Deck 14: Consciousness, Free Will, and the Law

Question 1

The scaffolding to storage framework was proposed to account for the movement from to .

A) conscious ; unconscious
B) unconscious ; conscious
C) conscious ; awareness
D) awareness ; conscious

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Employing subliminal perception by quickly flashing an angry face before an image of someone could

A) improve the participant's attitude about the person.
B) not change the participant's attitude about the person.
C) worsen the participant's attitude about the person.
D) remove the participant's attitude about the person.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Imagine you develop a technique to introduce language processing into a split-brain patient's right hemisphere. How would this likely change the right hemisphere's ability to make inferences?

A) Its inference abilities would improve.
B) Its inference abilities would worsen.
C) Its inference abilities would disappear.
D) Its inferences abilities would not change.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement below is both true and suggestive that chimpanzees and bonobos might have a conscious state?

A) They share a common ancestor with humans.
B) Their brains are split into hemispheres.
C) They can develop Capgras syndrome.
D) The scaffolding to storage framework proposes these species have a conscious state.

Question 5

Patients in a vegetative state are evidence for which of the following statements?

A) Wakefulness depends on consciousness.
B) Wakefulness does not depend on consciousness.
C) Consciousness depends on wakefulness.
D) Consciousness is the same as wakefulness.

Question 6

Which of the following would NOT result from damage to the pons?

A) blindsight
B) locked-in syndrome
C) vegetative state
D) death

Question 7

You meet a Capgras syndrome patient who insists their spouse is an imposter. Why do they think this?

A) They recognize their spouse but feel no emotion toward them.
B) They feel emotion to their spouse but do not recognize them.
C) Their face identification module is providing false information.
D) Their face identification module is not providing any information.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the interpreter system?

A) It is cortically based.
B) It works largely outside of awareness.
C) It creates a running narrative.
D) It processes emotion.

Question 9

Compared to a novice, a chess grandmaster is more likely to be using their when playing chess.

A) left cortical hemisphere
B) right cortical hemisphere
C) left cerebellum
D) right cerebellum

Question 10

Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?

A) thalamus
B) brainstem
C) cerebral cortex
D) cerebellum

Question 11

What is the earliest age at which humans can typically succeed at mirror self-recognition MSR)?

A) from birth
B) 2 years
C) 5 years
D) 10 years

Question 12

A neural event occurs at 1:00 p.m. Libet's backward referral hypothesis suggests that awareness is assigned to what time?

A) 500 milliseconds before 1:00 p.m.
B) Exactly 1:00 p.m.
C) 500 milliseconds after 1:00 p.m.
D) 10 seconds before 1:00 p.m.

Question 13

How would theorists who follow Pinker's perspective label your subjective experience of viewing the colors of this book?

A) qualia
B) sentience
C) self-knowledge
D) access to information

Question 14

Which of the following hypothetical experimental results would support the idea that the two hemispheres have different conscious experiences?

A) A split-brain patient's right hemisphere accesses close lexical associates of "match" and "paper."
B) A split-brain patient's left hemisphere can access close lexical associates of "match" and "paper."
C) A split-brain patient's right hemisphere cannot infer that "match" and "paper" can lead to fire.
D) A split-brain patient's left hemisphere cannot infer that "match" and "paper" can lead to
Fire.

Question 15

Core consciousness is turned off by lesioning which intralaminar nuclei ILN) of the thalamus?

A) left
B) right
C) both
D) neither

Question 16

Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?

A) scaffolding
B) storage
C) both scaffolding and storage
D) neither scaffolding nor storage

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a form of unconscious processing?

A) autonomic responses
B) motor control
C) language processing
D) short-term memory

Question 18

For people with blindsight, "blind" can be considered , with "sight" reflecting .

A) perception ; sensation
B) sensation ; perception
C) visual field ; neglect
D) neglect ; visual field

Question 19

Which of the following of Damasio's categories is most associated with the brainstem?

