Deck 14: Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following both protects children from environmental stressors, but also makes them more vulnerable?

A) a lack of self-understanding
B) a limited understanding of death
C) unrealistic expectations
D) dependence on adults

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior?

A) oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
B) conduct disorder and childhood depression
C) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
D) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and childhood depression

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As children with ADHD become adolescents and adults,

A) those with hyperactivity tend to get worse, the rest get better.
B) most get worse.
C) they outgrow their ADHD symptoms.
D) many continue to experience symptoms.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that

A) the average age of your child clients would be around 5 or 6.
B) more girls would be diagnosed with disorders than boys.
C) more boys would be diagnosed with disorders than girls.
D) the most common disorders diagnosed would be eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 5

A crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation

A) as a phenomenon no different in children than in adults.
B) in a cultural context that determines what is acceptable behavior.
C) in the context of normal developmental changes.
D) as a disease process.

Question 6

Historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathology?

A) All signs of mental illness in children were assumed to reflect some developmental stage that would be outgrown.
B) Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders.
C) Society viewed children as inherently good and accepted all behavior unconditionally.
D) Mental illness was not recognized in children.

Question 7

Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as Ritalin is thought to be effective as it

A) acts as a sedative.
B) increases the ability to concentrate.
C) interferes with glutamate activity.
D) quiets the voices. B

Question 8

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity

A) are usually well liked by their peers because they become "class clowns."
B) are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors.
C) are usually viewed negatively by their peers because they are socially withdrawn.
D) are usually well liked by their peers because they are always active.

Question 9

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children are not rare. The leading cause is

A) inherited biological problems.
B) a diagnosis of ADHD.
C) difficult family relationships.
D) school failure.

Question 10

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD)

A) is thought to occur in about 10 percent of school-aged children.
B) is commonly diagnosed after the age of 15.
C) is seen equally in boys and girls.
D) is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities.

Question 11

A young child who tries to kill him/herself

A) is depressed and really wants to die.
B) is doing it to try to manipulate adults, not because he/she really wants to die.
C) may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die.
D) is probably more mature and aware than most children their age.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of ADHD found in the DSM-IV-TR?

A) Hyperactive/Impulsive Type
B) Predominantly Inattentive Type
C) Combined Type
D) Inattentive/Impulsive Type

Question 13

What complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood?

A) Drugs are not effective in treating the disorders that are most commonly seen in children.
B) The dividing line between childhood and adolescence has been arbitrarily drawn.
C) Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age.
D) Most psychological disorders in the young have an identifiable environmental cause.

Question 14

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be

A) an allergic reaction to certain foods and food additives.
B) a combination of family pathology and poor peer modeling.
C) excessive sugar in the diet.
D) both biological and psychological factors.

Question 15

The evidence suggests that medications for ADHD

A) only work for children who have had the diagnosis at least two years.
B) work well for both the short- and long-term.
C) really don't work at all what is seen is due to the placebo effect.
D) work well for the short-term but show little long-term effect.

Question 16

In studies looking at the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD, what was found?

A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective than behavioral modification.
B) While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, the therapy appears to be the more effective element of the treatment.
C) The use of medications interferes with the effectiveness of behavioral approaches.
D) While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, the medication appears to be the more effective element of the treatment.

Question 17

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by

A) mild to moderate mental retardation.
B) an increasing frequency from age six to age sixteen.
C) a greater frequency in girls than in boys.
D) difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior.

Question 18

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are

A) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder and conduct disorder.
C) depression and phobic conditions.
D) psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia.

Question 19

George is in 2nd grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go." The most likely diagnosis for George is

A) separation anxiety disorder.
B) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) conduct disorder.
D) oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 20

What was the greatest problem that emerged as a classification system for childhood disorders was being developed?

A) The role of parents in the development of disordered behavior was overemphasized.
B) The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children.
C) Few childhood disorders had been identified.
D) There was a hesitancy to identify childhood disorders as parents were likely to be blamed for any diagnosis given.

Question 21

The development of conduct disorder in adolescence

A) commonly occurs in teens who suffer from ADHD.
B) rarely occurs.
C) is not associated with lasting behavioral problems.
D) predicts the development of other psychopathology in adulthood.

