Deck 11: Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions

Question 1

The current most influential model of the cause of sexual orientation is

A) that homosexual people were exposed to early hormonal influences that were more typical of the opposite gender.
B) that homosexual people were reinforced for cross-gender behaviors.
C) that homosexual people learned their behaviors through classical conditioning.
D) that homosexual people had domineering mothers and absent or withdrawn fathers.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Gary finds himself sexually aroused by dressing in women's clothing. He sometimes steals the clothes from women and from stores. He has a wife and is happy in his marriage. Gary's most likely diagnosis is

A) gender identity disorder.
B) transvestic fetishism.
C) exhibitionism.
D) fetishism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The decision by APA to remove homosexuality from the DSM

A) was based on research about the lack of treatment.
B) was based on a vote by mental health professionals.
C) was based on research and science.
D) was later challenged and overturned.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

To be diagnosed with a paraphilia, a person

A) must have distress or impairment.
B) may not have to have distress or impairment.
C) must cause harm to another person.
D) must have acted on the sexual fantasies.

Question 5

Which of the following is true?

A) People tend to believe their current sexual standards are correct and to be intolerant of nonconformists.
B) People tend to be envious of sexual nonconformists.
C) Attitudes about what is sexually "normal" are extremely consistent across cultures.
D) Attitudes about what is sexually "normal" have stayed surprisingly the same over time.

Question 6

Based on a large survey, which of the following is a common difference found between men who had cross-dressed and those who had not?

A) Men who had cross-dressed had higher rates of sexual abuse occurring before age 10.
B) Men who had cross-dressed had fathers who also cross-dressed.
C) Men who had cross-dressed had higher rates of psychopathology.
D) Men who had cross-dressed had less interest in pornography.

Question 7

Among psychoanalysts, homosexuality was first seen as ________, but later was seen as _ _.

A) a form of criminal behavior; defense against heterosexual urges
B) a result of highly pathological parent-child relationships; a conscious effort to gain attention
C) a severe form of psychological disability; a normal variant of sexual behavior
D) a variation of sexual function; a pathological escape from heterosexuality

Question 8

What is the most common sexual offense reported to the police?

A) frotteurism
B) pedophilia
C) exhibitionism
D) voyeurism

Question 9

One of the reasons the Kinsey report is noteworthy in that it

A) established that homosexuals were psychologically normal.
B) lead to the immediate removal of homosexuality from the DSM.
C) revealed that homosexuality was much more common than expected.
D) redefined sexuality.

Question 10

Autogynephilia is

A) inability for males to be aroused by anything except inanimate objects.
B) sexual arousal in a male by the thought or fantasy of being a woman.
C) sexual arousal in a male exclusively through masturbation.
D) sexual arousal in a male by the thought of having their sex organs removed.

Question 11

People with transvestic fetishism

A) include males and females, although more males than females.
B) wish to be the opposite gender.
C) frequently cause harm to others.
D) are usually married.

Question 12

Freud

A) viewed homosexuality as a disease that could be easily treated.
B) thought homosexuality developed as a result of early sexual trauma.
C) believed that homosexuals were really heterosexuals who were traumatized by their own sexual desires.
D) was much more accepting of homosexuality than his contemporaries.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Monogamy is a dated concept.
B) Over time, all cultures develop more liberal attitudes towards sex.
C) Sexual practices and standards are constantly evolving.
D) There is little that is considered "taboo" in modern society.

Question 14

What is a paraphilia?

A) An impairment in either the desire for sexual gratification or a dysfunction in achieving it.
B) An abnormal level of sexual desire and behavior, whether homosexual or heterosexual.
C) A recurrent and distressing pattern of excluding all sexual behaviors except for masturbation.
D) Persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects or situations are required for sexual satisfaction.

Question 15

Sexual variants illustrate a theme in abnormal psychology better than any other category of disorder. Which theme?

