Deck 1: A Brief History of Microbiology

Question 1

What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin?

A) cholera
B) malaria
C) tuberculosis
D) yellow fever
E) anthrax

Answer 1

E

Question 2

All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century EXCEPT

A) Nightingale.
B) Lister.
C) Spallanzani.
D) Snow.
E) Semmelweis.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called

A) epidemiology.
B) etiology.
C) immunology.
D) molecular biology.
E) chemotherapy.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) pathogen.

A) bacterial
B) viral
C) archaeal
D) protozoal
E) fungal

Question 5

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

A) Semmelweis
B) Snow
C) Nightingale
D) Ehrlich
E) Lister

Question 6

All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT

A) Pasteur.
B) Snow.
C) Fracastoro.
D) Koch.
E) Pauling.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice?

A) Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice.
B) Yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
C) Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice.
D) Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.
E) Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.

Question 8

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as

A) epidemiology.
B) serology.
C) biochemistry.
D) immunology.
E) biotechnology.

Question 9

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?

A) algae; aquatic and marine habitats
B) fungi; cell walls
C) viruses; acellular parasites
D) protozoa; multicellular
E) prokaryotes; no nuclei

Question 10

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT

A) the cause of tuberculosis.
B) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.
C) the cause of anthrax.
D) development of a method to determine the cause of an infectious disease.
E) the cause of fermentation.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

A) They are composed of genetic material and protein.
B) They are obligatory parasites.
C) They are visible with a light microscope.
D) They are acellular.
E) They are smaller than prokaryotic cells.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?

A) They are photosynthetic organisms.
B) The group includes seaweeds and kelps.
C) They are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.
D) They are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals.
E) They provide most of the oxygen on Earth.

Question 13

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology?

A) immunology only
B) epidemiology only
C) infection control only
D) both infection control and epidemiology
E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology

Question 14

Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the _ _ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria.

A) Koch's stain
B) Pasteur fermentation test
C) Gram stain
D) Petri stain
E) Ehrlich magic test

Question 15

According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions?

A) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions.
B) They are shared by all living things.
C) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups.
D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.
E) There are an unlimited number of them.

Question 16

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

A) serology.
B) bioremediation.
C) ecology.
D) chemotherapy.
E) epidemiology.

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE?

A) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts.
B) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be shown to cause a particular disease.
C) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases.
D) The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied.
E) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory.

Question 18

Parasitic worms, even meters- long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because

A) no one else wants to study them.
B) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.
C) they are parasites.
D) the Gram stain can be used to identify them.
E) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them.

Question 19

Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy?

A) Lister
B) Gram
C) Koch
D) Ehrlich
E) Pasteur

Question 20

The microbes commonly known as are single- celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.

A) viruses
B) archaea
C) protozoa
D) bacteria
E) fungi

Question 21

The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is

A) recombinant technology.
B) antisepsis.
C) prokaryote.
D) nosocomial.
E) chemotherapy.

Question 22

Which of the following types of microbe was NOT observed by Leeuwenhoek?

A) prokaryote
B) fungus
C) virus
D) protozoan
E) alga

Question 23

Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for

A) epidemiology.
B) immunology.
C) abiogenesis.
D) antisepsis.
E) industrial microbiology.

Question 24

What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates?

A) IV, I, II, III
B) III, I, IV, II
C) III, II, I, IV
D) I, II, III, IV
E) IV, I, III, II

Question 25

The term refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting.

A) nosocomial
B) spontaneous generation
C) abiogenesis
D) archaea
E) bioremediation

Question 26

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation?

A) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened.
B) The flasks he used were sealed with corks.
C) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S- shape.
D) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time.
E) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.

Question 27

Work by laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology.

A) Redi and Spallanzani
B) Pauling and Woese
C) Koch and Pasteur
D) Beijerinck and Winogradsky
E) Lister and Semmelweis

Question 28

The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by

A) developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections.
B) developing techniques for isolating pathogens.
C) identifying the sources of infectious agents.
D) developing vaccines.
E) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

A) Molds are multicellular.
B) Fungi are photosynthetic.
C) Fungi are eukaryotes.
D) Yeasts are unicellular.
E) Fungi have a cell wall.