Question 22

The cohesive family model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disorder that

A) teaches the child basic moral lessons.
B) combines punitive and therapeutic interventions.
C) proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior.
D) focuses on how the child's behavior elicits negative responses from other family members.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about early-onset conduct disorder is true?

A) Environmental factors predict whether or not the disorder persists.
B) Most will develop antisocial personality disorder.
C) Later problems are not likely.
D) The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults.

Question 24

What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder?

A) A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament but because of abusive parents, this leads to depression which in turn leads to conduct disorder.
B) A genetic predisposition leads to a difficult temperament, which leads to behavior problems, which lead to parental overindulgence and lack of discipline, which leads to conduct disorder.
C) A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament, which leads to parental neglect, which leads to anxiety, which leads to conduct disorder.
D) A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder.

Question 25

The families of children with conduct disorders typically

A) accept the child's behavior as "normal."
B) provide the child with harsh but consistent discipline.
C) are overprotective.
D) involve rejection and neglect.

Question 26

Research on the families of children with conduct disorder suggests that

A) environmental factors are rarely involved in disorders of childhood onset.
B) genetics do not play a role in the development of antisocial tendencies.
C) parental substance abuse is the greatest risk factor for early-onset conduct disorder.
D) antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned.

Question 27

Separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people?

A) Chuck, who is afraid he will be beaten by bullies at school.
B) Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him.
C) Harriet, who refuses to talk to her teachers or other adults other than her parents.
D) Thomas, who is fiercely independent of other children and his parents.

Question 28

Children with separation anxiety disorder

A) fear impending separation but are fine once it actually happens.
B) have a school phobia.
C) frequently develop conduct disorder as a result.
D) fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once it happens.

Question 29

The term "juvenile delinquent" is

A) defined by the legal system.
B) rarely used in modern times.
C) used when a diagnosis of early-onset antisocial personality disorder has been made.
D) inconsistent with the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder. A

Question 30

Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are

A) effective at "teaching the child a lesson."
B) effective when intervention occurs before adolescence.
C) likely to make problems worse.
D) not the norm.

Question 31

Divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with

A) separation anxiety disorder.
B) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) conduct disorder.
D) autism.

Question 32

Which statement about separation anxiety disorder is accurate?

A) It is a severe but extremely rare form of childhood anxiety disorder.
B) The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence.
C) The disorder is equally common in boys and girls.
D) Children who have the disorder commonly develop antisocial personality disorder as adults.

Question 33

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that

A) Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.
B) Bertram will have a higher likelihood of social dysfunctions.
C) Bertram will show more severe neuropsychological deficits and attentional problems.
D) Artiss will have a higher level of intelligence.

Question 34

What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

A) Almost every case of oppositional defiant disorder develops into conduct disorder.
B) Before children develop oppositional defiant disorder, they have conduct disorder first.
C) Virtually all children who develop conduct disorder have oppositional defiant disorder first.
D) Children who develop conduct disorder almost never had oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 35

________ is to antisocial personality disorder as is to conduct disorder.

A) ADHD; conduct disorder
B) ODD; conduct disorder
C) Conduct disorder; ADHD
D) Conduct disorder; ODD

Question 36

Which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder?

A) depression
B) firesetting and vandalism
C) substance abuse
D) constant worry about minor issues

Question 37

Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve

A) legal intervention.
B) parental participation.
C) removing the child from the environment that has fostered the maladaptive behavior.
D) teaching the child basic moral lessons.

Question 38

Brad has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder ODD). The disorder began around age 12 and is characterized by disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. What aspect of this case is unusual?

A) Nothing about this case is unusual.
B) It is unusual for children with ODD to be boys.
C) It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12.
D) It is unusual for children with ODD to be hostile toward authority figures.

Question 39

The most common childhood anxiety disorder is _.

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) depression
C) selective mutism
D) separation anxiety

Question 40

All of the following are risk factors for ODD and conduct disorder EXCEPT

A) familial dysfunction.
B) childhood obesity.
C) parental psychopathology.
D) economic disadvantage.

Question 41

Autism is similar to schizophrenia in its

A) responsiveness to treatment.
B) impact on multiple functions.
C) biological basis.
D) age of onset.

