Deck 10: The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

Question 1

Another name for an afferent neuron is

A) multipolar
B) receptor
C) first -order
D) second -order
E) third -order

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called

A) modality conversion.
B) sensory production.
C) sensory transduction.
D) sensory generation.
E) sensory conversion.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of perception?

A) the detection of the various energy forms in the environment by sensory receptors
B) the detection of stimuli in the external environment by sensory receptors
C) the processing of visual stimuli by the brain to give an accurate representation of the view of the world
D) the detection of stimuli in the internal environment by visceral receptors
E) the conscious interpretation of the world around us

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called

A) kinesthesiology.
B) positionology.
C) nociception.
D) nociology.
E) proprioception.

Question 5

The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by

A) lateral inhibition that occurs between the right and left cochlea.
B) lateral excitation occurring between the right and left cochlea.
C) differences in sound intensity as it reaches the right and left cochlea.
D) the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea.
E) mapping of sound location on the cerebral cortex.

Question 6

What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular afferent neuron?

A) labeled lines
B) second -order neurons
C) neuronal fields
D) receptive fields
E) motor units

Question 7

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous system?

A) Different second -order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
B) Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
C) The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
D) The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
E) The neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on the intensity of the stimulus.

Question 8

What type of neuron in the thalamus communicates sensory information to the cerebral cortex?

A) first -order
B) second -order
C) third -order
D) forth -order
E) afferent

Question 9

A neuron. refers to a single afferent neuron and all of the sensory receptors associated with that

A) sensory unit
B) receptive unit
C) second -order neuron
D) neuronal field
E) motor unit

Question 10

In terms of a bad smell, why is it better to stay in its presence than to leave and return several times?

A) Olfactory receptors are tonic.
B) The decrease in graded potentials increases the frequency of their action potentials.
C) Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting.
D) With time, labeled lines change their modality.
E) Slowly adapting receptors take longer to come online.

Question 11

Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin?

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) Meissner's corpuscles
C) hair cells
D) Merkel's disks
E) hair follicle receptors

Question 12

According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor

A) type detects all the somesthetic sensations.
B) responds best to a specific energy modality.
C) type detects all the somatic sensations.
D) responds to only one type of stimulus, regardless of the strength of stimulation.
E) responds equally to several types of stimuli.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE?

A) Lateral inhibition enhances acuity.
B) Lateral inhibition occurs when communication is inhibited to second -order neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields.
C) Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second -order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.
D) Lateral inhibition decreases the two -point discrimination threshold.
E) Lateral inhibition produces contrast within the nervous system.

Question 14

What is another name for a receptor potential produced at sensory receptors?

A) afferent potential
B) detector potential
C) generator potential
D) sensory potential
E) synaptic potential

Question 15

What type of receptor detects blood pressure?

A) nociceptor
B) thermoreceptor
C) proprioceptor
D) osmoreceptor
E) baroreceptor

Question 16

Which of the following would NOT affect our ability to resolve the location of a specific stimulus?

A) location of cell body of the afferent neuron
B) extent of overlap between receptive fields
C) size of the receptive field
D) density of receptors in the area
E) lateral inhibition between receptive fields

Question 17

What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus called?

A) habituation
B) localization
C) sensitization
D) transduction
E) adaptation

Question 18

Of the following areas of the body, which has the greatest tactile acuity?

A) upper arm
B) hand
C) lips
D) back
E) forehead

Question 19

Which of the following BEST describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature decreases from 35°C to 25°C?

A) Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
B) Warm -receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold -receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
C) Warm -receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold -receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
D) Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
E) Warm -receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold -receptor afferents fire at the same frequency.

Question 20

What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue -damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue?

A) Merkel's disk
B) proprioceptors
C) nociceptors
D) thermoreceptors
E) Meissner's corpuscle

Question 21

Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE?

A) The ability to locate the stimulus is enhanced by lateral inhibition.
B) The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential.
C) Coding for a stimulus type is maintained from receptor to cortex.
D) The location of the stimulus is coded for by the receptive field activated.
E) The type of stimulus is coded for by the specific pathway activated.

Question 22

In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process?

A) telescoping
B) accommodation
C) refractometry
D) acclimatization
E) acclimation

Question 23

How are pain signals from visceral receptors "referred" to the body surface?

A) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second -order neurons
B) signals from visceral receptors that travel to skin receptors to activate them
C) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same first -order neurons
D) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same third -order neurons
E) the divergence of visceral and somatic afferents onto different second -order neurons

Question 24

A person has damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. This person would have impaired

A) touch sensation of the right leg.
B) temperature sensation of the right arm and leg.
C) temperature sensation of the right leg.
D) temperature sensation of the left leg.
E) touch sensation of the left leg.

Question 25

Which type of nociceptor is associated with C fibers?

A) polymodal nociceptors
B) rapid warm
C) slow mechanical
D) rapid cold
E) two -point tactile

Question 26

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first - and second -order neurons?