A) the importance of stressors as the cause of disorder
B) the difficulty in defining the boundaries of normal and abnormal
C) the role of neurotransmitters in controlling thought and behavior
D) the impact of disorder on one's occupational and social adjustment

Question 16

When it comes to cross-cultural similarities and differences concerning sexual behavior, which of the following statements is accurate?

A) In most cultures, people are highly tolerant of sexual nonconformity.
B) Taboos on sex between close relatives are found in all known cultures.
C) Only in Western societies do men place greater emphasis on a partner's attractiveness.
D) In a specific culture, sexual attitudes and practices tend to be quite stable over hundreds of years.

Question 17

The most common theory about voyeurs is

A) they become classically conditioned to respond in a stronger way to the female body than most males.
B) they were exposed to excess male hormones during prenatal development.
C) with the advent of more sexually explicit movies and magazines, voyeurism is quickly becoming extinct.
D) they have difficulty related to women and find peeping satisfies needs in a way that feels safe and powerful.

Question 18

Which of the following is cross-culturally universal?

A) acceptance of homosexuality
B) a distaste for extramarital sex
C) males value physical appearance more than females
D) attitudes towards premarital sex

Question 19

Research about sexuality is

A) abundant, although it is plagued by methodological problems.
B) surprisingly limited due to taboos and political controversies surrounding sexual topics.
C) one of the earliest areas of research in psychology.
D) limited because there are relatively few forms of abnormal sexual behavior.

Question 20

Julia has a shoe fetish-she is not able to enjoy sex unless her partner is wearing her shoes. She needs to be touching the shoes in order to achieve sexual gratification. She becomes aroused by the sight of her own shoes. What is unique about Julia's case of shoe fetishism?

A) Partners are usually not involved.
B) Female fetishists are rare.
C) Sexual dysfunction usually is seen in the fetishist.
D) Most fetishes involve animate objects.

Question 21

Most female transsexuals

A) have a paraphilia in which they are attracted to themselves as a man.
B) want to be homosexual men.
C) have always felt that they should be male.
D) did not have gender identity disorder as children.

Question 22

According to DSM-IV-TR, the two components of gender identity disorder are cross-gender identification and _.

A) gender dysphoria
B) a history of childhood gender identity disorder
C) gender role disorder
D) transvestic fetishism

Question 23

Most sadists are

A) heterosexual men.
B) homosexual women.
C) homosexual men.
D) heterosexual women.

Question 24

Sam was a child with gender identity disorder. Now he is 26 and he wants to become a woman. Adults with gender identity disorder are often referred to as a

A) transsexual.
B) person with autogynephilia.
C) lesbian.
D) transvestite.

Question 25

An important determinant of satisfactory outcome from sex reassignment surgery appears to be

A) the length of time that individuals live as the gender they wish to become prior to the surgery.
B) whether an individual is a homosexual or autogynephilic transsexual.
C) whether the operation involves a male-to-female or a female-to-male change.
D) the extent to which an individual was psychologically well adjusted before the surgery.

Question 26

Patricia, age 10, refuses to wear dresses and insists on being called Pat. She knows she is a girl, but she says boys have it better. She prefers playing with boys and only plays the games they play. She says she wants to be a football player and a mother when she grows up. Pat has

A) no disorder.
B) transsexualism.
C) transvestism.
D) gender identity disorder.

Question 27

Most boys with gender identity disorder

A) are readily accepted by their peers.
B) become transvestites in adulthood.
C) become homosexual adults who no longer wish to change their gender.
D) become transsexual adults.

Question 28

One's sense of maleness or femaleness is called

A) gender orientation.
B) gender role.
C) gender identity.
D) gender preference.

Question 29

Most transsexuals

A) are autogynephilic.
B) derive their sexual gratification from cross-dressing in public.
C) are exclusively heterosexual.
D) had gender identity disorder as children.

Question 30

Which of the following is an argument against the use of surgical sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder?