Question 42

Justine has the ability to speak and knows the language. However, for more than six months she has refused to speak to her teacher or any adult other than her parents. The best diagnosis for Justine is probably

A) separation anxiety disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) autism.
D) selective mutism.

Question 43

Which of the following is most likely to be used in the treatment of selective mutism?

A) extinction
B) individual therapy
C) medications
D) family therapy

Question 44

What type of behavioral therapy is most likely to be used in the treatment of child with an anxiety disorder?

A) A combination of Ritalin and family therapy.
B) Behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations.
C) A group therapy in which anxious children are taught to ignore their anxious feelings.
D) Behavior therapy that includes a generalized desensitization to fearful situations using Ruthanne's imagination to picture these situations.

Question 45

It is believed that depressed mothers negatively affect their infants because they

A) tend to blame themselves when, in fact, the children have made mistakes.
B) engage in impulsive, antisocial behaviors which the children mimic.
C) respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior.
D) are overly intrusive with their children, depending upon the child rather than allowing the child to depend upon them.

Question 46

Childhood anxiety disorders are associated with each of the following factors EXCEPT

A) an unusual constitutional sensitivity.
B) maladaptive learning from an overprotective parent.
C) a deficit in conditionability to aversive stimuli.
D) moving to a new school.

Question 47

Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it?

A) I was the best.
B) I worked hard.
C) I got lucky.
D) My teacher likes me.

Question 48

Childhood depression is likely to persist because

A) positive events are unlikely to occur.
B) most treatments are not effective.
C) lasting changes occur in the brain.
D) an attributional style is adopted that maintains a negative mood state.

Question 49

Anxiety disorders of childhood

A) show few cross-cultural differences.
B) typically do not lead to problems later in life.
C) tend to persist into adulthood.
D) are usually effectively treated with drugs.

Question 50

Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that

A) children from cultures that favor independence report more fears.
B) children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears.
C) overanxious children rarely have overanxious parents.
D) African American children rarely show symptoms of PTSD.

Question 51

Asperger's disorder is

A) an extreme tic disorder.
B) similar to but less severe than autism.
C) a severe form of conduct disorder.
D) what was once called "autism."

Question 52

Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents

A) should be ignored as manipulative behavior.
B) may be increased by taking SSRIs.
C) is extremely rare.
D) is usually not related to depression.

Question 53

Research on the effects of parental depression

A) suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children.
B) indicates that the influence of peers is greater than that of parents.
C) does not indicate that environmental factors play a role in the development of childhood depression.
D) confirms that genes play a role in the etiology of childhood depression.

Question 54

Currently, there has been an increase in the diagnosis of what disorder in children?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) panic disorder with agoraphobia
D) dissociative identity disorder

Question 55

Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression

A) suggests that children experience more side effects from these medications than adults.
B) indicates that there is not a biological basis for childhood depression.
C) demonstrates that drugs are just as effective as therapy.
D) has been inconclusive.

Question 56

Childhood and adult depression differ in what way?

A) Altered hormone levels are not seen in children.
B) Adult depression does not remit without pharmacological intervention.
C) Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression.
D) Altered eating habits are not seen in childhood depression.

Question 57

The hallmark symptom of autism is

A) strange behaviors.
B) lack of interest in other people.
C) lack of language.
D) mental retardation.

Question 58

Studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have

A) a major drawback: children develop tolerance to the drugs and become psychologically dependent on them.
B) shown that Prozac is extremely effective in producing long-term symptom relief.
C) produced inconsistent results.
D) indicated that while these drugs have few side effects, neither do they have any benefits.

Question 59

are a group of severely disabling conditions in children that are considered to be the result of structural differences in the brain and usually apparent at birth or as the child begins to develop.

A) Symptom disorders
B) Conduct disorders
C) Pervasive developmental disorders
D) Tic disorders

Question 60

In order to make a diagnosis of selective mutism

A) other developmental delays must be ruled out.
B) the child must be at least four years old.
C) the condition must persist for at least 2 months.
D) the child must know the language.

Question 61

With respect to how they function in relationships, an individual with mild mental retardation is most comparable to

A) an average seven-year-old.
B) an average eleven-year-old.
C) an adolescent.
D) an intelligent ten-year-old.

Question 62

William is an autistic child. He is probably

A) severely lacking in emotional expression.
B) relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative.
C) unable to utter any meaningful sounding words.
D) aggressive and frequently attacks others.

