Deck 12: Systematics: the Science of Biological Diversity

Question 1

Which of the following statements concerning the use of molecular data in systematics is FALSE?

A)Molecular data are easier to quantify than traditional data.
B)Molecular data provide more characters for analysis that traditional data.
C)Molecular data allow comparisons of morphologically different organisms.
D)Molecular data permit comparisons of organisms at the level of the gene.
E)Molecular data concerning the amino acid sequences of proteins are the most widely used.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A eukaryotic, multicellular organism that absorbs its food belongs to the kingdom:

A)Protista.
B)Fungi.
C)Animalia.
D)Plantae.
E)Eukarya.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Neutral mutations:

A)are not helpful in systematics.
B)can be used to determine changes occurring in homologous genes since lineages diverged.
C)have accumulated over time as the result of natural selection.
D)have accumulated at a highly changeable rate over evolutionary time.
E)account for a very small percentage of the variation in homologous genes in different groups of organisms.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the Vorticella/Chlorella endosymbiosis:

A)Vorticella functions as the endomembrane system for Chlorella.
B)Chlorella provides minerals for Vorticella.
C)Chlorella functions as a chloroplast in Vorticella.
D)Vorticella functions as a mitochondrion in Chlorella.
E)Chlorella provides photosynthetic products for Vorticella.

Question 5

Which of the following best indicates the correct sequence in which the evolution of these organelles occurred?

A)mitochondrion, lysosome, chloroplast
B)lysosome, mitochondrion, chloroplast
C)lysosome, chloroplast, mitochondrion
D)chloroplast, mitochondrion, lysosome
E)chloroplast, lysosome, mitochondrion

Question 6

The rule of parsimony states that:

A)analogous features should be given more importance than homologous features.
B)cladograms should be constructed in the least complicated way.
C)character states are distinguished from one another by comparison with outgroups.
D)adjacent branches should terminate in a node.
E)phylogenetic relationships should be based on ancestral character states.

Question 7

If you analyze the neutral mutations from two groups and find there are few differences in their nucleotide sequences, you would logically conclude that the two groups:

A)belong to the same species.
B)belong to different species.
C)diverged relatively recently from a common ancestor.
D)diverged relatively long ago from a common ancestor.
E)belong to a monophyletic taxon.

Question 8

According to the serial endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts evolved from:

A)bacteria.
B)protists.
C)fungi.
D)plasmids.
E)portions of the plasma membrane.

Question 9

The nucleus of plant cells most likely evolved from:

A)a chloroplast.
B)a mitochondrion.
C)a lysosome.
D)portions of the plasma membrane.
E)portions of the vacuole.

Question 10

The endomembrane system of plant cells most likely evolved from:

A)a chloroplast.
B)a mitochondrion.
C)a lysosome.
D)portions of the plasma membrane.
E)portions of the vacuole.

Question 11

In a cladogram, groups that terminate in adjacent branches are called:

A)nodes.
B)derived groups.
C)synapomorphies.
D)sister groups.
E)outgroups.

Question 12

In secondary endosymbiosis, a ______ is engulfed by a eukaryotic host.

A)cyanobacterial cell
B)mitochondrion
C)cell containing a primary plastid
D)cell containing a secondary plastid
E)cell containing a tertiary plastid

Question 13

The eukaryotes are divided into _____ supergroups.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6
E)7

Question 14

Synapomorphies are:

A)shared derived characters.
B)outgroups used to root a tree.
C)ingroups used to root a tree.
D)types of sister groups.
E)branches on a cladogram.

Question 15

The three domains of organisms are the:

A)Archaea, Bacteria, and Protista
B)Bacteria, Eukarya, and Protista
C)Bacteria, Eukarya, and Fungi
D)Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
E)Archaea, Eukarya, and Fungi

Question 16

By definition, an endosymbiont is an organism that:

A)is a parasite.
B)is a phagocyte.
C)lives within another, dissimilar organism.
D)lives within a nonliving substance.
E)forms an organelle within the cells of another organism.

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning chloroplast DNA is FALSE?