A) Most of those who have such surgeries are not happy with the outcome.
B) Surgery should not be used to treat a psychological disorder.
C) Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found to be effective for most in alleviating gender dysphoria.
D) Gender identity disorder is not a lifelong disorder and later regret is likely.

Question 31

Exhibitionists

A) rarely have other paraphilias in addition to exhibitionism.
B) are highly aroused by the shock their victim shows.
C) don't really care about the victim's response, the act of exposing themselves is what is arousing.
D) report very few other psychological problems.

Question 32

A man who is aroused by the thought of himself as a woman has the paraphilia known as

A) autogynephilia.
B) transsexualism.
C) protophilia.
D) transvestism.

Question 33

Which of the following disorders is associated with engaging in autoerotic asphyxia?

A) transvestic fetishism
B) frotteurism
C) scatologia
D) masochism

Question 34

The ________ enjoys inflicting pain, while the desires pain and degradation.

A) voyeur; sadist
B) masochist; sadist
C) sadist; voyeur
D) sadist; masochist

Question 35

Cross-gender identification is characteristic of

A) frotteurism.
B) gender identity disorder.
C) exhibitionism.
D) transvestic fetishism.

Question 36

Money and others have suggested that men are more vulnerable to paraphilias because

A) developing an attachment to an inanimate object is just a reflection of the male tendency to objectify women.
B) men are more easily aroused than women.
C) sexual arousal in men is more visually based than the sexual arousal of women.
D) lasting maternal conflicts leave men unable to develop healthy sexual relationships with women. C

Question 37

Autogynephilic transsexuals differ from homosexual transsexuals in that

A) rarely do they have a history of tranvestic fetishism.
B) they are usually female-to-male transsexuals.
C) they are not especially feminine.
D) they are likely to be homosexual.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is NOT true about paraphilias?

A) Almost all people with paraphilias wish to change their sexual preferences.
B) Many people with paraphilias have more than one.
C) Almost all people with paraphilias are male.
D) Paraphilias typically begin around the time of puberty or adolescence.

Question 39

Serial killers tend to be

A) sexual sadists.
B) pedophiles.
C) voyeurs.
D) masochists.

Question 40

The only treatment that has been shown to be effective in treating gender dysphoria is

A) surgical sex reassignment.
B) medication to alter hormone production.
C) aversion therapy.
D) long-term psychodynamic therapy.

Question 41

Angela is 10 and has been a victim of sexual abuse. The short-term effects

A) will almost certainly produce severe changes in thought, feeling, and behavior.
B) generally involve a compensatory sense of control.
C) may include fears and sexual inappropriateness, but there is no single response syndrome.
D) will include dissociative symptoms.

Question 42

Studies of sex offenders

A) find that few rapists are violent.
B) support the feminist view of rape.
C) suggest that all rapists have both aggressive and sexual motives.
D) find that rapists tend to have both Axis I and Axis II disorders.

Question 43

Pedophilia is defined by

A) the age of the preferred partner.
B) the bodily maturity of the preferred partner.
C) the behaviors exhibited.
D) the legal system; pedophilia is not a diagnostic category on the DSM-IV-TR.

Question 44

Which statement below about the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse is accurate?

A) Because definitions vary widely, estimates of prevalence vary widely, too.
B) Because of increased media attention, the prevalence has dropped dramatically in recent years.
C) Estimated prevalence rates range from 25 percent to 75 percent.
D) The prevalence of sexual abuse is probably lower than is commonly thought.

Question 45

Which of the following people best illustrates the most common type of pedophile?

A) Ben, who has low self-esteem and fantasizes about being dominated by others in sexual relationships.
B) Frank, who is interpersonally unskilled and feels in control when dominating a child.
C) Norman, who is gay and but who cannot respond sexually to adult men or women.
D) Werner, who is sadistic and enjoys causing pain.