Question 63

Which of the following would be most distressing to a child with autism?

A) an everyday routine that stays the same
B) soft, monotonous sounds
C) altering a familiar environment
D) not having a normal sleep pattern

Question 64

When symptoms of mental retardation are not apparent until after age 17,

A) the diagnosis would be dementia, not mental retardation.
B) the retardation is almost always at least moderate and often severe.
C) the treatment for retardation is more successful.
D) the level of retardation is typically mild.

Question 65

We are likely to find that most of the children with autistic disorder

A) were identified as having the disorder before they were three years old.
B) are girls.
C) also suffer from depression, tic disorders, and other forms of psychopathology.
D) come from poverty-stricken environments.

Question 66

The most widely known and studied learning disorder is

A) mental retardation.
B) conduct disorder.
C) autism.
D) dyslexia.

Question 67

Despite what is shown in movies like Rain Man, most autistic children would not cope well being brought to a Las Vegas casino for the first time, because

A) they are afraid of large groups of people.
B) they would be so excited by all the sights and sounds they would become over-agitated.
C) they would want to touch things they weren't allowed to touch.
D) they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine.

Question 68

A learning disability usually is identified

A) because a child shows a disparity between their actual academic achievement and their expected academic achievement.
B) because teachers and school administrators are on the watch for the signs.
C) because the child has been doing very well in school for several years and then suddenly starts failing.
D) because a child begins to show significant emotional problems, fails and begins to hate school.

Question 69

By definition, learning disorders

A) reflect a developmental delay.
B) can not be treated medically.
C) are not due to a physical defect.
D) are present before the age of 5.

Question 70

Despite studies such as by Ivar Lovaas, the overall prognosis for children with autism is

A) most will steadily improve as they age and become independent.
B) most will be able to live on their own and work at low-level jobs.
C) poor.
D) extremely positive.

Question 71

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children?

A) immaturity-they will show more as they get older
B) they have no emotions
C) they have a lack of social understanding
D) neurological impairment-they can feel but not show emotions

Question 72

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that

A) are exceedingly rare.
B) are common forms of self-stimulation.
C) are used because these children find repetitive routines very aversive.
D) are believed to be ways of communicating without language.

Question 73

Children with are believed to be "mind blind," that is, they cannot take the attitude of or "see" things as others do. They are also deficient at locating and orienting to sounds in their environment.

A) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) autistic disorder
C) separation anxiety disorder
D) childhood disorder

Question 74

Jenny has an IQ in the average range. However, at school she is doing very badly. She has consistently scored at 2 or more grade levels below the grade she is actually in. From this, a diagnostician would hypothesize that Jenny

A) most likely has mental retardation.
B) most likely has an anxiety disorder.
C) most likely does not have a learning disability because her IQ is only average.
D) most likely has a learning disability.

Question 75

The extremely intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism

A) helped almost half of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning.
B) has not proven successful.
C) has shown promise, but not as much as medications.
D) helped most of the parents of autistic children learn to cope better with their children.

Question 76

An asymmetry in brain development has been hypothesized to be a cause of

A) ADHD.
B) learning disabilities.
C) autism.
D) selective mutism.

Question 77

Autism, like schizophrenia, appears to be

A) not inherited.
B) one of a spectrum of disorders that are genetically related.
C) best treated by antipsychotic medications.
D) a very unreliable diagnosis.

Question 78

Ron works as a custodian's helper at a school, under supervision of the custodian. Ron can read and write his name, and can read first grade books. He moves slowly and sometimes with difficulty. Ron most likely has

A) severe mental retardation.
B) profound mental retardation.
C) moderate mental retardation.
D) mild mental retardation.

Question 79

Drug treatment for autistic disorder has been found to be

A) extremely beneficial when neuroleptics like haloperidol are used.
B) extremely beneficial when a hormone replacement drug is used.
C) contra-indicated since they tend to make the children withdraw even further.
D) of some value in reducing aggressive behaviors.

Question 80

Autism

A) is one of the most strongly genetic disorders in the DSM-IV.
B) is due to environmental factors like family environment.
C) has both genetic and environmental causes.
D) is caused by exposure to chemical toxins during early development.