Deck 1: Introduction to Physiology

Question 1

The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream is called

A) reabsorption.
B) absorption.
C) excretion.
D) secretion.
E) filtration.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

are found in the linings of hollow organs where they separate fluids in the interior cavity from the surrounding body fluids. The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel is known as a
)

A) Elastin cells : cavity
B) Endocrine cells : lumen
C) Epithelial : lumen
D) Connective tissues : basement membrane
E) Smooth muscle cells : cavity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The cell types blood, bone, fat, and lymph would be categorized into which of the following major cell classes?

A) endocrine cells
B) neurons
C) connective tissue cells
D) epithelial cells
E) muscle cells

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland?

A) integumentary
B) nervous
C) endocrine
D) cardiovascular
E) immune

Question 5

What is a general name for the noncellular material that holds the widely scattered cells of connective tissue together?

A) extracellular matrix
B) basement membrane
C) collagen
D) intracellular matrix
E) elastin

Question 6

Which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin?

A) connective tissue
B) epithelial tissue
C) muscle tissue
D) endocrine tissue
E) nervous tissue

Question 7

The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the internal environment?

A) gastrointestinal and urinary systems
B) respiratory system
C) gastrointestinal system
D) urinary system
E) cardiovascular system

Question 8

The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called

A) organelles.
B) organ systems.
C) organs.
D) tissues.
E) cells.

Question 9

Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?

A) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
B) organ systems, cells, tissues, organs
C) cells, tissues, organ systems, organs
D) organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
E) tissues, cells, organs, organ systems

Question 10

The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called

A) excretion.
B) reabsorption.
C) secretion.
D) absorption.
E) filtration.

Question 11

Epithelial cells are associated with a noncellular material called a(n)

A) endocrine gland.
B) basement membrane.
C) muscle fiber.
D) fibroblast.
E) connective tissue.

Question 12

Cells are classified into which of the following four broad categories?

A) squamous, cubodial, columnar, and basement membranes
B) atoms, tissues, organs, and organ systems
C) skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, and nervous
D) endocrine, nervous, integumentary, and reproductive
E) neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue

Question 13

Which of the following is a protein found in connective tissue that provides the tensile strength to resist stretching?

A) basement membrane
B) elastin
C) collagen
D) erythropoietin
E) vimentin

Question 14

Glands are derived from what type of tissue?

A) reticular
B) connective
C) epithelial
D) nerve
E) muscle

Question 15

Extracellular fluid is composed of

A) interstitial fluid and plasma.
B) intracellular fluid only.
C) interstitial fluid only.
D) plasma only.
E) plasma and intracellular fluid.

Question 16

What are the structures that attach bone to muscle?

A) intracellular matrix proteins
B) ligaments
C) tendons
D) aponeuroses
E) extracellular matrix proteins

Question 17

Organs of the body are defined as

A) a collection of tissues that function independently of one another.
B) a collection of cells that perform similar functions.
C) a collection of cells that function independently of one another.
D) two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function independently.
E) a combination of two or more tissues that make up a structure which performs a specific function.

Question 18

The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream is called

A) filtration.
B) excretion.
C) reabsorption.
D) secretion.
E) absorption.

Question 19

Referring to a membrane as "selectively permeable" describes its ability to

A) provide a barrier that restricts the movement of all molecules across a membrane.
B) allow the movement of particular molecules across a membrane.
C) restrict only the movement of potassium across the membrane.
D) provide a minimal barrier that allows almost any molecule to move across a membrane.
E) restrict only the movement of sodium across a membrane.

Question 20

The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is

A) epithelial
B) muscle
C) connective
D) nervous
E) skeletal

Question 21

For a person weighing 150 pounds, how many liters of water are contained in all of the body's compartments?

A) 11
B) 70
C) 50
D) 14
E) 42

Question 22

Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body

A) maintains a variable internal environment.
B) maintains a constant external environment.
C) maintains a constant internal and external environment.
D) affects the external environment.
E) maintains a constant internal environment.