Question 46

Incest

A) is an accepted practice in many cultures.
B) was once used to protect the royal blood in Egypt.
C) commonly occurs in most animal species.
D) has only occurred when the parties involved are blood relatives.

Question 47

Pedophilia frequently involves

A) sadistic acts.
B) fondling.
C) adolescents.
D) masochism.

Question 48

What do rape and incest have in common?

A) Both are motivated primarily by aggression.
B) There is much debate as to how they are defined.
C) Both involve sex with an unwilling partner.
D) The accuracy of prevalence estimates is questioned.

Question 49

The McMartin Preschool case demonstrates how

A) psychotherapy can reveal repressed memories of abuse.
B) interviewing style can alter the nature of a child's testimony.
C) children will not misreport experiences of sexual abuse because they are such traumatic events.
D) public prefers to deny the reality of childhood sexual abuse.

Question 50

Concern about childhood sexual abuse has increased in the past decade due to

A) the recognition that such abuse may lead to other problems later in life.
B) evidence that it is increasing in frequency.
C) changes in laws requiring that any suspicion of abuse must be reported to the authorities.
D) improved techniques for determining the accuracy of recovered memories.

Question 51

Terrance is a pedophile. If his sexual responsiveness is similar to that found in studies of pedophiles, he will respond to erotic pictures of

A) male children, but not female adults.
B) male and female children, but not female adults.
C) children as well as adults.
D) female children, but not female adults.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about sexual abuse is TRUE?

A) Most children dissociate during the actual sex act.
B) Many children show no symptoms.
C) The most common short-term consequences are aggression and other acting-out behaviors.
D) It usually does not have lasting consequences.

Question 53

The most common form of incest is between

A) mother and son.
B) brother and brother.
C) brother and sister.
D) father and daughter.

Question 54

Which of the following is most likely to be a victim of incest?

A) a stepson
B) a daughter
C) a stepdaughter
D) a son

Question 55

Research on memory finds that

A) memory is highly accurate.
B) false memories can be experimentally induced.
C) children are no more likely than adults to provide inaccurate testimony.
D) false "recovered memories" only develop under hypnosis.

Question 56

One of the most controversial issues in psychology today concerns

A) whether there are any serious long-term consequences of rape and molestation in adult women.
B) the validity of recovered formerly repressed) memories of abuse.
C) the validity of women's reports of rape.
D) whether there are any serious consequences of childhood sexual abuse.

Question 57

It is quite rare for pedophilia to

A) involve sexual penetration or violence.
B) involve a female pedophile.
C) include manipulation of the child's genitals.
D) occur in children between 8 and 11.

Question 58

often desire mastery or dominance over their partners, believe that their partners will benefit from sexual contact, and some tend to idealize their partners for their simplicity and innocence.

A) Masochists
B) Pedophiles
C) Voyeurs
D) Fetishists

Question 59

Incest offenders differ from extrafamilial child molesters in that the incest offenders

A) don't show arousal to pictures of children.
B) typically choose girls as victims.
C) typically have more victims.
D) are more introverted.

Question 60

Studies of neurobiological influences on pedophilia suggest

A) pedophilia is a learned disorder, with hardly any biological component.
B) pedophilia is a genetically inherited disorder.
C) events that have an early impact on neurodevelopment may cause a vulnerability to pedophilia.
D) events that have an impact on the brain that occur in late adolescence/early adulthood may cause a vulnerability to pedophilia.

Question 61

What do the drugs lupron and Depo-Provera have in common?

A) They are the only drugs proven to increase sexual desire.
B) They are drugs used to modify the feelings and thoughts of transsexuals.
C) They are medications used for men with erectile dysfunction.
D) They are drugs used to chemically castrate sex offenders.

Question 62

The most common personality characteristic of rapists is

A) sexual sadism.
B) empathy.
C) impulsivity.
D) extraversion.