A) core consciousness
B) core awareness
C) extended consciousness
D) extended awareness

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT thought to be an evolutionary pressure that gave rise to access- consciousness?

A) cost of space
B) cost of time
C) cost of resources
D) cost of prey

Question 21

If the human brain follows the reductionist principles of the lobster gut, a certain behavior can be driven by

A) one set of cellular and synaptic properties.
B) many sets of cellular and synaptic properties.
C) no sets of cellular and synaptic properties.
D) any set of cellular and synaptic properties.

Question 22

As a complex system, neurons are to the brain as is/are to .

A) ants ; an ant colony
B) an ant colony ; ants
C) an ant ; another ant
D) another ant ; an ant

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT assumed by the United States legal system?

A) a brain produces a practical reasoner
B) behavior is deterministic
C) a brain leads to personal responsibility
D) damage to a brain can reduce responsibility

Question 24

Which phrase best describes retributive justice?

A) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
B) You cannot have your cake and eat it.
C) An eye for an eye.
D) We have nothing to fear but fear itself.

Question 25

Which of the following abilities do chimpanzees NOT possess?

A) gaze-following
B) sharing intentionality
C) deceiving others
D) learning from others

Question 26

Why are we not able to perfectly predict chaotic systems?

A) the butterfly effect
B) poor measurement sensitivity
C) the three-body problem
D) free will

Question 27

Why might a person's recalled information change during an interview?

A) The person tells their story without interruption.
B) Misinformation is included in a question.
C) The person is a determinist.
D) The situation is subject to multiple realizability.

Question 28

Which of the following properties would indicate dynamic instability?

A) A slight change in initial conditions has little impact on a system.
B) A slight change in initial conditions has a significant impact on a system.
C) A slight change in final conditions has little impact on a system.
D) A slight change in final conditions has a significant impact on a system.

Question 29

Why is the inclusion of brain scan results in court cases problematic for explaining behavior?

A) The set of active brain regions can vary across multiple assessments.
B) Brain activity is not influenced by substances, such as drugs.
C) Most people do not find brain images credible.
D) The temporal resolution of imaging techniques is not sufficient.

Question 30

A jury is shown a defendant's brain scan showing abnormal frontal lobe activity. What can a person on the jury legitimately conclude from this evidence alone?

A) the defendant has diminished responsibility
B) the defendant has brain damage
C) both a and b
D) nothing because this may not have produced a particular thought or behavior

Question 31

How did Newton add to the notion that we are not in control of our actions?

A) by developing a theory of gravity
B) by concluding that all physical matter operates on fixed and knowable laws
C) by reaching this conclusion underneath an apple tree
D) by developing quantum mechanics

Question 32

The theory of bidirectional causation in conscious thought suggests that phenomenal awareness

A) does not exist.
B) exists within layers.
C) exists from interactions between layers.
D) is irrelevant to conscious thought.

Question 33

If conscious thought is emergent, how can we use neuronal firing to fully understand it?

A) We must measure neuronal firing across many different conscious states.
B) We must model neuronal firing.
C) We must measure the neuronal firing underlying various beliefs.
D) We cannot use neuronal firing to fully understand it.

Question 34

A switch from conceiving of crimes as being against the state to being against a person is most aligned with the principles of justice.

A) retributive
B) utilitarian
C) restorative
D) consequentialist

Question 35

When assigning a hypothetical punishment, most people request information in a way that is consistent with a perspective.

A) retributive
B) utilitarian
C) restorative
D) consequentialist

Question 36

When a disturbed ball at the top of a hill could move in any direction, the system is said to be

A) symmetry breaking.
B) asymmetry breaking.
C) symmetry producing.
D) asymmetry producing.

Question 37

What do perceiving visual illusions and experiencing a unified self have in common?

A) Both are based in the occipital lobe.
B) Both require free will.
C) Both remain despite having an understanding that they are artificial.
D) Both are required to succeed at the MSR test.

Question 38

Many biologists have not accepted

A) reductionism.
B) determinism.
C) multiple realizability.
D) consciousness.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a type of utilitarian justice?