A)It is a circular molecule.
B)It contains more nucleotides than the mitochondria.
C)It contains inverted repeats.
D)It contains genes that encode the large Rubisco subunit.
E)It contains two regions that encode the same genes.

Question 18

In the course of evolution of eukaryotic cells, some mitochondrial DNA was transferred to:

A)the host cell's chloroplast.
B)a bacterial cell.
C)the host cell's nucleus.
D)the host cell's plasma membrane.
E)a plasmid.

Question 19

The DNA barcode used for animals is _____, and for plants the DNA barcode is ______.

A)CO1 or matK; CO1
B)CO1 or rbcL; CO1.
C)rbcL or matK; CO1
D)CO1; CO1
E)CO1; rbcL or matK

Question 20

Which of the following statements concerning the rcbL gene is FALSE?

A)It is useful for resolving relationships between closely related genera.
B)It is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria.
C)It is a rapidly evolving gene.
D)It is a single-copy gene.
E)It encodes the large subunit of the Rubisco enzyme.

Question 21

Multicellular eukaryotes that have an embryo during the sporophyte phase belong to the kingdom:

A)Fungi.
B)Protista.
C)Eukarya.
D)Archaea.
E)Plantae.

Question 22

DNA barcoding is used to identify plant species.

Question 23

Water molds and slime molds are included in the _____ group.

A)fungus
B)protist
C)animal
D)archaean
E)plant

Question 24

A cladogram indicates which group gave rise to other groups.

Question 25

The domain is the highest taxonomic category.

Question 26

An outgroup is a group closely related to the study group but not a member of that group.

Question 27

Systematics is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.

Question 28

The prokaryotic domains are the Bacteria and Archaea.

Question 29

_____ are a paraphyletic group of eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular, colonial or multicellular.

A)Fungi
B)Protists
C)Animals
D)Bacteria
E)Plants

Question 30

One clear evolutionary trend in the vascular plants is the increasing dominance of:

A)the sporophyte.
B)the gametophyte.
C)zygotic meiosis.
D)gametic meiosis.
E)isomorphic life cycles.
True-False Questions

Question 31

Which of the following describes sporic meiosis?

A)It occurs in most animals.
B)The gametes are the only haploid cells in the life cycle.
C)It most likely evolved before zygotic meiosis.
D)It is characteristic of organisms having an alternation of generations.
E)The zygote is the only diploid cell in the life cycle.

Question 32

Which of the following describes zygotic meiosis?

A)It occurs in most plants.
B)The zygote is the only diploid cell in the life cycle.
C)It results directly in gametes.
D)It is characteristic of organisms having an alternation of generations.
E)It is characteristic of organisms with isomorphic generations.

Question 33

According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria evolved from an alpha-proteobacterium.

Question 34

Researchers now hypothesize that the protists belong to the Kingdom Protista.

Question 35

The gametophyte:

A)is the diploid generation.
B)is the spore-producing generation.
C)is the dominant generation in vascular plants.
D)occurs in organisms having sporic meiosis.
E)stores more genetic information than the sporophyte.

Question 36

According to the endosymbiotic theory, the evolution of the cytoskeleton and a flexible plasma membrane preceded the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 37

A multicellular organism that ingests its food belongs to the kingdom:

A)Protista.
B)Monera.
C)Animalia.
D)Plantae.
E)Eukarya.

Question 38

Chloroplast DNA is unique in that it lacks inverted repeats.

Question 39

Taxonomically, a supergroup lies between a kingdom and a phylum.

Question 40

Life cycles in which the haploid and diploid forms are similar in external appearance are said to have ______ generations.

A)morphospecific
B)isospecific
C)isogamous
D)heteromorphic
E)isomorphic

Question 41

According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria.

Question 42

The first eukaryotes were probably haploid, asexual organisms.

Question 43

An example of secondary endosymbiosis is a eukaryotic host engulfing a cyanobacterial cell.

Question 44

Fungi are more closely related to plants than to animals.

Question 45

Viridiophytes is a clade containing the green algae, mosses, and vascular plants.