Question 63

Aversion therapy may involve

A) continuous masturbation to a paraphilic fantasy.
B) rewarding appropriate sexual responses.
C) repeated expression of aggressive feelings to the point of exhaustion.
D) exposure to a foul odor when becoming sexually aroused to a deviant stimulus.

Question 64

The role of anxiety in erectile dysfunction

A) is the main problem.
B) has been shown not to exist.
C) is not necessarily the problem-it is the cognitions associated with anxiety.
D) actually enhances performance.

Question 65

"Rape trauma syndrome"

A) is more severe when a woman knows her attacker.
B) is now called acute stress syndrome.
C) only occurs when the rapist is unknown to the victim.
D) is now recognized as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 66

"Victim-precipitated rape"

A) involves no true victim.
B) is a concept consistent with the view of rape as a sexually motivated act.
C) does not have any lasting psychological impact.
D) is what we commonly refer to as "date rape."

Question 67

Which of the following statements about hypoactive sexual desire disorder is true?

A) Only women develop hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
B) Hypoactive sexual desire disorder usually has no identifiable biological basis.
C) Men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder are impotent.
D) Hypoactive sexual desire disorder has been studied more than most other sexual dysfunctions.

Question 68

Newer research suggests the sequence of desire leading to orgasm

A) applies to most people.
B) doesn't apply to most people.
C) often doesn't apply to women.
D) often doesn't apply to men.

Question 69

Sexual dysfunctions

A) rarely affect the enjoyment of sex for the two parties in the relationship.
B) involve the impairment of either the desire for sexual gratification or the ability to achieve it.
C) are only diagnosed when the cause is psychological maladjustment.
D) only occur in heterosexual couples.

Question 70

The recidivism rates for rapists

A) have been declining since the introduction of mandatory chemical castration.
B) suggest that neither incarceration nor treatment is an effective approach to dealing with this type of crime.
C) decrease steadily with age.
D) are much higher than is suggested by the media.

Question 71

Most rapes

A) occur near where the rapist lives.
B) occur during the day.
C) involve more than one offender.
D) occur on impulse.

Question 72

Both surgical and chemical castration

A) make recidivism impossible.
B) eliminate inappropriate impulses.
C) involve the administration of antiandrogen steroid hormones.
D) lower testosterone levels.

Question 73

Ted is a rapist. If he is typical of most convicted rapists, he

A) is under 25 and has a prior criminal record.
B) was a close friend or lover of the rape victim.
C) is well-educated, charming, and middle-class.
D) has never committed a crime before.

Question 74

Rape shield laws

A) limit the amount of information about the defendant's past crimes that can be used in court.
B) limit the amount of information that can be used in court about the mental health status of the defendant.
C) are no longer used.
D) limit the amount of information about a victim's past sexual history that can be used in court.

Question 75

During which phase of the sexual response is there a characteristic sense of well-being and relaxation?

A) desire
B) resolution
C) excitement
D) orgasm

Question 76

Males who have been raped

A) there is no information about males.
B) show less long-term psychological distress than women.
C) show different long-term psychological symptoms than women.
D) show similar long-term psychological distress as women do. D

Question 77

Which of the following sex offenders is most likely to reoffend?

A) an eighteen-year-old sadist
B) a twenty-year-old convicted of statutory rape
C) a twenty-five-year-old pedophile
D) a thirty-year-old rapist

Question 78

"Victim-precipitated" rape is

A) less common today than in previous decades.
B) a concept often used by defense attorneys.
C) an experimentally established phenomenon.
D) more common today than in previous decades.

Question 79

Social-skills training is most likely to be used in the treatment of

A) sadists.
B) rapists.
C) exhibitionists.
D) pedophiles.

Question 80

What is the single greatest flaw in the studies designed to find effective treatments for sex offenders?

A) the lack of randomly assigned controls
B) the lack of female subjects
C) the inability to conduct follow-up assessments
D) the variability of the offenses committed