A) restoration
B) deterrence
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation

Question 40

A research participant fails the mirror self-recognition MSR) test. Which of the following questions should be asked before concluding that this person lacks self-awareness?

A) Have you ever been imitated?
B) Do you understand the concept of self-awareness?
C) Are you under the age of sixteen?
D) Do you have prosopagnosia?

Question 41

Argue in favor of, or against, the mirror self-recognition MSR) test as being a valid assessment of self-awareness. Include the typical results recorded with human children and nonhuman primates.

Question 42

How can mental states go on to affect brain processing? Include at least one experimental result in your answer.

Question 43

In a round of the Ultimatum Game, player 1 decides to split $20 by keeping $16 and offering $4 to player 2. Player 2 is most likely to

A) free ride.
B) accept the offer.
C) reject the offer.
D) accept part of the offer.

Question 44

Without punishment, free riders cause cooperation to

A) expand.
B) collapse.
C) spread within groups.
D) spread across groups.

Question 45

Compare and contrast the roles of the brain regions responsible for the conscious mind.

Question 46

Why do we need an Interpreter system? Explain what Capgras syndrome tells us about the Interpreter.

Question 47

Which of the following areas has a key role in implementing fair behaviors?

A) right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C) right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
D) left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 48

Wild dogs developed the characteristics of domestic dogs as fear inhibition

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) was completely removed.
D) was genetically engineered.

Question 49

Describe neuroimaging findings suggesting that visual sensation in blindsight might be due to intact cortical tissue that was spared damage. What does this tell us about the neural basis for awareness?

Question 50

A toddler sees two members of their social group sharing. The toddler will likely

A) be surprised
B) be unsurprised
C) protest vocally
D) protest nonvocally

Question 51

The emotional reactivity hypothesis suggests that humans may have undergone self-domestication by selecting

A) for control over emotional reactivity.
B) against control over emotional reactivity.
C) for emotional reactivity.
D) for reactions to emotions.

Question 52

Evolutionarily, repeated interactions are than one-shot encounters.

A) less memorable
B) more memorable
C) less important
D) more important

Question 53

Under conditions of uncertainty, in a dyadic interaction a person's generosity is likely to

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain constant.
D) become irrelevant.

Question 54

Activation of a person's dorsal striatum as they administer punishments is consistent with the theory that punishing violations activates the system.

A) executive functioning
B) reward
C) motor
D) perceptual

Question 55

A free rider in the Public Goods game will likely

A) do poorly.
B) do well.
C) help the group.
D) pay a contribution cost.

Question 56

Administering punishment is considered to be by our genome.

A) mandatory
B) undesirable
C)
D) irrelevant important

Question 57

A determinist judge may follow either a or approach to justice.

A) restorative ; utilitarian
B) retributivist ; utilitarian
C) restorative ; retributivist
D) restorative ; intuitive

Question 58

Toddlers are often surprised when seeing members of different groups

A) negotiating
B) not negotiating
C) sharing
D) not sharing

Question 59

The dramatic shift in voter support away from California's three-strikes law represented a shift from to justice.

A) utilitarian ; restorative
B) restorative ; utilitarian
C) retributivist ; utilitarian
D) utilitarian ; retributivist

Question 60

What typically drives people to employ retributivist policies in practice despite endorsing utilitarian policies in the abstract?

A) experience
B) innate tendencies
C) the American legal system
D) false memories

Question 61

Employ our understanding of the domestication of dogs or foxes to explain the theory that humans have undergone self-domestication.

Question 62

Bryan learns that his friend Zach has consumed his favorite drink and wants to punish him. Give examples of how Bryan might punish Zach if Bryan follows the principles of retributive, utilitarian, and restorative justice. Link each example to the principles behind each form of justice.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the three main forms of justice beliefs.

Question 64

Why do most cognitive neuroscientists argue that brain scans should not be admitted into court cases?

Question 65

How do participants typically act in the Ultimatum Game? Why?