Question 23

The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration is called

A) extracellular fluid.
B) interstitial fluid.
C) intracellular fluid.
D) intracellular and extracellular fluids.
E) plasma.

Question 24

When people cut themselves, they have clotting factors in their blood that will be released continuously in a cascade until their blood clots and terminates the bleeding. What mechanism caused their blood to clot?

A) negative feedback control
B) positive feedback control
C) homeostasis
D) reabsorption
E) secretion

Question 25

The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called

A) anatomy.
B) biochemistry.
C) physiology.
D) homeostasis.
E) microbiology.

Question 26

What are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body?

A) intracellular fluid and plasma
B) interstitial fluid and plasma
C) intracellular fluid and blood
D) intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
E) interstitial fluid and blood

Question 27

Total body water is composed of

A) intracellular fluid only.
B) plasma and intracellular fluid.
C) extracellular fluid only.
D) intracellular and interstitial fluid.
E) intracellular and extracellular fluid.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?

A) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life.
B) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback.
C) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment.
D) Illness can result if homeostasis is disrupted.
E) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

Question 29

If you were to take the temperature of everyone in class, assuming no one is sick, you would find that not everyone has a temperature of 98.6°F. Which statement below best explains your findings?

A) Most regulated variables, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the set point due to negative feedback control.
B) The measuring instrument is not working properly; everyone has a set point of 98.6°F.
C) If the subject is not at 98.6°F then he or she is in a disease state
D) Their temperature is no doubt higher than 98.6°F because a positive feedback loop has increased the subjects' metabolism.
E) An error signal has occurred and a positive feedback response has put the persons in question out of the normal range of function.

Question 30

The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called

A) interstitial fluid.
B) plasma.
C) intercellular fluid.
D) extracellular fluid.
E) intracellular fluid.

Question 31

What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

A) negative feedback
B) inherent control
C) intrinsic control
D) positive feedback
E) extrinsic control

Question 32

Vinnie has high blood glucose and must take insulin shots to control his blood sugar. Why must he override his normal homeostatic mechanisms by taking medication?

A) Vinnie's negative feedback controls are not functioning properly.
B) An error signal has been sent to Vinnie's integrating center, which is not functioning properly.
C) Vinnie's sensors are detecting high levels of glucose and therefore are not secreting insulin due to positive feedback control.
D) Vinnie's positive feedback controls are not functioning properly.
E) Vinnie's set point has changed telling him he needs more sugar.

Question 33

Of the following conditions associated with excess heat, which is the most serious condition?

A) heat stroke
B) dizziness
C) excessive sweating
D) dehydration
E) heat exhaustion

Question 34

The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts of protein is called

A) plasma.
B) intracellular and extracellular fluids.
C) extracellular fluid.
D) interstitial fluid.
E) intracellular fluid.

Question 35

Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?

A) rich in proteins and potassium
B) rich in proteins and chloride
C) rich in sodium and chloride
D) rich in sodium, potassium, and chloride
E) rich in potassium and chloride

Question 36

Lisinopril is a medication that lowers high blood pressure back to within a desired range of function. The action of this medication is similar to that of a(n)

A) integrating center
B) regulated variable
C) set point
D) negative feedback response
E) positive feedback response

Question 37

Changes in the external environment alter the that information is sent to the integrator.

A) error signal : regulated variable
B) sensor : regulated variable
C) regulated variable : set point
D) regulated variable : sensor
E) set point : regulated variable

Question 38

Which of the following compartments contain most of the water found in the human body?

A) extracellular fluid
B) plasma
C) intracellular fluid
D) lumen of the intestinal tract
E) interstitial fluid

Question 39

Where is most of our total body water located?

A) in blood
B) surrounding the cells
C) inside cells
D) in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract
E) in the lumen of the kidneys

Question 40

A detects a change in a regulated variable and sends that information to a(n) which relays signals to a(n) , usually a muscle or a gland.

