Deck 15: The Cardiovascular System: Blood

Question 1

What triggers erythropoietin release?

A) increased blood carbon dioxide levels
B) damage to a blood vessel wall and subsequent exposure of collagen
C) infection in the blood
D) decreased blood oxygen levels
E) infection in the tissues

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which statement best describes the function of albumins?

A) They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.
B) They aid in the structural form of the erythrocyte.
C) They provide the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.
D) They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.
E) They are the key substance in the formation of blood clots.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The changing color of a bruise is caused by the breakdown products of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is broken down into
, which is a green molecule.
Is a yellowish -brown molecule,
Again a breakdown product of hemoglobin.

A) bile : Ammonia
B) bilirubin : Biliverdin
C) biliverdin : Bilirubin
D) ammonia: Bile
E) basophil : Plasma

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Carbonic acid reversibly dissociates to form what two products, without the need of an enzyme?

A) water and carbon dioxide
B) carbon dioxide and bicarbonate
C) water and hydrogen ion
D) bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
E) water and bicarbonate

Question 5

Old red blood cells are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ?

A) bone marrow
B) pancreas
C) thymus
D) spleen
E) kidney

Question 6

Pernicious anemia is associated with which of the following?

A) inadequate bilirubin levels
B) abnormal hemoglobin
C) insufficient vitamin B₁₂
D) damage to the bone marrow
E) bleeding

Question 7

Polycythemia is best defined as a

A) lower than normal concentration of erythrocytes.
B) higher than normal concentration of leukocytes.
C) higher than normal concentration of erythrocytes.
D) lower than normal concentration of leukocytes.
E) higher than normal concentration of protein in the plasma.

Question 8

Which statement best describes the function of fibrinogen?

A) It provides the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.
B) It transports lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.
C) It aids in the structural form of the erythrocyte.
D) It is the key substance in the formation of blood clots.
E) It primarily affects the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.

Question 9

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, and where is this enzyme located?

A) carbonic dehydrogenase, in hemoglobin
B) carbonic anhydrase, in erythrocytes
C) carbonic dehydrogenase, in plasma
D) carbonic anhydrase, in plasma
E) carbonic anhydrase, in hemoglobin

Question 10

What hematopoietic growth factor controls red blood cell synthesis, and what organ releases it?

A) transferrin, released by bone marrow
B) parathyroid hormone, released by parathyroid glands
C) calcitonin, released by kidney
D) erythropoietin, released by kidney
E) oxytocin, released by posterior pituitary

Question 11

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate with respect to erythrocytes?

A) They lack nuclei.
B) They lack mitochondria.
C) They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D) They migrate into infected regions of tissue.
E) They contain large amounts of hemoglobin.

Question 12

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A) albumin
B) globulins
C) fibrinogen
D) hemoglobin
E) carbonic anhydrase

Question 13

Lab results for your patient have just been sent from the lab and the lab tech has flagged the reticulocyte count as higher than normal. Which statement best describes why you should be concerned about a higher than normal recticulocyte count?

A) It may be a result of polycythemia.
B) It is a common side effect of iron -deficiency anemia.
C) This may be evidence of a myocardial infarction.
D) This may indicate a severe hemorrhage.
E) This may be an indication of leukemia.

Question 14

Which statement best describes the importance of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

A) It makes the erythrocyte small and flexible.
B) It provides a large surface are for the exchange of gases.
C) It allows for the movement of erythrocytes out of the capillaries.
D) It allows for phagocytosis of foreign particles.
E) It conforms to the molecular shape of hemoglobin.

Question 15

Which statement best describes the function of globulins?

A) They aid in the structural form of the erythrocyte.
B) They are the key substance in the formation of blood clots.
C) They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.
D) They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.
E) They provide the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.

Question 16

A normal hematocrit is approximately what value?

A) 45
B) 75
C) 90
D) 10
E) 25

Question 17

Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical?

A) bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin
B) bone marrow, under control of bilirubin
C) liver, under control of bilirubin
D) liver, under control of erythropoietin
E) kidney, under control of transferrin

Question 18

The iron -containing ring in hemoglobin is called

A) heme : oxygen
B) spectrin : carbon dioxide
C) heme : carbon dioxide
D) globin : oxygen
E) heme : carbon dioxide or oxygen

Question 19

What is a hematocrit measuring?