A) substance P
B) norepinephrine
C) bradykinin
D) acetylcholine
E) histamine

Question 27

What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors?

A) change in muscle length
B) pain
C) warmth
D) touch
E) cold

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT part of the gate -control theory of pain modulation?

A) Inhibitory interneurons are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent.
B) Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain.
C) Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second -order pain neurons.
D) A nonpainful stimulus can activate the inhibitory interneuron and thereby inhibit the painful stimulus.
E) Inhibitory interneurons are activated by collaterals of Afi fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE?

A) Cold signals are transmitted along this pathway.
B) The first -order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn.
C) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem.
D) Warm signals are transmitted along this pathway.
E) Pain signals are transmitted along this pathway.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a function of TRP channels?

A) warm transduction
B) cold transduction
C) respond to painfully hot stimuli
D) respond to painfully hot chemicals
E) respond to painful mechanical stimulation

Question 31

What nourishes the lens and cornea?

A) Purkinje fibers
B) the choroid
C) aqueous humor
D) vitreous humor
E) the optic disk

Question 32

Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a fibers.

A) dull : A 6
B) sharp : C
C) sharp : A 6
D) dull : C
E) sharp : A fi

Question 33

The cornea and lens are

A) convex : focal length
B) concave : focal point
C) convex : focal point
D) transparent : focal length
E) concave : focal length

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the location of the anterior segment?

A) within the eye, between the cornea and lens
B) within the ear, between the basilar and tympanic membranes
C) within the eye, between the cornea and iris
D) within the ear, between the vestibular and basilar membranes
E) within the eye, between the iris and lens

Question 35

The gate -control theory of pain modulation states that

A) painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.
B) the signal that modifies pain sensation in the spinal cord must originate from the nucleus raphe magnus.
C) non -painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.
D) pain sensation must be modified within the sensory receptors.
E) C fibers themselves can act to modify their own pain signal.

Question 36

What type of receptor responds to chemicals like histamine and bradykinin that are released from damaged tissue?

A) Ruffini's endings
B) mechanical nociceptors
C) hair follicle receptors
D) polymodal nociceptors
E) thermal nociceptors

Question 37

The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure?

A) ciliary body
B) cornea
C) iris
D) fovea
E) optic disk

Question 38

What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium?

A) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina.
B) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea.
C) Absorb light that enters the eye.
D) Secrete vitreous humor.
E) Secrete aqueous humor.

Question 39

Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye?

A) cornea only
B) lens only
C) cornea and lens only
D) choroid only
E) cornea, lens, and choroid

Question 40

Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes?

A) cardiomyopathy
B) retinopathy
C) hypertension
D) renal failure
E) microvascular injury

Question 41

Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision?

A) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, flattening the lens.
B) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, and the lens becomes rounder.
C) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, flattening the lens.
D) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.
E) Ciliary muscles relax, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a cell type found in the retina?

A) photoreceptors
B) horizontal cells
C) amacrine cells
D) macular cells
E) bipolar cells

Question 43

The light -absorbing portion of the photopigment is ; its sensitivity to a particular wavelength of light is altered by .

A) opsin : retinal
B) phosphodiesterase : transducin
C) opsin : transducin
D) transducin : phosphodiesterase
E) retinal : opsin

Question 44

What are the cones called that respond to the red spectrum of light?

A) G cones
B) L cones
C) R cones
D) Y cones
E) S cones

Question 45

The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for

A) processing of information from the rods.
B) enhanced communication between bipolar and ganglion cells.
C) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea.
D) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the rods of the fovea.
E) processing of information from the cones.

Question 46

The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the _ nervous system and their
Contraction causes pupillary .

A) parasympathetic : constriction
B) parasympathetic : dilation
C) somatic : constriction
D) sympathetic : dilation
E) sympathetic : constriction

Question 47

What is a condition where light, originating from a close -up source, is focused behind the retina?

A) emmetropia
B) hyperopia
C) presbyopia
D) neurotropia
E) myopia

Question 48

Which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause?

A) myopia : eyeball too long
B) cataract : discoloration of the lens
C) astigmatism : hardening of the lens
D) myopia : lens too strong
E) glaucoma : increased volume and therefore, increased pressure of aqueous humor

Question 49

When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively , allowing the eye to focus on objects that are .

A) round : distant
B) round : close
C) flat : distant
D) flat : close
E) transparent : anywhere within the field of view

Question 50

What is a condition where light, originating from a distance, is focused in front of the retina?

A) neurotropia
B) presbyopia
C) hyperopia
D) emmetropia
E) myopia

Question 51

In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the following?

A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens
B) pupillary constriction and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens
C) pupillary dilation and an increase in the refractive power of the lens
D) pupillary dilation and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens
E) pupillary dilation and no effect on the refractive power of the lens

Question 52

The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary _ _.

