength of 300,000 km and a speed of 300,000 km/s.
C) a sound wave having a frequency of 1 Hz and a speed of 300,000 km/s.
D) the tooth fairy.
E) an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of 1 Hz and a speed of 300,000 km/s.

Question 64

Two different continuous water waves on the surface of a pond would be expected to have roughly the same

A) frequency.
B) amplitude.
C) energy.
D) wavelengths.
E) wave speeds.

Question 65

One helpful development regarding the atmospheric ozone problem was the international agreement to

A) produce more ozone and inject it into the stratosphere.
B) significantly reduce ozone production by year 2000.
C) reduce fossil fuel use by 50 percent by year 2000.
D) significantly reduce CFC production by year 2000.
E) issue free sunglasses to everybody.

Question 66

Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland received the 1995 Nobel Prize for

A) their efforts to control nuclear weapons.
B) their discovery of new ways to make the electronic portion of the electromagnetic spectrum more useable by all the people of the world.
C) their efforts to control chemical warfare.
D) their experiments and theories concerning the chemical basis for global warming.
E) their experiments and theories concerning the chemical basis for atmospheric ozone depletion.

Question 67

A way to demonstrate to yourself that light is a wave is by

A) allowing light to reflect from a mirror.
B) observing the light that passes through a narrow space between your fingers.
C) using a prism to separate light into its various components.
D) allowing light from two flashlights to strike a screen.
E) observing light as it bends while passing from air into water.

Question 68

In addition to the electric force law and the magnetic force law, the other key principle that is needed to explain electromagnetic waves is

A) Newton's law of motion.
B) electromagnetic fields are established instantaneously.
C) electromagnetic forces can be felt across a distance.
D) forces always come in pairs, so for every sender of electromagnetic force there must be a receiver.
E) electromagnetic fields are not established instantaneously.

Question 69

Democritus believed that everything that is real is made of atoms. Are electromagnetic fields physically real, and are they made of atoms?

A) No, electromagnetic fields are not physically real, and they are not made of atoms.
B) Electromagnetic fields are made of atoms, but are not physically real because they are nothing but the motions of these atoms.
C) Electromagnetic fields are made of atoms, but atoms themselves are not physically real and thus electromagnetic fields are not physically real.
D) Yes, electromagnetic are physically real, and they are made of atoms.
E) Electromagnetic fields are physically real, although they are not made of atoms.

Question 70

Gamma rays are

A) made up of helium nuclei.
B) a form of beta radiation.
C) made up of electrons.
D) a form of electromagnetic radiation.
E) rays of light.

Question 71

When you send a wave pulse down a rope or Slinky, it eventually dies out. What has become of the energy?

A) It was transformed into thermal energy.
B) It was transformed into electromagnetic energy.
C) It was transformed into Italian sausage.
D) It was transformed into elastic energy.
E) It vanished because energy is always lost in all physical processes.

Question 72

Is it possible to send waves to the moon from Earth?

A) Yes, we could conceivably send a sufficiently loud sound wave.
B) No, because there is no air between the earth and moon.
C) Yes, we could send a water wave-- in fact, we plan to colonize the moon, and solve the Los Angeles smog problem, by sending the entire population of California there on surfboards.
D) Yes, we could send an electromagnetic wave.
E) No, because there is no medium of any kind between the earth and moon.

Question 73

The figure shows two sets of water waves, created by two sources labeled "A" and "B." The solid half- circles represent wave crests from A, and the dashed half- circles represent wave crests from B. Suppose that individual wave crests from either source A or source B alone are 5 mm above the level of the undisturbed water. Then the displacement of the water [above or below the level of the undisturbed water] at the point marked "x" [with the arrow pointing toward it] is

A) 0 mm.
B) +10 mm.
C) - 10 mm.
D) - 5 mm.
E) +5 mm.

Question 74

A key step in the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons is

A) carbon atoms react with ozone.
B) the chlorofluorocarbon molecule separates, resulting in free carbon which produces a greenhouse effect.
C) radiation from the sun separates chlorofluorocarbon, resulting in free chlorine.
D) radiation from the sun breaks down O₃ molecules.
E) the chlorofluorocarbon molecule directly combines with atmospheric ozone.

Question 75

Besides the aerosol sprays, another source of chlorofluorocarbons is

A) fossil fuels.
B) biomass fuels.
C) Both of the above.
D) jet exhaust.
E) refrigerants.

Question 76

Which of the following countries produces the most carbon from fossil fuels, per person?

A) former Soviet Union
B) Western Europe
C) Japan
D) China
E) United States

Question 77

How do electromagnetic waves violate the philosophical underpinnings of the "Newtonian universe"?

A) The Newtonian universe is predictable, and electromagnetic waves cause the universe to be unpredictable.
B) The Newtonian principle of conservation of energy is violated by electromagnetic waves.
C) Actually, electromagnetic waves do not violate any aspect of the Newtonian universe.
D) The Newtonian universe is made of material particles, whereas electromagnetic waves are not.
E) All Newtonian forces are contact forces, whereas electromagnetic forces are exerted at a distance.

Question 78

Why might excess CO₂ in the atmosphere heat up the earth?

A) Because CO₂ increases Earth's "reflectivity."
B) Because CO₂ is an important participant in the photosynthesis process.
C) Because CO₂ absorbs, or traps, infra- red radiation.
D) Because CO₂ reacts with and thus destroys the ozone layer.
E) Because CO₂ absorbs, or traps, ultra- violet radiation.

Question 79

Your radio is tuned to 98 on the FM dial. What electromagnetic wave frequency is your radio receiving, and how fast is this wave traveling?

A) 98,000 Hz, at the speed of sound
B) 98 × 10⁶ Hz, at the speed of sound
C) 98 × 10⁶ Hz, at a speed of 300,000 km/s
D) 98 Hz, at a speed of 300,000 km/s
E) 98,000 Hz, at a speed of 300,000 km/s

Question 80

Light waves are

A) traveling disturbances in the ether.
B) traveling disturbances in an electromagnetic field.
C) beams of moving electrons and other charged particles.
D) traveling disturbances in the air.
E) beams of moving atoms.