A) stimulus : receptor : organ system
B) sensor : integrating center : effector
C) receptor : integrating center : negative feedback control
D) sensor : effector : integrating center
E) receptor : stimulus : regulated variable

Question 41

Obesity is identified using what measurement?

A) ethnicity scale
B) CDC disease scale
C) body mass index (BMI)
D) waist circumference scale
E) body type index

Question 42

What lab test, often deemed the "lie detector test" by health care workers, measures the average blood glucose levels for the past 2 -3 months?

A) glucose tolerance test
B) hemoglobin A_1c test
C) random blood glucose test
D) siphon test
E) fasting blood glucose test

Question 43

The feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by

A) ovulation, which directly inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion.
B) pregnancy.
C) birth.
D) ovulation, which decreases estrogen secretion.
E) nothing; the cycle cannot be terminated.

Question 44

What cells secrete insulin?

A) beta cells of the pancreas
B) alpha cells of the pancreas
C) G cells of the adrenal cortex
D) several cells located throughout the body
E) I cells of the adrenal cortex

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

A) During a blood clot, platelets release ADP, which stimulates platelet aggregation, causing platelets to release more ADP.
B) During an infection, the body temperature set point is increased. The hypothalamus communicates to skeletal muscles to shiver and to blood vessels to decrease blood flow to the skin, causing a rise in body temperature.
C) Consumption of caffeine increases urine output, causing dehydration.
D) At the time of birth, uterine contractions push the baby toward the cervix. Receptors in the cervix detect the pressure caused by the baby and cause the release of a hormone called oxytocin. This hormone stimulates stronger uterine contractions, which push more on the baby, causing an increase in pressure and another increase in oxytocin. The cycle continues until the baby is delivered from the mother.
E) If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.

Question 46

Luteinizing hormone -mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is an example of

A) both a positive and a negative feedback loop.
B) a negative feedback loop.
C) a quasi -negative feedback loop.
D) a quasi -positive feedback loop.
E) a positive feedback loop.

Question 47

John has type 2 diabetes. He has a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight, and recently went to the doctor who gave him a hemoglobin A_1c test which came back at 7%. What is the best course of treatment for John?

A) insulin shots and a healthy diet
B) a strict diet, frequent monitoring of his blood glucose, exercise, and oral glucose medication
C) insulin shots and exercise
D) measure his BMI, continued monitoring of his blood glucose levels with a hemoglobin A_1c test, and changes in lifestyle
E) frequent monitoring of his blood glucose levels with insulin shots

Question 48

The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called , and it occurs primarily through .

A) homeostasis : negative feedback
B) positive feedback : intrinsic control
C) intrinsic control : negative feedback
D) negative feedback : intrinsic control
E) intrinsic control : homeostasis

Question 49

Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffers from diabetes mellitus?

A) 1%
B) 0.5%
C) 15%
D) 8%
E) 0.1%

Question 50

Although diabetes mellitus has many symptoms, the primary diagnostic symptoms of the disease are _ and _ .

A) elevated blood glucose : glucose in the urine
B) elevated blood glucose : lethargy
C) elevated blood glucose : poor healing
D) lethargy : dizziness
E) dizziness : dehydration

Question 51

What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?

A) One causes diarrhea; the other causes diuresis.
B) One is a deficit in insulin activity; the other a deficit in ADH activity.
C) One is a lack of insulin secretion; the other a resistance to insulin.
D) One is a lack of ADH secretion; the other a resistance to ADH.
E) One causes increased fluid loss; the other causes increased thirst.

Question 52

Prediabetics have a fasting blood glucose level of and, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately

A) 500 -1000 mg/dL : 300
B) 70 -100 mg/dL : 10
C) 100 -125 mg/dL : 80
D) 200 -250 mg/dL : 50
E) 300 -400 mg/dL : 100

Question 53

What are the two major consequences for those who suffer from diabetes mellitus?