A) the amount of oxygen that can be transported by blood
B) the percentage of blood that is comprised of plasma
C) the percentage of blood that is comprised of red and white blood cells
D) the percentage of blood that is comprised of red blood cells only
E) the amount of hemoglobin in blood

Question 20

A majority of the protein present within blood is synthesized within what organ?

A) liver
B) skeletal muscles
C) kidneys
D) lungs
E) central nervous system

Question 21

An elevated leukocyte count is indicative of infection. What procedure would give a physician a better guess at what type of infection?

A) a platelet count
B) a hemoglobin A1_C test
C) a bleeding time test
D) a differential white blood cell count
E) a CBC

Question 22

What type of leukocyte defends against parasitic infections?

A) basophils
B) monocytes
C) eosinophils
D) erythrocytes
E) neutrophils

Question 23

What is the stoppage of bleeding called?

A) homeostasis
B) vasculostasis
C) fibrinostasis
D) hemostasis
E) erythrostasis

Question 24

What type of leukocyte secretes heparin?

A) eosinophils
B) neutrophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocyte
E) monocytes

Question 25

What is the life span of an erythrocyte?

A) 1 day
B) 10 days
C) 30 days
D) 120 days
E) They last for as long as you live.

Question 26

You're looking at your patient's complete blood count (CBC) and notice that he has a normal hematocrit but low hemoglobin. What is the most likely cause for this result?

A) hemolytic anemia
B) iron -deficiency anemia
C) hemorrhagic anemia
D) renal anemia
E) aplastic anemia

Question 27

During hemoglobin metabolism, what is the yellow pigmented substance produced by the removal of the iron group called?

A) bilirubin
B) myoglobin
C) ferritin
D) bile
E) transferrin

Question 28

What is the most abundant class of white blood cells?

A) eosinophils
B) basophils
C) lymphocytes
D) neutrophils
E) monocytes

Question 29

Olympic athletes train in Colorado Springs, Colorado because this location is at high altitude and near the 14,000 foot Pikes Peak. Which statement best describes why this location was chosen?

A) The thin air allows for less resistance when biking or running and, therefore, the athletes can run and bike faster, which builds up their endurance for future races
B) The thinner air causes it to be easier to move into and out of the lungs, which leads to higher oxygen transport.
C) Oxygen levels are low and therefore fewer red blood cells are available, which puts more physiological stress on the body. This leads to a greater efficiency of getting oxygen to the tissues.
D) Oxygen levels are low and, therefore, more red blood cells are produced, giving the athletes an advantage when competing at lower altitudes.
E) The concentration difference for getting air into the lungs is greater at high altitudes.

Question 30

Which of the following leukocytes has cytoplasmic granules?

A) neutrophils only
B) basophils only
C) eosinophils only
D) both basophils and eosinophils
E) basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Question 31

Your patient has been admitted for an asthma attack. In what type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count?

A) basophils
B) neutrophils
C) monocytes
D) eosinophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 32

Your patient is an elderly woman who has been treated with prednisone (a steroid) for years to treat her rheumatoid arthritis. In what type of white blood cell would you expect to see an elevated count?

A) neutrophils
B) monocytes
C) eosinophils
D) basophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 33

Which metabolite of hemoglobin imparts the yellowish tinge found in plasma and in the condition of jaundice?

A) ferritin
B) bilirubin
C) biliverdin
D) bile
E) transferring

Question 34

You notice on your patient's complete blood count (CBC) that she has a very low basophil count. Which statement best describes this abnormal result?

A) This may be due to an acute allergic reaction.
B) This is a common side effect of rheumatoid arthritis.
C) The basophils may have been killed by a flu virus.
D) Sickle cell anemia may have inhibited basophil production.
E) It can be an indication of a microbial infection.

Question 35

What type of leukocyte differentiates into macrophages in the tissues?

A) monocytes
B) lymphocytes
C) neutrophils
D) eosinophils
E) basophils

Question 36

Which of the following leukocytes is a phagocyte?

A) neutrophils only
B) basophils only
C) monocytes only
D) both neutrophils and basophils
E) both neutrophils and monocytes

Question 37

What type of cell is the precursor for platelets?