A) somatic : constriction
B) parasympathetic : dilation
C) sympathetic : dilation
D) parasympathetic : constriction
E) sympathetic : constriction

Question 53

When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient's eye, which of the following occurs?

A) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.
B) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
C) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
D) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
E) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.

Question 54

The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the

A) closure of potassium channels.
B) opening of sodium channels.
C) closure of sodium channels.
D) opening of potassium channels.
E) opening of calcium channels.

Question 55

In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively by the presence of open _ channels.

A) depolarized : potassium
B) hyperpolarized : potassium
C) hyperpolarized : sodium
D) depolarized : calcium
E) depolarized : sodium

Question 56

Cones that respond to the shortest wavelengths of light (S cones) respond best to what color spectrum?

A) yellow
B) blue
C) orange
D) green
E) red

Question 57

The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of , which is degraded by .

A) cAMP : ATP synthase
B) cAMP : phosphodiesterase
C) cAMP : transducin
D) cGMP : transducin
E) cGMP : phosphodiesterase

Question 58

Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?

A) central
B) somatic
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic
E) enteric

Question 59

Angiogenesis contributes to the cause of what visual defect in diabetes?

A) cataracts
B) glaucoma
C) hyperopia
D) macular degeneration
E) myopia

Question 60

Which of the following describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens?

A) glaucoma
B) presbyopia
C) hyperopia
D) cataracts
E) astigmatism

Question 61

The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the _

A) lateral geniculate body : cerebellum
B) hypothalamus : primary visual cortex
C) lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex
D) thalamus : primary somatosensory cortex
E) thalamus : primary motor cortex

Question 62

Which of the following best describes ON -center, OFF -surround cells in the retina?

A) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
B) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
C) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina.
D) They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
E) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina.

Question 63

In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the

A) nasal : temporal
B) center : nasal
C) temporal : nasal
D) temporal : center
E) nasal : center

Question 64

Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon the ear.

A) hydroreceptors
B) chemoreceptors
C) hair cells
D) magnetoreceptors
E) thermoreceptors

Question 65

When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the before low light levels can be detected.

A) cones : dissociate
B) rods : dissociate
C) rods : associate
D) rods : bleach
E) cones : associate

Question 66

Which of the following best represents the endocochlear potential?

A) -90 mV
B) -20 mV
C) +60 mV
D) -70 mV
E) +80 mV

Question 67

Which of the following statements about hair cells in the ear is FALSE?

A) Only the inner hair cells of the cochlea function directly in sound transduction.
B) When potassium channels in hair cells open, potassium ions move into the cell, depolarizing it.
C) There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells.
D) Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium.
E) Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph.

Question 68

The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are

A) transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated.
B) transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated.
C) maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated.
D) integrated before reaching the primary visual cortex.
E) integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex.

Question 69

Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina?

A) ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor
B) photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell
C) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell
D) bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor
E) bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell

Question 70

What is the function of the ear ossicles?

A) provide structural support of the eardrum
B) provide structural support of the cochlea
C) transduce sound waves to neural impulses
D) amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear
E) maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing

Question 71

Photoreceptors transmit information directly to cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, causing those cells to develop a(n) _

A) amacrine : action
B) bipolar : graded
C) ganglion : graded
D) ganglion : action
E) amacrine : graded

Question 72

Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the . The sound waves are then transmitted along the

A) oval window : ossicles
B) oval window : eustachian tube
C) saccule : eustachian tube
D) tympanic membrane : ossicles
E) round window : saccule

Question 73

The amplitude of a sound wave is determined by the difference in the

A) number of sound waves per second.
B) air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave.
C) energy embedded in the air molecules.
D) pitch of the sound.
E) size of the air molecules in the compressed region of the sound wave.

Question 74

The first neurons capable of generating action potentials in the transmission pathway for visual information detected by rods and cones are the

A) bipolar
B) ganglion
C) vertical
D) horizontal
E) amacrine

Question 75

Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the

A) synaptic terminal : transmitter
B) outer segment : photopigment
C) outer segment : transmitter
D) inner segment : transmitter
E) inner segment : photopigment

Question 76

What structure separates the middle from the external ear?

A) oval window
B) tympanic membrane
C) eustachian tube
D) basilar membrane
E) round window

Question 77

Which of the following is true of photoreceptors in the light (relative to the dark)?

A) The photoreceptors are depolarized.
B) Sodium channels are open.
C) The synaptic terminal is releasing more transmitter.
D) Phosphodiesterase is more active.
E) cGMP levels are elevated.

Question 78

Which of the following components of the visual pathway is 100% ipsilateral to the visual field?

A) optic nerve
B) optic tract
C) visual cortex
D) lateral geniculate nucleus
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 79

The neural pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex is called the optic

A) nerve.
B) chiasm.
C) fasciculus.
D) radiations.
E) tract.

Question 80

What type of vision occurs in light levels that activate both rods and cones?

A) photopic
B) scotopic
C) mesopic
D) rhodopic
E) retinotopic