A) low blood sugar and fainting
B) high blood glucose and glucose in the urine
C) high blood glucose and cells that cannot utilize that glucose for energy
D) high blood glucose and excessive urination
E) high blood glucose and excessive thirst

Question 54

What is the primary reason the prevalence of diabetes is increasing in the U.S. population?

A) obesity
B) lack of physical activity
C) an aging population
D) sedentary lifestyles
E) the U.S. diet

Question 55

What percentage of women will develop type 2 diabetes after developing gestational diabetes?

A) 25 -30%
B) 3 -4%
C) 12 -15%
D) 5 -10%
E) 1 -2%

Question 56

Which of the following types of diabetes mellitus was formerly referred to as insulin -dependent or juvenile -onset diabetes mellitus?

A) type 1
B) diabetes insipidus
C) type 2
D) prediabetes
E) gestational diabetes

Question 57

A patient has a high salt or sodium intake which draws fluid out of his cells to dilute the sodium. This process occurs as a result of

A) negative feedback control.
B) excretion.
C) reabsorption.
D) positive feedback control.
E) absorption.

Question 58

Which of the following people would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II?

A) an obese Hispanic child
B) an obese white adult
C) an obese Hispanic adult
D) a thin, malnourished, African American child
E) a thin white adult

Question 59

What percentage of adults in the United States is obese?

A) 15%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 10%
E) 35%

Question 60

Which of the following is a normal blood glucose level?

A) 100 mg/dL
B) 50 mmolar
C) 100 gm/mL
D) 200 mmolar
E) 50 mg/dL

Question 61

The smallest living units, capable of carrying out their own basic life processes, are

A) tissues.
B) molecules.
C) atoms.
D) cells.
E) organs.

Question 62

Which of the following is/are associated with the gastrointestinal system?

A) blood vessels
B) brain
C) adrenal gland
D) esophagus
E) bronchi

Question 63

Which of the following is/are associated with the respiratory system?

A) adrenal gland
B) esophagus
C) bronchi
D) brain
E) blood vessels

Question 64

Which tissue below provides structural support?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) muscle tissue
E) reticular tissue

Question 65

What tissue is specialized to contract?

A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine

Question 66

Movement from the blood into the kidney tubules would represent which of the following processes?

A) secretion
B) absorption
C) excretion
D) reabsorption
E) filtration

Question 67

The specific structures that attach bone to bone are called

A) smooth muscle.
B) sheathing.
C) ligaments.
D) tendons.
E) skeletal muscle.

Question 68

Which tissue below is specialized for lining the lumen of vessels material?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) muscle tissue
E) reticular tissue

Question 69

The

A) lumen is the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel.
B) intracellular matrix
C) epithelium
D) cavity
E) basement membrane

Question 70

Which of the following is/are associated with the endocrine system?

A) pancreas
B) esophagus
C) adrenal gland
D) blood vessels
E) bronchi

Question 71

Which of the following is/are associated with the nervous system?

A) bronchi
B) esophagus
C) adrenal cortex
D) blood vessels
E) brain

Question 72

Which of the following is/are a component of the cardiovascular system?

A) bronchi
B) esophagus
C) adrenal gland
D) brain
E) blood vessels

Question 73

The elimination of unabsorbed materials from the body refers to which of the processes below?

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) secretion
D) absorption
E) filtration

Question 74

Movement from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to the blood would represent which of the following processes?

A) absorption
B) filtration
C) excretion
D) reabsorption
E) secretion

Question 75

What tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals?

A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine

Question 76

Which tissue below conducts signals primarily via electrical impulses?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) muscle tissue
E) reticular tissue

Question 77

What tissue is specialized for separating fluids?

A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine

Question 78

What tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood?

A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine

Question 79

Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream are called

A) leukocytes.
B) erythrocytes.
C) lymphocytes.
D) karyocytes.
E) hemoglobin.

Question 80

Which tissue below contracts to generate force?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) muscle tissue
E) reticular tissue