A) null cells
B) neutrophils
C) megakaryocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) macrophages

Question 38

Some athletes, in order to gain an advantage over their competitors, participate in blood doping. This process increases the number of red blood cells in their cardiovascular systems and in turn delivers more oxygen to their metabolically active tissues. Which statement best describes how athletes' blood dope and the dangers associated with blood doping?

A) Athletes receive blood transfusions to increase the number of red blood cells and by doing so increase their chances of developing aids or hepatitis C.
B) Erythropoietin is injected stimulating more red blood cell production. An increase in red blood cells increases the hematocrit which can increase blood pressure and weaken vessels making the chances of stroke increase.
C) Hemoglobin is injected, increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. However, too much hemoglobin can cause hemolysis.
D) Colony -stimulating factors are injected to increase the number of red blood cells. Too many, however, can clog arteries, causing a heart attack.
E) Leukocytes are injected because they are larger than red blood cells. However, they make the body more susceptible to infection.

Question 39

Which of the following is the first step of hemostasis?

A) formation of a blood clot
B) secretion of histamine
C) formation of a fibrin clot
D) formation of a platelet plug
E) vascular spasm

Question 40

B cells and T cells fall under what category of leukocytes?

A) lymphocytes
B) basophils
C) neutrophils
D) monocytes
E) eosinophils

Question 41

Hemophilia is a genetic clotting disorder usually characterized by the absence of what clotting factor?

A) thrombin
B) von Willebrand factor
C) factor VIII
D) factor X
E) factor XIII

Question 42

Thrombin plays a direct role in

A) the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
B) the production of prothrombin.
C) causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
D) activating factor X.
E) stimulating nitric oxide release.

Question 43

In healthy endothelial cells, arachidonic acid is converted to blood clots.

A) thromboxane A₂ : stimulates
B) prostacyclin : inhibits
C) nitric oxide : inhibits
D) thromboxane A₂ : inhibits
E) prostacyclin : stimulates

Question 44

Which white blood cell is a phagocyte that also releases toxins from its cytoplasmic granules?

A) neutrophil
B) basophil
C) lymphocyte
D) monocyte
E) eosinophil

Question 45

Formation of a platelet plug is initiated by

A) arachidonic acid : collagen
B) fibrin : erythrocytes
C) ADP : platelets
D) von Willebrand factor : collagen
E) thrombin : platelets

Question 46

Which white blood cell is a non -phagocytic granulocyte?

A) monocyte
B) basophil
C) eosinophil
D) lymphocyte
E) neutrophil

Question 47

What chemical dissolves blood clots?

A) fibrin
B) plasmin
C) protein C
D) thromboxane A₂
E) heparin

Question 48

Which statement below best describes why diabetics are two times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than non -diabetics?

A) Diabetes leads to heart disease because of the side effects of insulin on the cardiovascular system.
B) Diabetics must take insulin and, therefore, their blood glucose levels fluctuate causing tremendous stress on all systems of their bodies.
C) Diabetics tend to be obese and, therefore, cannot get enough aerobic exercise.
D) Diabetes promotes bacterial infections which will eventually destroy the heart.
E) Diabetes leads to high cholesterol levels and, therefore, atherosclerosis.

Question 49

Which white blood cell is the most abundant phagocyte in the blood?

A) neutrophil
B) monocyte
C) basophil
D) lymphocyte
E) eosinophil

Question 50

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

A) arachidonic acid
B) prostacyclin
C) plasmin
D) von Willebrand factor
E) thrombin

Question 51

Which of the following chemicals involved in the development of a platelet plug is secreted by activated platelets in response to ADP?

A) epinephrine
B) prostacyclin
C) serotonin
D) thromboxane A₂
E) arachidonic acid

Question 52

Which chemical formed from arachidonic acid facilitates platelet plug formation?

A) arachidonic acid
B) thromboxane A₂
C) thrombin
D) von Willebrand factor
E) fibrin

Question 53

Which chemical forms the meshwork of the blood clot?

A) arachidonic acid
B) von Willebrand factor
C) thrombin
D) thromboxane A₂
E) fibrin

Question 54

Low dosages of aspirin inhibit clotting by blocking the formation of which of the following?

A) factor X
B) factor VIII
C) vitamin K
D) thrombin
E) thromboxane A₂

Question 55

In activated platelets, arachidonic acid is converted to blood clots.