Question 30

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

A) cholera.
B) syphilis.
C) anthrax.
D) smallpox.
E) cancer.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

A) Most exhibit asexual reproduction.
B) They are all photosynthetic.
C) They are single- celled organisms.
D) They frequently possess cilia or flagella.
E) They are eukaryotic organisms.

Question 32

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?

A) Needham
B) Redi
C) Pasteur
D) Buchner
E) Spallanzani

Question 33

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of

A) immunology.
B) etiology.
C) gene therapy.
D) genetic engineering.
E) microbial genetics.

Question 34

What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships among all organisms (including microbes)?

A) Woese
B) Pauling
C) Avery
D) Ehrlich
E) Kluyver

Question 35

The term involves the study of the blood components that fight infection.

A) etiology
B) bioremediation
C) chemotherapy
D) serology
E) antisepsis

Question 36

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?

A) puerperal fever
B) anthrax
C) cholera
D) syphilis
E) smallpox

Question 37

What must one have before designing and conducting experiments?

A) a hypothesis
B) a complete set of data
C) scientific law
D) a theory
E) popular opinion

Question 38

Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A) How do genes work?
B) How can microorganisms be seen?
C) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?
D) How should living organisms be classified?
E) How are microbes related?

Question 39

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by

A) aerobes.
B) obligate parasites.
C) facultative anaerobes.
D) prokaryotes.
E) archaea.

Question 40

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

A) use the germ theory of disease.
B) disprove spontaneous generation.
C) develop a taxonomic system.
D) use a magnifying glass.
E) view microorganisms and record these observations.

Question 41

Microbes that cause infectious disease are called (pathogens/germs/viruses).

Question 42

Research done in Robert Koch's laboratory laid the foundation for (epidemiology/immunology/etiology), the study of the body's defenses against disease.

Question 43

Spallanzani's experiments contradicted the experiments of (Needham/Redi/Pasteur) on spontaneous generation.

Question 44

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called

A) prokaryotes.
B) pathogens.
C) viruses.
D) eukaryotes.
E) fungi.

Question 45

Who discovered penicillin?

A) Pasteur
B) Fleming
C) Domagk
D) Ehrlich
E) Kitasato

Question 46

The desire to prevent (infection /disease/sepsis), literally "putrefaction," resulted in many developments leading to modern medicine.

Question 47

A term synonymous with immunization, (vaccination/infection) is derived from the Latin name of the cowpox virus.

Question 48

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

Question 49

The (physiology/metabolism) of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the organism.

Question 50

The development of molecular biology has made possible the application of (genome sequencing/gene sequences/gene sequencing) to provide a better understanding of the relationships between organisms.

Question 51

Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of (antisepsis/vaccination/washing) as a means of preventing disease transmission.

Question 52

Organisms such as bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate are often studied in (environmental/bioremediation/ecologic) microbiology.

Question 53

A(n) (photosynthetic/algae/plant) organism makes its own food using light energy.

Question 54

The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called (gene therapy/chemotherapy).

Question 55

A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) (prokaryotic/archaeal/eukaryotic) cell.

Question 56

The production of human blood- clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation.

Question 57

A (colony/habitat/biofilm) is a community of microbes growing on surfaces.

Question 58

Who demonstrated that fermentation could occur in the absence of intact cells?

A) Koch
B) Pasteur
C) Lister
D) Buchner
E) Woese

Question 59

The amateur scientist (Koch/Leeuwenhoek/Pasteur) made his own microscopes and first reported the existence of microbes.

Question 60

A scientist conducts experiments to test a(n) (observation/hypothesis/theory).

Question 61

Microbiologists study only single- celled organisms.

Question 62

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the three types of eukaryotic microbes.

Question 64

Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneous generation.

Question 65

Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.

Question 66

Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.

Question 67

Explain how the discipline of biochemistry grew out of the science of microbiology.

Question 68

You are a young scientist who has just learned about one of the hot topics in microbiology, biofilms. One aspect of the interest in biofilms is that the microbes living within biofilms appear to behave and function differently from their counterparts not living in a biofilm. Devise a way to explore the idea. (Do not focus on the technical details of how this might be accomplished.)

Question 69

Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes.

Question 70

Biotechnology can be said to have ancient roots. Explain.

Question 71

Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent.

Question 72

Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

Question 73

Koch's postulates can be used only to determine the causes of infectious diseases.