A) prostacyclin : inhibits
B) thromboxane A₂ : inhibits
C) thromboxane A₂ : stimulates
D) nitric oxide : inhibits
E) prostacyclin : stimulates

Question 56

Which type of white blood cell includes B and T cells?

A) monocyte
B) neutrophil
C) basophil
D) lymphocyte
E) eosinophil

Question 57

High doses of aspirin can stimulate clotting by inhibiting the synthesis of

A) thrombomodulin.
B) protein C.
C) prostacyclin.
D) plasmin.
E) tissue plasminogen activator.

Question 58

Most coagulation factors are synthesized by what organ?

A) bone marrow
B) kidney
C) heart
D) liver
E) thymus

Question 59

Platelets become sticky when exposed to which of the following?

A) fibrin
B) von Willebrand factor
C) thrombin
D) prostacyclin
E) serotonin

Question 60

Which white blood cell differentiates into macrophages in the tissue?

A) basophil
B) eosinophil
C) lymphocyte
D) monocyte
E) neutrophil

Question 61

Synthesis of red blood cells is called

A) erythropoiesis : spleen
B) erythropoiesis : bone marrow
C) hemostasis : bone marrow
D) erythropoiesis : kidney
E) hemostasis : kidney

Question 62

What substance binds to collagen and activates platelets?

A) thrombin
B) von Willebrand factor
C) fibrin
D) thromboxane A₂
E) arachidonic acid

Question 63

What cytosolic protein gives the membrane of erythrocytes its flexibility?

A) heme group
B) spectrin
C) fibrin
D) fibrinogen
E) globin

Question 64

The enzyme converted to catalyzes the reversible reaction whereby carbon dioxide and water are
_)

A) hydrolase : carbonase
B) prostacyclin : protein C
C) carboxypeptidase : carbonic acid
D) carboxypeptidase : acidic acid
E) carbonic anhydrase : carbonic acid

Question 65

What substance inhibits both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways?

A) von Willebrand factor
B) thromboxane A₂
C) arachidonic acid
D) protein C
E) fibrin

Question 66

What chemical is released from aggregated platelets and stimulates the platelets to produce thromboxane A₂?

A) protein C
B) prostacyclin
C) arachidonic acid
D) ADP
E) thromboxane A₂

Question 67

Polycythemia is a decrease in the oxygen -carrying capacity of blood.

Question 68

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on activation of what factor, which then activates prothrombin?

A) tissue factor
B) platelet factor
C) calcium
D) factor X
E) factor IV

Question 69

What substance is a precursor for prostacyclin?

A) von Willebrand factor
B) arachidonic acid
C) thromboxane A₂
D) thrombin
E) fibrin

Question 70

Which of the following white blood cells are granulocytes?

A) monocytes, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes
B) monocytes, lymphocytes, and reticulocytes
C) neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
D) neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
E) monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages

Question 71

Following centrifuging of blood, the middle layer contains platelets and leukocytes, and is called the buffy coat.

Question 72

What is plasma from which clotting factors have been removed called?

A) buffy white coat
B) colony -stimulating factors
C) platelets
D) thrombocytes
E) serum

Question 73

An increase in plasma levels of _ causes a yellowish appearance of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This condition is called .

A) biliverdin : jaundice
B) bilirubin : jaundice
C) bile : pernicious anemia
D) bilirubin : renal anemia
E) bilirubin : hemostasis

Question 74

Glucose is transported in blood dissolved in plasma.

Question 75

Which chemical, formed from arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet plug formation?

A) thromboxane A₂
B) prostacyclin
C) fibrin
D) thrombin
E) arachidonic acid

Question 76

Hemoglobin transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 77

Most of the blood volume consists of erythrocytes.

Question 78

Which of the following leukocytes are phagocytes?

A) monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages
B) neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
C) monocytes, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes
D) neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
E) monocytes, lymphocytes, and reticulocytes

Question 79

What cell type is the last stage of erythrocyte production prior to development of a mature erythrocyte?

A) lymphoid stem cell
B) monocyte
C) myeloid stem cell
D) reticulocyte
E) megakaryocyte

Question 80

What is defined as a decrease in the oxygen -carrying capacity of blood?

A) hypoxia
B) hematocrit
C) hemolysis
D) polycythemia
E) anemia